Agronomic feasibility of producing seed of tall fescue in the Peace River region

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Yields

The geographic distribution of a species may be extended by the availability of improved crop genotypes. Many tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) genotypes have been developed for amenity, forage and soil-conservation purposes to supply the expanding market in the United States. A study was conducted to determine the agronomic feasibility of producing seed of tall fescue in the Peace River region of Canada (50–60°N) in order to facilitate diversification of the region’s forage seed industry. Eleven cultivars were evaluated at three locations over two production years. Over the 6 site-yr, Kentucky 31, a cultivar that has been in use for about a century, produced 429 kg ha−1 seed, significantly less than the average of the other 10 cultivars 684 kg ha−1. Seed yields of these 10 cultivars, averaged over the 6 site-yr, varied from 534 to 794 kg ha−1 but did not differ significantly. There was a significant site effect on seed yield, but the cultivars produced consistently at each site in each year. Yield improvements over that of Kentucky 31 were associated with superior winter survival. Current cultivars of tall fescue can survive and produce economically feasible seed yields at latitudes as high as 58°N in the Peace River region, 8° farther north than the previously suggested demarcation limit of adaptation for the species in Canada. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, seed production, geographic distribution, northern limit, winter survival

ALSIKE CLOVER POLLINATION BY HONEY BEES IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pankiw ◽  
C. R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Native Pollinator ◽  
Seed Yields

Pollination studies involving zero, one and three colonies of honey bees per acre, on commercial alsike clover fields ranging in size from 15 to 75 acres, were conducted in 1954, 1955, and 1957 in the Hinton Trail district of the Peace River Region of Alberta. These studies indicated that in large fields one colony of honey bees per acre is sufficient to pollinate alsike clover, consideration being given to competition of other crops and to the climatic conditions. The influence of competing crops was such that 65- to 75-acre fields, with one colony per acre, were similar in honey bee populations and seed production to 15- to 20-acre fields with three colonies per acre. Competing plant species accounted for 15 to 36 per cent of the pollen collected by honey bees. Fields with the higher populations of pollinators matured earlier than fields deficient in pollinators. A population of 3400 honey bees per acre (0.7 bee per sq. yd.) throughout the flowering period resulted in seed sets up to 82 per cent and seed yields to 375 lb. per acre. Check fields, where no honey bees were supplied, ranged in production from 29 lb. per acre, with a low native pollinator count, to 293 lb. where a pollinator equivalent of 1300 bumble bees per acre was observed. Bumble bees worked alsike clover at the rate of 28.6 florets per minute, as compared to 20.0 for leaf-cutter bees and 18.7 for honey bees.

OTAL BARLEY

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1099
Author(s):  
R. I. WOLFE ◽  
R. L. TAYLOR ◽  
D. G. FARIS
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Cultivar Description

Otal is a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed and released in Alaska by the United States Department of Agriculture and the state Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station at Palmer. Otal was developed from a cross of the Finnish cultivar Otra, and a breeding line from the Weibullsholm Plant Breeding Institute, Sweden. It was identified at the Agriculture Canada Research Station at Beaver-lodge in Alberta as having promise in the Peace River region for its combination of earliness and high yield, and was licensed for sale in Canada.Key words: Cultivar description, barley, Hordeum vulgare L. early-maturity

scholarly journals Comparison of ergovaline determinations between laboratories in the United States and Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Morrie Craig ◽  
G. Rottinghaus ◽  
K. Walker ◽  
E. Ishikuro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Assurance Program ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Keywords Quality Assurance

Quality assurance and quality control is the foundation of any diagnostic test. The two laboratories in the United States that use HPLC to quantitate endophyte toxins in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are Oregon State University (OSU) and University of Missouri (MU). Japan, the major importer of grass straw has six new laboratories that will test agricultural imports for endophyte toxins. A quality assurance program was set up between the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and the State of Oregon. The latter includes both OSU and the MU. All units are using an accurate crystalline standard and have exchanged "check" samples among themselves. To date OSU and MU have values that differ by 10%. OSU has identified a contaminating and coeluting peak as the cause of the differences. Both laboratories are changing to a Gemini column to rectify the differences. Japanese laboratories are in the process of evaluating their split check samples. Keywords: quality assurance, quality control, endophyte, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass

scholarly journals Discovery of novel microorganisms involved in ergot alkaloid detoxification: An approach

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
S. Perumbakkam ◽  
R.M. Rattray ◽  
M.J.M. Delorme ◽  
J.M. Duringer ◽  
A.M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Toxic Alkaloids ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Endophyte Fungi

Fescue toxicosis and ergot alkaloids are estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to cost the U.S. ranchers $860 million per year. The endophyte fungi Neotyphodium coenophialum is present in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). This fungus produces toxic alkaloids (principally ergovaline) that cause deleterious effects in cattle and other livestock when infected grasses are eaten. Previous studies in sheep and cattle have yielded no culturable microbes able to detoxify the ergot molecules, leading to the search for novel sources of anaerobic organisms capable of degrading ergot alkaloids. Anaerobic incubation of earthworm (Eisenea fetida) homogenate with pure ergovaline has exhibited a 60% decrease in ergovaline concentration. Digestive tracks were dissected from worms obtained from an endophyte-fed digester. Cloning and partial sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA obtained from these samples revealed a diverse microbiota, including bacteria sequences which classified into the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Planktomycetes. Future work is focused on refining our understanding of the contribution towards possible ergot alkaloids detoxification made by the bacteria of the worm-gut microbiota. Keywords: ergovaline, microbial degradation, endophyte, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Eisenea fetida

DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE IN NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA OF TOADFLAX AND ITS INSECT ENEMIES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
W. LOBAY ◽  
W. YARISH ◽  
P. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Forage Crops ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Eating ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Made In

A survey was conducted during 1971–73 to determine the distribution of toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta. A total of 4,189 ha were found to be moderately or heavily infested. Approximately 47% of the infested land was used for perennial forage crops and 45% for annual crops and summer fallow. The remainder occurred on abandoned lands or in farmyards and woodland. Comparison with estimates of toadflax distribution made in 1956 indicates that the weed may be decreasing in a large portion of the survey areas, although increases are apparent on a few farms. Two biological control agents, the flower-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius L., and the seed-eating weevil, Gymnaetron antirrhini Payk., accompanied by improved tillage practices appear to be the major factors restricting the spread of toadflax. The weed is not considered a serious problem in cereal crops but is troublesome in forage crops such as creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) where high densities reduce seed yields.

scholarly journals Selective Creeping Bentgrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue with Mesotrione and Triclopyr Ester

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Dernoeden ◽  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Application Frequency

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.; CBG) is a common weed in home lawns and golf course roughs in many regions of the United States. Currently, no herbicides are registered for selective control of CBG in cool-season grasses. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the ability of mesotrione and triclopyr ester to selectively remove CBG from Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Mesotrione (0.14 and 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i.) and triclopyr ester (0.56 and 1.12 kg·ha−1 a.i.) were applied on a 2-week interval two, three, or four times in Connecticut and Maryland in 2005, and three or four times in Maryland in 2006. Two applications of mesotrione at 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i. provided marginally acceptable CBG control, but three or four applications at 0.14 or 0.21 kg·ha−1 a.i. provided excellent CBG control. Mesotrione elicited little or no injury to Kentucky bluegrass, but generally caused objectionable injury in tall fescue for about 7 to 14 d after each application. Triclopyr applied at 0.56 kg·ha−1 a.i. reduced CBG cover, but the level of control generally was unacceptable, regardless of application frequency. Three or four applications of triclopyr (1.12 kg·ha−1 a.i.) effectively controlled CBG in Connecticut in 2005 and Maryland in 2006. Triclopyr caused no visual injury to tall fescue, regardless of rate or application frequency. Four triclopyr applications to Kentucky bluegrass, however, were phytotoxic and reduced stand density, especially at the high rate (1.12 kg·ha−1 a.i.). Three summer applications of mesotrione (0.14 kg·ha−1 a.i.) or triclopyr (1.12 kg·ha−1 a.i.) provided the best combination of turfgrass safety and CBG control. Chemical names used: [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid (triclopyr ester); 2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (mesotrione)

scholarly journals 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue seed production: research and practice

1990 ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
M.D. Hare ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
W.J. Archie ◽  
J. Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Harvesting Techniques ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Seed yields of 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) have ranged from 200 to 1450 kg/ha, with some hand harvested research plots producing 3600 kg/ha. Better management has increased seed yields, i.e., growing seed crops on deep, moistureretentive soils, lenient autumn and winter grazing, closing by late winter (mid July), applying 120 kg N/ha and careful harvesting techniques. Time of sowing, undersowing with barley crops, weed control and plant growth regulators are also discussed. Keywords tall fescue, seed production, Festuca arundinacea, 'Grasslands Roa'

scholarly journals Impact of Hybrid Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Seeding Combinations on Brown Patch Severity and Weed Encroachment

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
David McCall ◽  
Brandon Horvath ◽  
Adam D. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Count Ratio ◽  
Patch Disease ◽  
The Impact

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and hybrid bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. × Poa arachnifera) can both be successfully grown in the transition zone of the United States. However, each grass has limitations. Tall fescue is susceptible to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, whereas slow establishment and susceptibility to weed infestations limit hybrid bluegrass. Previous studies have shown the benefits of combining kentucky bluegrass with tall fescue in seeding mixtures. Research was conducted to evaluate the impact of two seeding combinations of hybrid bluegrass and tall fescue (one combination seeded at a 1.9:1 seed count ratio favoring tall fescue, the other combination seeded at a 1:1.8 seed count ratio favoring hybrid bluegrass) as well as monocultures of the species on turfgrass cover, weed species infestation, brown patch disease severity caused by R. solani, sod strength and species ecology. The seeding combinations had lower weed density during establishment and greater turf cover than the monoculture of hybrid bluegrass. The monoculture of tall fescue was subjected to more brown patch disease than the seeding combinations during and after the first year of establishment. Brown patch infestations likely reduced tall fescue cover and led to a species shift favoring hybrid bluegrass in the seeding combinations based on tiller count and weight data. Seeding combinations of tall fescue and hybrid bluegrass are beneficial from an epidemiological perspective because they reduce disease and weed infestations compared with monocultures of either species. From an agronomic perspective, the seeding combination favoring tall fescue provided the densest turf, whereas the seeding combination favoring hybrid had the greatest sod strength. Chemical name used: clopyralid (3,6 dichloropyridine-2 carboxylic acid)

scholarly journals Host Range Differences Between Populations of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola Obtained from Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 993-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Significant Difference

In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, cool-season grasses grown for seed can be severely damaged by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola, causal agent of stem rust. Urediniospores of the pathogen, collected either from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), were tested for host range among selected grasses and cereals. Under greenhouse conditions, the inoculum from L. perenne could produce pustules on this host, as well as on Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; it caused only limited pustule development (low incidence or pustule type) on F. arundinacea, F. ovina subsp. hirtula, P. annua, Hordeum vulgare, and Secale cereale. No symptoms were produced on Triticum aestivum or Avena sativa. The inoculum from F. arundinacea had a host range that included itself, D. glomerata, L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; there was no sign of pustule development on Poa spp. or the cereal grains tested (T. aestivum, A. sativa, S. cereale, and H. vulgare). The two urediniospore populations differed also in rate of symptom development on most of their common hosts. There was a small, but statistically significant, difference in spore size among the populations from different hosts. No recommendation is made for separate taxonomic status of populations from F. arundinacea and L. perenne, but the adaptation of each to its own host should be considered when devising disease management strategies and studying host genetic resistance.

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