The biology of Canadian weeds. 100. Lythrum salicaria

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1305-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun R. Mai ◽  
Jon Lovett-Doust ◽  
Lesley Lovett-Doust ◽  
G. A. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Purple Loosestrife ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Root Buds ◽  
Wetland Habitats

Lythrum salicaria is a serious weed of wetlands in Canada, particularly in Ontario and Quebec. Indeed some assessments suggest that this exotic is now responsible for the conversion of more wetland habitat than is current human development pressure¡ Lythrum is a heterostylous species and clones by means of root buds. Despite its tristylous breeding system, Lythrum is a successful colonizer, and can produce prodigious numbers of seeds. It is likely that control can be achieved by hand-pulling in low-density populations, but once the species is established it generally becomes abundant and often approaches a monoculture. This species is particularly difficult to control because of its strong competitive ability, the extreme sensitivity of wetland habitats, and the likelihood of serious repercussions for wetland wildlife and fisheries if herbicides are used to control it. We see better possibilities for control through cultural techniques (e.g., manipulation of water levels to favour native species), enhancement of North American herbivores, and, possibly, the introduction of biological control agents from Europe and Asia.Key words: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, wetlands, introduced weed

Effect ofGalerucellaspp. on survival of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) roots and crowns

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Stamm Katovich ◽  
Roger L. Becker ◽  
David W. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Plant Stress ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Purple Loosestrife ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Galerucella Calmariensis ◽  
Galerucella Pusilla ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Severe Leaf

Starch levels, used as a measure of plant stress, were not consistently reduced in root or crown tissue of purple loosestrife plants after 2 yr of severeGalerucella calmariensisorGalerucella pusilla(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) defoliation. Early in the season, defoliation fromGalerucellaspp. approached 100%, but the majority ofLythrum salicariaplants regrew by the end of August, resulting in an average reduction of 81% of the aboveground biomass compared to the control. The stress imposed byGalerucellaspp. defoliation was less than that achieved from more severe stress imposed by mechanical shoot clipping at 2- or 4-wk intervals from June to October. Both shoot-clipping treatments killed the majority of plants after one growing season.Galerucellaspp. feeding reduced plant stature, which may reduce competitiveness. However, considering the extensive carbohydrate reserves present in the large woody crowns ofLythrum salicaria, it will require in excess of 2 yr of consistent, severe leaf defoliation to cause plant mortality. A combination of stresses, such as winter crown injury, or other biological control agents in addition toGalerucellaleaf defoliation may be required for plant mortality.

scholarly journals Throwing Out the Bathwater but Keeping the Baby: Lessons Learned from Purple Loosestrife and Reed Canarygrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-548
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Purple Loosestrife ◽  
Wind Pollination ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Interspecific Differences

Historic ignorance of species’ native range, expansion due to unintentional involvement by vectors, and their quiet evolution has caused several invasive species to become “poster children,” such as purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), and others. Common misconceptions on how these became problematic have involved a variety of causes, including ignorance of species’ ability to intercross and create introgressive hybrids, lack of insects for control, wind pollination, and intercontinental distribution from their native range. Current research focuses on how misappropriating the historical contexts can reverse our misconceptions of native species being noninvasive and how this affects control by land managers. Purple loosestrife and reed canarygrass will be used as example species to demonstrate challenges that native vs. exotic, intra-, and interspecific differences confer to land managers. Issues such as a lack of phenotypic differences challenge land managers’ charge to control invasive individuals yet retain the noninvasives. This is fraught with challenges when native vs. exotic status is invoked or cultural values are entwined. To avoid a monumental impasse, particularly when native and exotic types are phenotypically indistinguishable, this dilemma could be solved via modern techniques using molecular biology.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Competitor Species on the Seedling Development of Lythrum salicaria

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 913B-913
Author(s):  
Anna Snider ◽  
Visar Nimani ◽  
Kerry McEntee ◽  
Scott Percival
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Purple Loosestrife ◽  
Spartina Pectinata ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
Wetland Habitats

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a plant that was originally introduced to the United States as an ornamental, but was soon found to be invasive in wetland habitats. Lythrum reduces plant and wildlife diversity in these areas and causes the extinction of rare species. Our research was conducted to determine if another species planted along with Lythrum would act as a competitor and reduce the invasive characteristics of the plant. We also compared this with its invasiveness in different types of media (peatmoss and sand) to determine if its ability to take over was related to the media in which it was growing. The competitor species we chose was cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) because it is a typical grass native to wetlands. We varied the planting times of the Lythrum and Spartina in different pots and recorded germination rates and the final dry weights of both species. We found significant differences among the plants at each planting time and between the plants in the peatmoss and sand.

Competition between the non-native amphipod Caprella mutica and two native species of caprellids Pseudoprotella phasma and Caprella linearis

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Shucksmith ◽  
Elizabeth J. Cook ◽  
David J. Hughes ◽  
Michael T. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Artificial Habitat ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Invasion Dynamics ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Resource Space ◽  
Caprella Mutica

Competition plays an important role in invasion dynamics. According to Elton's biodiversity and invasibility hypothesis, non-native species must be competitively superior to the resident species in order to successfully invade. An invader that is ecologically similar to a native species may cause intense interspecific competition as they both require the same resource. Furthermore, an increase in the density of an invading competitor may enhance the intensity of the competitive interaction, however, this may be reduced if the inferior competitor has a refuge that reduces the amount of time it is in direct contact with the superior competitor. In laboratory-based competition experiments between the non-native caprellid Caprella mutica and two ecologically similar native caprellids Caprella linearis and Pseudoprotella phasma, C. mutica successfully displaced both species from homogeneous artificial habitat patches after 48 hours. Patches that contained a refuge reduced the number of C. linearis being displaced but only when C. mutica was at a low density. Potentially aggressive interactions between C. mutica and the native C. linearis may have caused C. linearis to be displaced from the patches and could have caused significantly higher mortality of C. linearis compared to the controls. This is the first study to show that the non-native C. mutica has the ability to displace ecologically similar native species when the resource space is limited and when the density of C. mutica was significantly (10 times) lower than the density of C. linearis.

Influence of Nontarget Neighbors and Spray Volume on Retention and Efficacy of Triclopyr in Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Stamm Katovich ◽  
Roger L. Becker ◽  
Brad D. Kinkaid
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Purple Loosestrife ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Vegetative Propagules ◽  
Target Plant

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of plant density and spray volume on the retention, spray deposition, efficacy, and translocation of the amine salt of triclopyr in purple loosestrife. More spray solution was retained on leaves at 935 Lha−1than at 94 Lha−1at populations of 0, 4, or 8 nontarget neighbors. Spray coverage decreased with decreasing height within the plant canopy when spray cards were placed in the top, middle, and soil surface adjacent to the central target plant. Within a population, spray card coverage generally increased as spray volume increased. Regrowth from the crown was affected by spray volume, and uniform spray coverage of the plant was required for adequate control of vegetative regrowth and was achieved with spray volumes of 374 and 935 L ha−1spray volume. Regrowth of purple loosestrife was greater at 94 Lha−1at all three plant populations indicating that less herbicide penetrated the canopy to reach the basal portion of the plant. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of radiolabelled triclopyr to roots and crowns of purple loosestrife. Only 0.3 to 1.4% of absorbed14C-labelled material was translocated to roots and crowns. Low spray volumes and dense stands of purple loosestrife would likely result in poor control because inadequate amounts of triclopyr reach the basal portion of the plant and translocate to vegetative propagules.

Competition among juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): relevance to invasion potential in British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Volpe ◽  
Bradley R Anholt ◽  
Barry W Glickman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are routinely captured in both freshwater and marine environments of coastal British Columbia (Canada). Recent evidence suggests that this species is now naturally reproducing in Vancouver Island rivers. Our objective was to quantify the performance of each species in intra- and inter-specific competition by assessing the competitive ability of Atlantic salmon sympatric with native niche equivalent steelhead – rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Significant behavioural differences, particularly with respect to agonism, were observed between species; however, the status of an individual as resident or challenger was the best predictor of performance. Resident fish always outperformed challengers, regardless of species. Thus, we suggest that Atlantic salmon may be capable of colonizing and persisting in coastal British Columbia river systems that are underutilized by native species, such as the steelhead.

Winter survival of late emerging purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Stamm Katovich ◽  
Roger L. Becker ◽  
Jane L. Byron
Keyword(s):  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Purple Loosestrife
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