Effect of rate of nitrogen fertilizer on the above- and below-ground biomass of irrigated bromegrass in southwest Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Leyshon
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates

A 9-yr study was conducted on an alluvial clay loam at Swift Current, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of annual applications of urea-N (46-0-0) fertilizer on production, nutrient quality, N use efficiency, root mass, and root distribution of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Nitrogen was applied annually at the rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1 N to an established stand of bromegrass. Plots were flood irrigated. Forage DM yields increased linearly with rate of N applied. In all years, the slope of the response was similar and averaged 24 kg DM kg−1 N. The average y-intercept value was 1794 kg DM ha−1. In years 1–4, the N concentration in the grass was depressed at low N rates but after 5 yr the N concentration increased at all N rates. Tissue [Formula: see text] levels over 100 ppm occurred at the 200 kg N rate after 3 yr. Applications of N reduced plant P in all years; the extent depended on N rate. Uptake of N increased with increasing N rate as did the apparent N recovery. Nitrogen rate had no effect on root mass or distribution. Root mass totalled 13 888 kg DM ha−1 to 105-cm depth. Approximately 36% of the root mass was in the top 7.5 cm, 11.9% in the 7.5- to 15-cm depth and 16.9% in the 15-to 30-cm depth. Estimates of the soil space occupied by roots indicate that they would occupy a large proportion of the available pore volume. It was concluded that producers growing bromegrass under irrigation on medium- to heavy-textured soils in southern Saskatchewan can consistently expect considerable increases in hay yield of good quality with N fertilizer at rates up to 200 kg N ha−1. While forage production increased linearly in response to N fertilization, root accumulation remained at a constant level. Further studies are needed to establish maximum yields and economic rates of N application. Key words: N rate, N recovery, roots, forage N, forage P

scholarly journals Nitrogen Requirements and N Status Determination of Lettuce

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Bottoms ◽  
Richard F. Smith ◽  
Michael D. Cahn ◽  
Timothy K. Hartz
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Crop N Uptake ◽  
N Rates

As concern over NO3-N pollution of groundwater increases, California lettuce growers are under pressure to improve nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency. Crop growth, N uptake, and the value of soil and plant N diagnostic measures were evaluated in 24 iceberg and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L., and longifolia Lam., respectively) field trials from 2007 to 2010. The reliability of presidedressing soil nitrate testing (PSNT) to identify fields in which N application could be reduced or eliminated was evaluated in 16 non-replicated strip trials and five replicated trials on commercial farms. All commercial field sites had greater than 20 mg·kg−1 residual soil NO3-N at the time of the first in-season N application. In the strip trials, plots in which the cooperating growers’ initial sidedress N application was eliminated or reduced were compared with the growers’ standard N fertilization program. In the replicated trials, the growers’ N regime was compared with treatments in which one or more N fertigation through drip irrigation was eliminated. Additionally, seasonal N rates from 11 to 336 kg·ha−1 were compared in three replicated drip-irrigated research farm trials. Seasonal N application in the strip trials was reduced by an average of 77 kg·ha−1 (73 kg·ha−1 vs. 150 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime) with no reduction in fresh biomass produced and only a slight reduction in crop N uptake (151 kg·ha−1 vs. 156 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime). Similarly, an average seasonal N rate reduction of 88 kg·ha−1 (96 kg·ha−1 vs. 184 kg·ha−1) was achieved in the replicated commercial trials with no biomass reduction. Seasonal N rates between 111 and 192 kg·ha−1 maximized fresh biomass in the research farm trials, which were conducted in fields with lower residual soil NO3-N than the commercial trials. Across fields, lettuce N uptake was slow in the first 4 weeks after planting, averaging less than 0.5 kg·ha−1·d−1. N uptake then increased linearly until harvest (≈9 weeks after planting), averaging ≈4 kg·ha−1·d−1 over that period. Whole plant critical N concentration (Nc, the minimum whole plant N concentration required to maximize growth) was estimated by the equation Nc (g·kg−1) = 42 − 2.8 dry mass (DM, Mg·ha−1); on that basis, critical N uptake (crop N uptake required to maintain whole plant N above Nc) in the commercial fields averaged 116 kg·ha−1 compared with the mean uptake of 145 kg·ha−1 with the grower N regime. Soil NO3-N greater than 20 mg·kg−1 was a reliable indicator that N application could be reduced or delayed. Neither leaf N nor midrib NO3-N was correlated with concurrently measured soil NO3-N and therefore of limited value in directing in-season N fertilization.

Utilisation de l'engrais azoté marqué au 15N par le maïs selon les modes d'application et les doses d'azote

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Sen Tran ◽  
Marcel Giroux ◽  
Michel P. Cescas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
N Rates

The main objective of this study was to compare the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer by different methods of N application and N rates. Field experiments were carried out for 3 yr at Saint-Hyacinthe (Saint-Damase, Du Contour, Sainte-Rosalie soils) and at Saint-Lambert, Lévis (Le Bras soil). Grain corn (cv. Pride K228, 2700 CHU) and silage corn (cv. Hyland 3251, 2300 CHU) were grown at Saint-Hyacinthe and Saint-Lambert, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, field trials were arranged in a randomized complete bloc design consisting of five treatments in three replications: control 0 N and four split application methods of N fertilizer. Labelled 15NH4 15NO3 fertilizer was applied either banded at planting as starter (D), broadcast and incorporated before planting (Vs) or sidedressing between rows at V6 to V8 stages of corn (Bp). In 1990 field trials, treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) labelled with 15NH4 15NO3. The effect of N rates on yield and N uptake by corn was significant in all years. However, the effect of application methods was significant only on the soil Du Contour in 1989 where corn grain yield was highest when N fertilizer was split as starter and sidedress band. The CUR of N fertilizer applied broadcast before planting (42 to 48%) was generally lower than sidedressing band application (43 to 54%). N fertilizer recovery in the starter showed also high CUR values (45 to 60%). Consequently, it is recommended to split N fertilizers and apply in band to increase efficiency for grain corn. The CUR values decreased with N rates only in Le Bras soil in 1990. Residual N fertilizer increased from 27 to 103 kg N ha−1 for 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively. Consequently, the environmental impact of N fertilization may increased with high N rate. Key words: Grain corn, silage corn, 15N recovery, fertilizer N split application

scholarly journals Nitrogen Application Improved Photosynthetic Productivity, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Yield and Yield Components of Two Oat Genotypes under Saline Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xudong Song ◽  
Guisheng Zhou ◽  
Bao-Luo Ma ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Irshad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
Photosynthetic Productivity ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates

: Understanding the interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) nutrition is of great economic importance to improve plant growth and grain yield for oat plants. The objective of this study was to investigate whether N application could alleviate the negative effect of salinity (NaCl) stress on oat physiological parameters and yield performance. Two oat genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance response (6-SA120097, a salt-tolerant genotype SA and 153-ND121147, salt-sensitive ND) were grown under four N rates (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg N pot−1) in non-saline and saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions. The results showed that salinity, N fertilization and their interaction significantly affected the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (aNUE), physiological nitrogen efficiency (pNUE) and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR), seed number, and grain yield. Saline stress reduced gas exchange rate, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), grain yield, and yield components. N fertilization increased photosynthetic productivity and chlorophyll fluorescence, resulting in improved grain yields and yield components for both genotypes. On average, the photosynthetic rate was increased by 38.7%, 74.1%, and 98.8% for SA and by 49.8%, 77.6%, and 110% for ND, respectively, under the N rates of 100, 200, and 400 mg N pot−1, as compared with non-fertilized treatment. In addition, grain yield was increased by 80.6% for genotype SA and 88.7% for genotype ND under higher N application rate (200 mg N pot−1) in comparison with the non-nitrogen treatment. Our experimental results showed that an increase of N supply can alleviate the negative effects induced by salinity stress and improved plant growth and yield by maintaining the integrity of the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence processes of oat plants, which provides a valuable agronomic strategy for improving oat production in salt-affected soils.

INFLUENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION ON RICE YIELD AND NITROGEN AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY WITH DIFFERENT N APPLICATION RATES

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIMEI ZHAO ◽  
LIANGHUAN WU ◽  
YONGSHAN LI ◽  
XINGHUA LU ◽  
DEFENG ZHU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
System Of Rice Intensification ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Rice Intensification ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to investigate the impacts of alternative rice cultivation systems on grain yield, water productivity, N uptake and N use efficiency (ANUE, agronomic N use efficiency; PFP, partial factor productivity of applied N). The trials compared the practices used with the system of rice intensification (SRI) and traditional flooding (TF). The effects of different N application rates (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1) and of N rates interacting with the cultivation system were also evaluated. Resulting grain yields with SRI ranged from 5.6 to 7.3 t ha−1, and from 4.1 to 6.4 t ha−1 under TF management. On average, grain yields under SRI were 21% higher in 2005 and 22% higher in 2006 than with TF. Compared with TF, SRI plots had higher harvest index across four fertilizer N rates in both years. However, there was no significance difference in above-ground biomass between two cultivation systems in either year. ANUE was increased significantly under SRI at 80 kg N ha−1 compared with TF, while at higher N application rates, ANUE with SRI was significantly lower than TF. Compared with TF, PFP under SRI was higher across all four N rates in both years, although the difference at 240 kg N ha−1 was not significant. As N rate increased, the ANUE and PFP under both SRI and TF significantly decreased. Reduction in irrigation water use with SRI was 40% in 2005 and 47% in 2006, and water use efficiency, both total and from irrigation, were significantly increased compared to TF. With both SRI and TF, the highest N application was associated with decreases in grain yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency. This is an important finding given current debates whether N application rates in China are above the optimum, especially considering consequences for soil and water resources. Cultivation system, N rates and their interactions all produced significant differences in this study. Results confirmed that optimizing fertilizer N application rates under SRI is important to increase yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency.

scholarly journals PLANT DENSITY AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON COMMON BEAN NUTRITION AND YIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGÉRIO PERES SORATTO ◽  
TIAGO ARANDA CATUCHI ◽  
EMERSON DE FREITAS CORDOVA DE SOUZA ◽  
JADER LUIS NANTES GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Lower Plant

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and sidedressed nitrogen (N) rates on nutrition and productive performance of the common bean cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola. For each cultivar, a randomized complete block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Plots consisted of three plant densities (5, 7, and 9 plants ha-1) and subplots of five N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1). Aboveground dry matter, leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, yield components, grain yield, and protein concentration in grains were evaluated. Lower plant densities (5 and 7 plants m-1) increased aboveground dry matter production and the number of pods per plant and did not reduce grain yield. In the absence of N fertilization, reduction of plant density decreased N concentration in common bean leaves. Nitrogen fertilization linearly increased dry matter and leaf N concentration, mainly at lower plant densities. Regardless of plant density, the N supply linearly increased grain yield of cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola by 17.3 and 52.2%, respectively.

scholarly journals Nutrients Use Efficiency and Uptake Characteristics of Panicum virgatum for Fodder Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Kyriakos Giannoulis ◽  
Dimitrios Bartzialis ◽  
Elpiniki Skoufogianni ◽  
Nicholaos Danalatos
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Recovery Fraction ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Panicum virgatum could produce cattle feed with lower costs due to the low input requirements and its perennial nature. Dry biomass yield vs. N-P-K nutrient uptake relations as well as the N-mineralization and the N-fertilization recovery fraction for Panicum virgatum (cv. Alamo) were determined under field conditions for four N-fertilization (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1) and two irrigation levels (0 and 250 mm), οn two soils in central Greece with rather different moisture status. It was found that the dry fodder yield on the aquic soil may reach 14 t ha-1 using supplemental irrigation; while on the xeric soil a lower yield of 9-10 t ha-1 may be produced only under supplemental irrigation. Moreover, the average N, P and K concentration was 1.3%, 0.14% and 1.3% in leaves, and 0.5%, 0.85%, and 1.5% in stems, respectively, showing the very low crop requirements. Furthermore, linear biomass yield-nutrient uptake relationships were found with high R2, pointing to nutrient use efficiency of 132 and 75 kg kg-1, for N and K respectively. The base N-uptake ranged from 71-74 kg ha-1 on the aquic to 60 kg ha-1 or less on the xeric soil. Finally, it was found that N-recovery fraction was 20% on the aquic soil and lower on the xeric. Therefore, it could be conclude that Panicum virgatum seems to be a very promising crop for fodder production and its introduction in land use systems (especially οn aquic soils of similar environments) should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Yield performance of upland rice cultivars at different rates and times of nitrogen application

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Hildernando Bezerra Barreto ◽  
Ismail Soares ◽  
José Almeida Pereira ◽  
Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra ◽  
José Aridiano Lima de Deus
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
N Rates

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L) yields. This study aimed to evaluate the response of upland rice cultivars to N rate and application times in a randomized block design, in subdivided plots with four replications. The studied factors were five rice cultivars (BRS MG Curinga, BRS Monarca, BRS Pepita, BRS Primavera, and BRS Sertaneja), three application times (100 % at planting, 50 % at planting - 50 % at tillering and 100 % at tillering) and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1). All cultivars responded to increased rates and different times of N application, especially BRS Primavera and BRS Sertaneja, which were the most productive when 50 % N rates were applied at sowing and 50 % at tillering. The response of cultivar BRS Monarca to N fertilization was best when 100 % of the fertilizer was applied at tillering.

Time of nitrogen application affects nitrogen use efficiency of wheat in the humid pampas of Argentina

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Barbieri ◽  
H. S. Rozas ◽  
H. E. Echeverría
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
The South ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an important management practice to increased grain yield; however, it is imperative to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in order to diminish risks of environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fertilization times on wheat grain yield, grain N accumulation and grain N recovery efficiency (RE) in different sites and years at the south-eastern wheat belt of the Pampas. The experiments were a factorial combination of N rates and fertilization times (sowing and tillering). Grain yield ranged from 1600 to 7900 kg ha-1 and fertilization at tillering increased grain yield compared with fertilization at sowing (5465 vs. 5110 kg ha-1), similar behavior was observed for grain N accumulation (95 vs. 86 kg ha-1) and RE (0.41 vs. 0.32). Predicted grain yield by CERES-Wheat model for different N rates and fertilization times was correlated with observed grain yield (r2 = 0.71). While fertilization at tillering significantly increased grain yield, CERES-Wheat model estimated nitrate leaching losses that ranged from 12 to 62 kg N ha-1 and from 7 to 16 kg N ha-1 for fertilization at sowing and tillering, respectively. However, denitrification losses ranged from 1.2 to 3.9 and from 0.5 to 2.4 kg N ha-1 for fertilization at sowing and tillering, respectively. Leaching losses for fertilization at sowing are a consequence of water excess early in the growing season and would be the main N loss factor. Therefore, N application at tillering is an appropriate strategy to improve NUE in the south-eastern wheat belt of the Pampas. Key words: Wheat, fertilization time, nitrogen use efficiency, N losses, CERES-Wheat

scholarly journals How Nitrogen Supply Affects Growth and Nitrogen Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Loss from Citrus Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Lea-Cox ◽  
James P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Leaf N

We examined how N supply affected plant growth and N uptake, allocation and leaching losses from a fine sandy soil with four Citrus rootstock species. Seedlings of `Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and `Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) were grown in a glasshouse in 2.3-liter pots of Candler fine sand and fertilized weekly with a complete nutrient solution containing 200 mg N/liter (20 mg N/week). A single application of 15NH415NO3(17.8% atom excess 15N) was substituted for a normal weekly N application when the seedlings were 22 weeks old (day O). Six replicate plants of each species were harvested at 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, 7, 11, and 30 days after 15N application. In a second experiment, NH4 NO3 was supplied at 18,53, and 105 mg N/week to 14-week-old `Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) and sour orange (C. aurantium L.) seedlings in a complete nutrient solution for 8 weeks. A single application of 15NH415NO3 (23.0% 15N) was substituted at 22 weeks (day 0), as in the first experiment, and seedlings harvested 3,7, and 31 days after 15N application. Nitrogen uptake and partitioning were similar among species within each rate, but were strongly influenced by total N supply and the N demand by new growth. There was no 15N retranslocation to new tissue at the highest (105 mg N/week) rate, but N supplies below this rate limited plant growth without short-term 15N reallocation from other tissues. Leaf N concentration increased linearly with N supply up to the highest rate, while leaf chlorophyll concentration did not increase above that at 53 mg N/week. Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was not limited by N in this study; leaf N concentration exceeded 100 mmol·m-2 in all treatments. Thus, differences in net productivity at the higher N rates appeared to be a function of increased leaf area, but not of leaf N concentration. Hence, N use efficiency decreased significantly over the range of N supply, whether expressed either on a gas-exchange or dry weight basis. Mean plant 15N uptake efficiencies after 31 days decreased from 60% to 47% of the 15N applied at the 18,20, and 53 mg N/week rates to less than 33% at the 105 mg N/week rate. Leaching losses increased with N rate, with plant growth rates and the subsequent N requirements of these Citrus species interacting with residual soil N and potential leaching loss.

scholarly journals Using Nitrogen Balance to Calculate Fertilization in Strawberries

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.F. Gariglio ◽  
R.A. Pilatti ◽  
B.L. Baldi
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Soil N Mineralization ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Demand

In Santa Fe, Argentina, strawberries (Fragari ×ananassa Duch.) are cultivated in the area of Coronda where N fertilization usually exceeds crop requirements. The objective of this work was to test four types of fertilization methodology to optimize fertilizer use efficiency. Experiments were carried out at the horticultural center of the Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, in Esperanza, Santa Fe, 31.15° S latitude, on a typical argiudol soil. `Chandler' was planted 13 Mar. 1996. Nitrogen demand was related to the dry matter production with N content decreasing to increment of biomass (W), soil N mineralization was estimated according to the program EDAFO version 3. Using previous data, a monthly balance was calculated and four treatments were devised: control (T0) = without fertilization; treatment 1 (T1) = N fertilization covering the accumulated monthly deficit, 53 kg·ha-1 (47 lb/acre); treatment 2 (T2) = N fertilization covering the monthly deficit 66 kg·ha-1 (58 lb/acre); treatment 3 (T3) = N fertilization covering the total crop demand 117 kg·ha-1 (104 lb/acre). All N treatments significantly increased yields over the control. Yield increased to increasing N rates from 0 to 53 kg·ha-1. This response was due to an increase in fruit number but not in fruit weight. High N rates promoted runner growth without increasing fruit yield. The use N balance method for strawberry fertilization showed satisfactory results. Accumulated N balance (T1), required the least amount of N fertilizer while producing good yield, thus it should be the method adopted to reduce costs and environmental risks of N fertilization.

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