MODE OF POLLINATION OF PERENNIAL SPECIES OF THE TRITICEAE IN RELATION TO GENOMICALLY DEFINED GENERA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. JENSEN ◽  
D. R. DEWEY ◽  
Y. F. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Gene Manipulation ◽  
Germplasm Preservation ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Foreign Pollen ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tribe Triticeae

The perennial grasses of the tribe Triticeae are among the world’s most valuable forages and provide an important gene source for wheat, barley, and rye breeders. Knowledge of mode of pollination (self-pollination versus cross-pollination) is essential to plant breeders, geneticists, and systematists involved in gene manipulation, germplasm preservation, and understanding the biological characteristics of taxa and their relatives. This paper reports for the first time on the mode of pollination of many perennial Triticeae grasses and evaluates the mode of pollination as it relates to the genomically defined genera of Dewey (1984). Self fertility was estimated by counting seed set on spikes that were enclosed in an isolation paper bag prior to anthesis to exclude foreign pollen. The latter genera can be grouped as follows: (1) those that are highly self-sterile, which include Agropyron, Psathyrostachys, Pseudoroegneria, and Elytrigia, averaging 1.2 selfed seeds per spike; (2) those variable in their degree of self-fertility, Thinopyrum, Leymus, and Pascopyrum, ranging from 0.0 to 46.1, 0.0 to 254.0, and 0.0 to 67.8 selfed seeds per spike, respectively; and (3) those genera highly self-fertile which include Elymus and Critesion, that average more than 30 self-seeds per spike. Taxa in group two show considerable variation within species as well as between species. In group three, the E. lanceolatus, C. brevisubulatum, and C. bulbosum complex are exceptions; their component taxa were highly self-sterile.Key words: Pollination, reproduction, Triticeae, genomes

Comparative chromosome pairing in triploids and diploids of perennial Triticeae

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Chromosome Association ◽  
Hordeum Bulbosum ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Chromosome Homology ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Genome Homology ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tribe Triticeae ◽  
Metaphase I

Meiotic data were obtained for the triploid hybrids Pseudoroegneria libanotica (2n = 14; SS) × P. stipifolia (2n = 28; SSSS), P. spicata (2n = 28; SSSS) × P. spicata (2n = 14; SS), P. strigosa (2n = 28; SSSS) × P. stipifolia (2n = 14; SS) for the first time. Additional polyhaploid plants of Critesion iranicum (2n = 42; HvHvHvHvHvHv) and triploid Hordeum bulbosum (HbHbHb) were also analyzed at metaphase I. The relationships between chromosome association at metaphase I in the autotriploids and in the corresponding diploids of perennial species in the tribe Triticeae were analyzed. The results corroborated the findings in an earlier study that the trivalent frequency in triploids having one or two basic genome(s) is positively correlated with the degree of genome homology in their corresponding diploids. Therefore, chromosome association at metaphase I in diploids is a function of chromosome homology and is a legitimate tool for studying genome relationships.Key words: genome, meiosis, autoploid, alloploid, homology, homoeology.

Developing the role of perennial forages for crop–livestock farms: a strategic multi-disciplinary approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick S. Llewellyn ◽  
Michael J. Robertson ◽  
Richard C. Hayes ◽  
David Ferris ◽  
Katrien Descheemaeker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Farmer Participatory Research ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Livestock Farms

Developing new and improved grazing systems for crop–livestock farms where crop production is the major driver of farm management decisions presents a unique research and development challenge. In southern Australia, a substantial proportion of animal production from grazing comes from regions and farms where cropping is the major enterprise. In this paper, we describe a multi-disciplinary farming-systems research approach (EverCrop) aimed at improving farm profitability, risk management and environmental impacts through the development and integration of new grazing options with an emphasis on perennial species. It has been used to analyse and target new opportunities for farmers to benefit from perennial species across dry Mediterranean-type and temperate regions of southern Australia. It integrates field experimentation, on-farm trialling, farmer participatory research, soil–plant–climate biophysical modelling, whole-farm bioeconomic analysis and evaluations of adoptability. Multi-functional roles for summer-active grasses with winter cropping, integration of forage shrubs and establishment of new mixes of perennial grasses in crop rotations to improve farming system performance are identified, along with an analysis of factors likely to affect rate of uptake by farmers.

The mode of pollination in strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
FHW Morley
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Commercial Seed ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Seed Yields

A technique for emasculation and crossing strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum) is described. Contrary to reports in the literature this species is predominant4 self-incompatible. A small proportion of plants may set a few seeds on selfing. If seed-set is to be maximal a dense population of pollinating insects such as honey bees is necessary. Commercial seed yields may be greatly improved steps are taken to assure cross pollination.

Tandem repetitive Afa-family sequences from Leymus racemosus and Psathyrostachys juncea (Poaceae)

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1258-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyotaka Nagaki ◽  
Masahiro Kishii ◽  
Hisashi Tsujimoto ◽  
Tetsuo Sasakuma
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Leymus Racemosus ◽  
Tribe Triticeae

Tandem repetitive Afa-family sequences of 340 bp are known to occur in wheat and related species of tribe Triticeae. We isolated six and three Afa-family sequences from Leymus racemosus and Psathyrostachys juncea, respectively, both of which are perennial species. The sequences account for 0.5% and 0.2% of L. racemosus and P. juncea genomes, respectively, and using in situ hybridization were located in subtelomeric and interstitial regions of L. racemosus chromosomes. These sequences are clustered with those of Elymus trachycaulus in the phylogenetic tree. Our findings indicate that the Afa-family sequences have been amplified at least twice in the lineage of L. racemosus, P. juncea, and E. trachycaulus.Key words: Triticeae, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, tandem repeat, Afa-family sequences.

scholarly journals RNA editing in inflorescences of wild grapevine unveils association to sex and development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel J. N. Ramos ◽  
David Faísca-Silva ◽  
João L. Coito ◽  
Jorge Cunha ◽  
Helena Gomes Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Central Dogma ◽  
Wild Grapevine ◽  
First Time

SUMMARYRNA editing challenges the central dogma of molecular biology, by modifying the genetic information at the transcription level. Recent reports, suggesting increased levels of RNA editing in plants, raised questions on the nature and dynamics of such events during development. We here report the occurrence of distinct RNA editing patterns in wild Vitis flowers during development, with twelve possible RNA editing modifications observed for the first time in plants. RNA editing events are gender and developmental stage specific, identical in subsequent years of this perennial species and with distinct nucleotide frequencies neighboring editing sites on the 5’ and 3’ flanks. The transcriptome dynamics unveils a new regulatory layer responsible for gender plasticity enhancement or underling dioecy evolution in Vitis.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization, Pathogenicity and Biological Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose of Camellia yuhsienensis Hu in China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1712
Author(s):  
Xinggang Chen ◽  
Lingyu Jiang ◽  
Anhua Bao ◽  
Changlin Liu ◽  
Junang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

Camellia yuhsienensis Hu, a species of tea oil tree with resistance to anthracnose, is widely used to breed disease-resistant Camellia varieties. In 2019, anthracnose symptoms were observed on Ca. yuhsienensis for the first time. However, the species and biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Ca. yuhsienensis (YX-Colletotrichum spp.) have not been elucidated. In this study, five isolates (YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1, 2YX-5-1, 2YX-8-1-1 and 2YX-8-1-2), which were consistent with the morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp., were obtained from Ca. yuhsienensis. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1 and 2YX-8-1-2 belonged to first clade along with Colletotrichum fructicola. 2YX-8-1-1 belonged to the second clade along with Colletotrichum siamense. 2YX-5-1 belonged to the third clade with Colletotrichum camelliae. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogenicity of YX-Colletotrichum spp. was stronger than that of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Camellia oleifera (GD-Colletotrichum spp.). Biological characteristics illustrated that the mycelial growth of YX-Co. camelliae (2YX-5-1) was slower than that of GD-Co. camelliae when the temperature exceeded 20 °C. In addition, in the presence of ions, the mycelial growth of YX-Co. fructicola (YX2-5-2) and YX-Co. siamense (2YX-8-1-1) was also slower than that of GD-Co. fructicola and GD-Co. siamense. Furthermore, the ability of YX-Colletotrichum spp. to utilize lactose and mannitol was weaker than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp., while the ability to utilize NH4+ was generally stronger than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp. This is the first report of anthracnose of Ca. yuhsienensis induced by Co. fructicola, Co. siamense and Co. camelliae in China. These results will provide theoretical guidance for the study of the pathogenesis and control of anthracnose on Ca. yuhsienensis.

Agronomic potential of native grass species on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. II. Nutritive value

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Green Leaves

The quality of three year-long green and three summer-growing, frost-susceptible perennial native grasses was compared with that of two introduced temperate perennial grasses and white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa). Digestibility of white clover generally exceeded that of all grasses, except for the green leaves of the two introduced species, Festuca arundinacea Screb. cv. Demeter and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa, during winter. The digestibility of the green leaves of most winter-green species increased during winter and decreased in summer, the extent of this being greater for the introduced grasses.The digestibility of fescue and phalaris was generally similar throughout the study and was mostly higher than that of the native grasses, but the quality of the green leaves of two year-long green native species, Danthonra linkii Kunth and Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br., approached that of the two introduced grasses. The quality of the summer perennial species was poor during winter owing to the presence of only dead leaves, but the green leaves of Bothriochloa macra (Steud) S. T. Blake retained high levels of digestibility during summer. Considerable variation in digestibility exists between individual plants of Poaseiberana Spreng, indicating that opportunities may exist for selection of highly productive lines from some native species.In pen-feeding studies, voluntary intake of most of the year-long green native grasses was similar to that of the introduced grasses, but intake of the summer perennial species tended to be lower.Results from this study indicate that the quality of native pastures and their potential for animal production will vary considerably according to species composition, season and the presence of white clover.

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