TOMATO YIELD AS RELATED TO DRIP LATERAL SPACING AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON TOTAL AND WETTED AREA BASIS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. SINGH ◽  
Y. V. SINGH ◽  
R. C. BHANDARI
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Wetted Area ◽  
Wetted Surface Area

With drip irrigation systems, a part of the area is wetted at the soil surface. This raises the question of whether to program fertilizer rates on the total or wetted area of the plot. The objective of this investigation was to study the response of unstaked tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst.) to drip application of fertilizers on the basis of total versus wetted surface area. Apart from the conventional broadcast and drip application of NPK fertilizers in liquid form, four other treatments were applied consisting of two rates of NPK, i.e., 224, 88 and 168 kg ha−1 on total plot area basis, and 56, 22 and 42 kg ha−1 on wetted surface area basis, factorially combined with 1.2- and-2.4-m lateral spacings, with N through drip, P and K banded. The study also included drip irrigation at 1.0 and 0.5 times the daily evapotranspiration (ET) rate factorially combined with drip application of NPK at 1.0, 0.75 and 0.5 times and broadcast application at 1.0 times the NPK rate. The NPK were, respectively, at 224, 88 and 168 kg ha−1. At the full grown stage, available water in the plant root zone was 60–100%. Root growth, soil temperature, and thermal conductivity were positively influenced by canopy cover and soil moisture regime. The development pattern indicated that 74% of the total root weight was confined to the top 15-cm soil layer. At the time of fruiting, the root weight declined in the soil layer with high water content. Drip irrigation equal to 0.5 ET required 25% less fertilizer than irrigation equal to ET, but irrigation at the latter rate and application of fertilizers to supply 224, 88 and 168 kg ha−1 of NPK, respectively, gave the highest yield of 90 t ha−1.Key words: Drip irrigation, root growth, spacing, multiple rows, fertilizer

scholarly journals Water supply intensity during drip irrigation of vegetable crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
S.A. Kurbanov ◽  
M.M. Dzhambulatov ◽  
V.V. Borodychev ◽  
D.S. Magomedova
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Chestnut Soils ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

The paper presents the materials of field research on the study of the regularities of the development of moisture outlines on light soils during drip irrigation of vegetable crops. The correlation is found between the depth of the moistened layer and the area of the moistening outlines on the pre-irrigation threshold of the moisture content of the active soil layer, irrigation standards and the flow rate of drippers, which gives an opportunity to decline the unproductive water consumption for filtration. It is found that in light loamy and sandy loam light chestnut soils, for guaranteed rule of the moisture regime, on onion crops, it is essential to maintain the pre-irrigation threshold of 80% HB with the irrigation rate of 200 m3 / ha with the flow rate of drip water outlets of 2.8 l / h, and the depth of irrigation of 120 m3/ha with the flow rate of discharge outlets of 1.7 l/h, correspondingly. In irrigation of tomatoes grown on light-loamy light-chestnut soils, it is appropriate to apply the irrigation rate of 180 m3 / ha, which provides the level of pre-irrigation humidity in the layer of 0.6 m not lower than 80% HB, the formation of the required characteristics of the moisture contour (depth of 0.62 m and diameter of 0.37 m), as well as an enhance in the efficiency of irrigation water use by 11.1%. The results can be applied in the design of drip irrigation systems for vegetable crops.

Soil amendment with biochar increases maize yields in a semi-arid region by improving soil quality and root growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xiao ◽  
Li-Xia Zhu ◽  
Hong-Pei Zhang ◽  
Xiu-Yun Li ◽  
Yu-Fang Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Film Mulching ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Biochar Amendment

Biochar has been widely proposed as a relatively novel approach to improve soil quality and increase crop productivity, but its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. A large root system in plants is either a constitutive or an inducible trait dependent on the uptake of resources and the production of shoot dry matter. Here a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar amendment on the dynamic growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.), both above- and belowground, and to explore the relationship between soil condition, root traits and shoot biomass over two growing seasons on the Loess Plateau in northern China. Biochar was added to a maize field at rates of 0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha–1 without mulching and at rates of 0 and 20 t ha–1 with film mulching before sowing the first crop. The application of straw biochar with 30 t ha–1 decreased soil bulk density by 12% and increased soil total porosity by 13% in the 0–10-cm soil layer 6 months after biochar addition. Biochar amendment increased soil organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, carbon : nitrogen ratio, and available phosphorus and potassium at the end of each growing season. Although, root growth was inhibited at a rate of 30 t ha–1 in the early stage of the first year, biochar amendment exhibited a positive effect in other stages, resulting in higher root weight density, root length density and root surface-area density. These responses led to higher growth rates, maize biomass, grain yields and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the rate of biochar addition increased. Film mulching with biochar amendment achieved the greatest root and shoot biomass and grain yield in both crops, despite differences in climate conditions. Biochar aged in the field for 2 years had the same effect on soil properties and crop production, suggesting that the application of straw biochar may be a promising option for increasing productivity in semi-arid farmland.

scholarly journals Root characteristics of spring wheat under drip irrigation and their relationship with aboveground biomass and yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Xing-peng Xiong ◽  
Wen-han Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Irrigation Amount

AbstractThe objectives of this two-year field experiment were (1) to study the effect of irrigation frequency and irrigation amount on the root characteristics of drip-irrigated spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and (2) to determine the relationship between these root characteristics and aboveground biomass and yield. A split-plot design was used with two wheat cultivars (Xinchun 6 and Xinchun 22). The irrigation treatments consisted of three irrigation intervals (D1, 13 d; D2, 10 d; and D3, 7 d) and three water amounts (W1, 3750 m3/ha; W2, 6000 m3/ha; and W3, 8250 m3/ha). The results showed that root length density (RLD) and root weight density (RWD) were greater at 0–20 cm than at 20–40 cm at flowering. The RLD was greater in D1 and D2 than in D3 in the shallow soil layer and did not differ among the treatments with different irrigation frequencies in deep soil. The RLD at the 0–20 cm depth of W3 was 17.9% greater than that of W2 and 53.8% greater than that of W1, and the RLD trend was opposite at the 20–40 cm depth. The root–shoot ratio was significantly higher in D2 than in the other treatment, whereas the RLD, RWD, leaf Pn and LAI were significantly greater in D3. Leaf Pn and LAI both increased as the irrigation amount increased. Regression analysis showed a natural logarithmic relationship between RWD and aboveground biomass (R2 > 0.60, P < 0.05) and binomial relationships of the RWD at 0–20 cm depth (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) and the RLD at 20–40 cm depth (R2 = 0.34, P < 0.05) with grain yield. We found that with the optimum irrigation amount (W2), increasing drip irrigation frequency can increase wheat root length and root weight and aboveground biomass accumulation, thereby improving yield and water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Predicting Wetting Patterns in Soil from a Single Subsurface Drip Irrigation System

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Heba Najem Abid ◽  
Maysoon Basheer Abid
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Model Efficiency ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Wetted Area ◽  
Soil Wetting ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Soil wetted pattern from a subsurface drip plays great importance in the design of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system for delivering the required water directly to the roots of the plant. An equation to estimate the dimensions of the wetted area in soil are taking into account water uptake by roots is simulated numerically using HYDRUS (2D/3D) software. In this paper, three soil textures namely loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soil were used with three different types of crops tomato, pepper, and cucumber, respectively, and different values of drip discharge, drip depth, and initial soil moisture content were proposed. The soil wetting patterns were obtained at every thirty minutes for a total time of irrigation equal to three hours. Equations for wetted width and depth were predicted and evaluated by utilizing the statistical parameters (model efficiency (EF), and root mean square error (RMSE)). The model efficiency was more than 95%, and RMSE did not exceed 0.64 cm for three soils. This shows that evolved formula can be utilized to describe the soil wetting pattern from SDI system with good accuracy.      

scholarly journals Root Morphology of Eight Hybrid Oil Palms Under Iron (Fe) Toxicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 013
Author(s):  
Aprilia Ike Nurmalasari ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽  
Prapto Yudono
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
Fe Toxicity ◽  
Root Growth Rate

The research aims to study the change of morphology root characters of eight hybrid oil palms under iron toxicity (Fe). Field experiment done in arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) two factors and three blocks as replications. The first factor was Fe concentration. It consists of two levels which are concentration 0µ.g-1 and concentration 600 µg.g-1 Fe. The second factor is the hybrid of oil palms which consists of eight hybrid oil palms as Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy. Fe was applied by pouring FeSO4 solvent for 600 µg.g-1 500 ml.-1plant.-1day-1 on two months of plants after transplanting in the main nursery. Data were collected on root morphology and plant dry weight The data were analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significanly, followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The relationships by among variables were determined by correlation analysis. The results showed that Fe concentration 600 µg.g-1 inhibits relatively root growth rate, narrows surface area, reduces the diameter, and shrinks root volume of all hybrid oil palms tested. The slowing relatively root growth rate, narrowing of root surface area and root diameter also root volume shrinkage due to Fe stress. It was also shown that the dry weight of plants was inhibit by existing of Fe toxicity.

Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Britschgi ◽  
Peter Stamp ◽  
Juan M. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

Effect of New Irrigation Technology on the Physiology and Water Use Efficiency of Potato by Reclaimed Water Irrigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3035-3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Bin Qi ◽  
Zong Dong Huang ◽  
Dong Mei Qiao ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhi Juan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. The agricultural sector continues to have a negative impact on the ecological status of the environment. The worlds interest in high quality food is increasing. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation on physiological responses, yield and water use efficiency, Soil nitrogen, Root weight density of potato in the semi-humid region of middle China using subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment used second-stage treated wastewater with and without addition of chloride, and both subsurface drip and furrow irrigations were investigated. Results indicated that the alternate partial root-zone irrigation is a practicable water-saving strategy for potato. The drip with chlorinated and non-chlorinated water improved water use efficiency by 21.48% and 39.1%, respectively, and 44.1% in the furrow irrigation. Partial root zone drying irrigation stimulates potato root growth and enhances root density. The content of the heavy metal in the potato tubers is no more than the National Food Requirements, and it is consistent with National Food Hygiene Stands.

scholarly journals Pre-Sowing Irrigation Plus Surface Fertilization Improves Morpho-Physiological Traits and Sustaining Water-Nitrogen Productivity of Cotton

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Zongkui Chen ◽  
Hongyun Gao ◽  
Fei Hou ◽  
Aziz Khan ◽  
Honghai Luo
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Nitrogen Productivity

The changing climatic conditions are causing erratic rains and frequent episodes of moisture stress; these impose a great challenge to cotton productivity by negatively affecting plant physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. This situation requires an efficient management of water-nutrient to achieve optimal crop production. Wise use of water-nutrient in cotton production and improved water use-efficiency may help to produce more crop per drop. We hypothesized that the application of nitrogen into deep soil layers can improve water-nitrogen productivity by promoting root growth and functional attributes of cotton crop. To test this hypothesis, a two-year pot experiment under field conditions was conducted to explore the effects of two irrigation levels (i.e., pre-sowing irrigation (W80) and no pre-sowing irrigation (W0)) combined with different fertilization methods (i.e., surface application (F10) and deep application (F30)) on soil water content, soil available nitrogen, roots morpho-physiological attributes, dry mass and water-nitrogen productivity of cotton. W80 treatment increased root length by 3.1%–17.5% in the 0–40 cm soil layer compared with W0. W80 had 11.3%–52.9% higher root nitrate reductase activity in the 10–30 cm soil layer and 18.8%–67.9% in the 60–80 cm soil layer compared with W0. The W80F10 resulted in 4.3%–44.1% greater root nitrate reductase activity compared with other treatments in the 0–30 cm soil layer at 54–84 days after emergence. Water-nitrogen productivity was positively associated with dry mass, water consumption, root length and root nitrate reductase activity. Our data highlighted that pre-sowing irrigation coupled with basal surface fertilization is a promising option in terms of improved cotton root growth. Functioning in the surface soil profile led to a higher reproductive organ biomass production and water-nitrogen productivity.

Lime-slotting technique to ameliorate subsoil acidity in a clay soil II. Effects on medic root-growth, water extraction and yield

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
HD Barrs ◽  
WA Muirhead ◽  
J Blackwell ◽  
E Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Subsoil Acidity ◽  
Soil Water Extraction ◽  
Limed Soil

Subsoil acidity causes low crop production, which is often associated with shallow root development and restricted soil water extraction. In part I of this series, lime-slotting of an acid soil was shown to improve the soil physical and chemical characteristics for root growth. In a lysimeter study on an acid soil, the effects of several soil ameliorative treatments on root growth, water extraction and yields of a medic crop were evaluated. Large lysimeter cores of 0.75 m diameter and 1.35 m deep were used. The soil treatments included a non-ameliorated acid soil, lime-slotting with a 0.15 m wide and 0.8 m deep slot containing 20 t ha-1 of lime, lime-slotting combined with surface phospho-gypsum application at 10 t ha-1, and complete amelioration of the entire soil volume by mixing lime at 133 t ha-1 and repacking to a low bulk density of 1.1 t m-3. In the non-ameliorated acid soil, medic roots were confined to the surface (0.1 m) layer, resulting in limited water extraction of 32 mm during a prolonged drying cycle, and a low dry matter yield of 70 g m-2. In the lime slotted soil, roots grew within the slot to its full depth, although penetration into the undisturbed soil was restricted to the soil immediately adjacent to the slot. Consequently, the root length per unit surface area (La) at depths below 0.1 m depth was increased to 9.9 km m-2. During a drying cycle, water extraction increased to 58 mm. The increased water extraction came from both the slotted soil and the undisturbed soil between slots. This led to an increase in dry matter yields to 270 g m2. In lime-slotted soils with surface gypsum applications, the root growth and crop water extraction patterns were similar to the lime-slotted soil. Repacking limed soil resulted in similar root lengths (L(a) 10.0 km m-2) as lime-slotted soil. However, owing to more uniform distribution of roots in the repacked soil, water extraction was increased to 100 mm and yields increased to 590 g m-2. Yields of non-ameliorated soil were only 12% of the repacked, limed soil. However, lime-slotting which involves loosening only 25% of the soil surface area and addition of only one-sixth of the amount of lime required for complete soil amelioration, led to marked increases in yield (46% of the yield of repacked soil). Future field studies are required to evaluate the optimum limed-slot configurations required for different soils, crops and climatic regimes.

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