THE INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TIME OF MINERAL N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND N2 FIXATION BY FIELD BEAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Field Beans

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, N uptake and N2 fixation by nodulated field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’GN1140’). Fertilizer N was added at 30, 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil either at planting or at 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 wk after planting. N2 fixation was determined by using 15N isotope dilution methods with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Leader’) as a nonfixing control plant. Additions of N at 30 mg kg−1 soil had a stimulatory effect on plant growth, relative to plants not receiving N fertilizer, which was reflected in increased N uptake and N2 fixation. Addition of N at 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil did not result in increased plant N uptake and was shown to inhibit N2 fixation. Stimulatory effects of 30 mg N, and inhibitory effects of 60 or 120 mg N, were only observed if N additions were made within the first 6 wk after planting. Additions of N after that time did not affect the plant parameters measured in this study. It was concluded that additions of N at rates of 60 or 120 mg kg−1 do not result in increased plant growth because of the resulting decreases in the contribution of biologically fixed N2 to plant N uptake. It was also concluded that once the N2-fixing symbioses with GN1140 was established, biological N2 fixation was able to supply sufficient N for the plant needs.Key words: 15N dilution, starter N, field bean, N2 fixation, N addition, wheat, Rhizobium phaseoli

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglan Li ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Zucong Cai ◽  
Hua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates

Li, X., Ziadi, N., Bélanger, G., Cai, Z. and Xu, H. 2011. Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 521–531. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal distributed in soil by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. It can accumulate in crops, such as spring milling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and its accumulation depends on crop species, soil factors, and agricultural practices like fertilizer inputs. Our objective was to study the effect of mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics on wheat grain Cd concentration. A field study was conducted over 12 site-years (2004–2006) in Québec, with four N application rates (0, 40, 120, and 200 kg N ha−1). Wheat grain samples (n=192) were analysed for their Cd and N concentrations. Soil samples (n=48) taken before N fertilizer application were characterised for their chemical and physical properties, including Mehlich-3 extractable Cd concentration. Wheat grain Cd concentration increased significantly with increasing N application rates at 11 of the 12 site-years. Averaged across the 12 site-years, Cd concentration ranged from 53 µg kg−1dry matter (DM) without N applied up to 87 µg kg−1DM when 200 kg N ha−1was applied. Wheat grain Cd concentration also varied significantly with site-years (34–99 µg kg−1DM), but never exceeded the proposed tolerance for wheat grain of 235 µg kg−1DM. Wheat grain Cd concentration was significantly related to Mehlich-3 extractable Cd in soil (R2=0.44, P=0.021) and nitrogen nutrition index (R2=0.69, P=0.001). We conclude that soil Cd concentration and the crop N nutrition status affect Cd accumulation in spring wheat grain produced in eastern Canada.

THE FIRST 12 YEARS OF A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION STUDY IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN — NITRATE-N DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL AND N UPTAKE BY THE PLANT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Rotation Study ◽  
Key Words Nitrate

The distribution of NO3-N in the soil, and N uptake by the crop during the first 12 yr of a long-term rotation study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan were studied. A considerable amount of NO3-N appeared to be leached beyond the rooting zone of the cereal crop in years of above average precipitation and also in some relatively dry years with heavy spring rains. Thus, leaching of NO3-N seemed to occur even under continuous wheat rotations. At all times there was considerable NO3-N situated at the 60- to 120-cm depth. In wet years N uptake by the plants reduced the amount of NO3-N located in the subsoil, but in dry years the amount of NO3-N in the subsoil remained higher throughout the growing season. The latter could result in groundwater pollution, especially if such a soil was fallowed the next year. Fall rye (Secale cereale L.) made more efficient use of mineral N than spring-sown crops. In dry years more NO3-N persisted in the root zone of N-fertilized wheat than in the root zone of unfertilized wheat, but in wet and average years there was little difference due to N application. The average rate of net NO3-N production in fallow land from spring thaw to freeze-up (166 days) was 107 kg∙ha−1. Values ranged from about 60 to 175 kg∙ha−1 with the lowest values being obtained during very dry or very wet years. The quantity of N mineralized (kg∙ha−1) between spring thaw and freeze-up was related to precipitation (mm) by the equation Nmin = 29.0 + 0.20 precipitation for the 0- to 60-cm depth (R2 = 0.65*). Key words: Nitrate leaching, N uptake, crop rotations, N mineralization rate

scholarly journals How Nitrogen Supply Affects Growth and Nitrogen Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Loss from Citrus Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Lea-Cox ◽  
James P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Leaf N

We examined how N supply affected plant growth and N uptake, allocation and leaching losses from a fine sandy soil with four Citrus rootstock species. Seedlings of `Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and `Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) were grown in a glasshouse in 2.3-liter pots of Candler fine sand and fertilized weekly with a complete nutrient solution containing 200 mg N/liter (20 mg N/week). A single application of 15NH415NO3(17.8% atom excess 15N) was substituted for a normal weekly N application when the seedlings were 22 weeks old (day O). Six replicate plants of each species were harvested at 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, 7, 11, and 30 days after 15N application. In a second experiment, NH4 NO3 was supplied at 18,53, and 105 mg N/week to 14-week-old `Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) and sour orange (C. aurantium L.) seedlings in a complete nutrient solution for 8 weeks. A single application of 15NH415NO3 (23.0% 15N) was substituted at 22 weeks (day 0), as in the first experiment, and seedlings harvested 3,7, and 31 days after 15N application. Nitrogen uptake and partitioning were similar among species within each rate, but were strongly influenced by total N supply and the N demand by new growth. There was no 15N retranslocation to new tissue at the highest (105 mg N/week) rate, but N supplies below this rate limited plant growth without short-term 15N reallocation from other tissues. Leaf N concentration increased linearly with N supply up to the highest rate, while leaf chlorophyll concentration did not increase above that at 53 mg N/week. Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was not limited by N in this study; leaf N concentration exceeded 100 mmol·m-2 in all treatments. Thus, differences in net productivity at the higher N rates appeared to be a function of increased leaf area, but not of leaf N concentration. Hence, N use efficiency decreased significantly over the range of N supply, whether expressed either on a gas-exchange or dry weight basis. Mean plant 15N uptake efficiencies after 31 days decreased from 60% to 47% of the 15N applied at the 18,20, and 53 mg N/week rates to less than 33% at the 105 mg N/week rate. Leaching losses increased with N rate, with plant growth rates and the subsequent N requirements of these Citrus species interacting with residual soil N and potential leaching loss.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Sweet Basil Production under Low Tunnels

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tej P. Acharya ◽  
Mark S. Reiter ◽  
Greg Welbaum ◽  
Ramón A. Arancibia
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Available N ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Low Tunnels

Low tunnels (LTs) enhance vegetative growth and production in comparison with open field, but it is not known whether nitrogen (N) requirements and use efficiency increase or decrease for optimal crop performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine differences in N requirement, uptake, and use efficiency in basil grown under LTs compared with open field. The experimental design each year was a split plot with four replications. The main effect (plots) was N fertilizer application rate (0, 37, 74, 111, 148, and 185 kg·ha−1) and the secondary effect (subplots) was production system (LTs covered with spun-bonded rowcover vs. open field). Plant height and stem diameter were greater under LT than open field; however, they were unaffected by N fertilizer rate. Total fresh and dry weight increased with LT by 61% and 58% and by 50% and 48% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Optimum N rates for fresh weight (98% of peak yield) were 124 and 104 kg·ha−1 N under LT and open field, respectively. Leaf N concentration decreased under LT, but total plant N uptake increased because of increased dry weight. Without fertilization, soil available N use efficiency (SNUE) for dry weight increased by 45% and 66% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Mixed results were obtained for N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) in response to N rate. In conclusion, LT increased summer production of sweet basil, total plant N uptake, and SNUE.

scholarly journals Frequency Versus Quantity: Phenotypic Response of Two Wheat Varieties to Water and Nitrogen Variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia H. Cousins ◽  
Trevor P. Garnett ◽  
Amanda Rasmussen ◽  
Sacha J. Mooney ◽  
Ronald J. Smernik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDue to climate change, water availability will become increasingly variable, affecting nitrogen (N) availability. Therefore, we hypothesised watering frequency would have a greater impact on plant growth than quantity, affecting N availability, uptake and carbon allocation. We used a gravimetric platform, which measures the unit of volume per unit of time, to control soil moisture and precisely compare the impact of quantity and frequency of water under variable N levels. Two wheat genotypes (Kukri and Gladius) were used in a factorial glasshouse pot experiment, each with three N application rates (25, 75 and 150 mg N kg−1 soil) and five soil moisture regimes (changing water frequency or quantity). Previously documented drought tolerance, but high N use efficiency, of Gladius as compared to Kukri provides for potentially different responses to N and soil moisture content. Water use, biomass and soil N were measured. Both cultivars showed potential to adapt to variable watering, producing higher specific root lengths under low N coupled with reduced water and reduced watering frequency (48 h watering intervals), or wet/dry cycling. This affected mineral N uptake, with less soil N remaining under constant watering × high moisture, or 48 h watering intervals × high moisture. Soil N availability affected carbon allocation, demonstrated by both cultivars producing longer, deeper roots under low N. Reduced watering frequency decreased biomass more than reduced quantity for both cultivars. Less frequent watering had a more negative effect on plant growth compared to decreasing the quantity of water. Water variability resulted in differences in C allocation, with changes to root thickness even when root biomass remained the same across N treatments. The preferences identified in wheat for water consistency highlights an undeveloped opportunity for identifying root and shoot traits that may improve plant adaptability to moderate to extreme resource limitation, whilst potentially encouraging less water and nitrogen use.

scholarly journals Nitrogen recovery and dry matter production of silage maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by subsurface band application of mineral nitrogen fertilizer

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Van Dijk ◽  
G. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Negative Effect

In 1991-94 the effects of subsurface band application of mineral N fertilizer on the N recovery and dry matter (DM) yield of silage maize were studied in nine field experiments on sandy and clay soils in the Netherlands. In the early crop stages and especially in the clay soil experiments, banded N had a significant negative effect on the N uptake and DM yield compared to broadcast N, possibly due to salt damage. At final harvest, however, banding significantly increased the N uptake and DM yield in most of the experiments. The apparent N recovery increased by circa 20-25% (absolute). The positive effects indicated that band application improved the efficiency of the N fertilizer. It could be calculated that banding allowed a reduction in the N rate of 20-30% without significant effects on the N uptake and DM yield of the silage maize. Benefits of banding were positively (P

NO3- uptake and C exudation – do plant roots stimulate or inhibit denitrification?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Sophie Rummel ◽  
Reinhard Well ◽  
Birgit Pfeiffer ◽  
Klaus Dittert ◽  
Sebastian Floßmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

<p>Growing plants affect soil moisture, mineral N and organic C (C<sub>org</sub>) availability in soil and may thus play an important role in regulating denitrification. The availability of the main substrates for denitrification (C<sub>org</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is controlled by root activity and higher denitrification activity in rhizosphere soils has been reported. We hypothesized that (I) plant N uptake governs NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> availability for denitrification leading to increased N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> emissions, when plant N uptake is low due to smaller root system or root senescence. (II) Denitrification is stimulated by higher C<sub>org</sub> availability from root exudation or decaying roots increasing total gaseous N emissions while decreasing their N<sub>2</sub>O/(N<sub>2</sub>O+N<sub>2</sub>) ratios.</p><p>We tested these assumptions in a double labeling pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) grown under three N fertilization levels S / M / L (no / moderate / high N fertilization) and with cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L., moderate N fertilization). After 6 weeks, all plants were labeled with 0.1 g N kg<sup>-1</sup> (Ca(<sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, 60 at%), and the <sup>15</sup>N tracer method was applied to estimate plant N uptake, N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> emissions. To link denitrification with available C in the rhizosphere, <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labeling (5 g Na<sub>2</sub><sup>13</sup>CO<sub>3</sub>, 99 at%) was used to trace C translocation from shoots to roots and its release by roots into the soil. CO<sub>2</sub> evolving from soil was trapped in NaOH for δ<sup>13</sup>C analyses, and gas samples were taken for analysis of N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> from the headspace above the soil surface every 12 h.</p><p>Although pots were irrigated, changing soil moisture through differences in plant water uptake was the main factor controlling daily N<sub>2</sub>O+N<sub>2</sub> fluxes, cumulative N emissions, and N<sub>2</sub>O production pathways. In addition, total N<sub>2</sub>O+N<sub>2</sub> emissions were negatively correlated with plant N uptake and positively with soil N concentrations. Recently assimilated C released by roots (<sup>13</sup>C) was positively correlated with root dry matter, but we could not detect any relationship with cumulative N emissions. We anticipate that higher C<sub>org</sub> availability in pots with large root systems did not lead to higher denitrification rates as NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> was limited due to plant uptake. In conclusion, plant growth controlled water and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> uptake and, subsequently, formation of anaerobic hotspots for denitrification.</p>

Effect of different rates of application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a rice-based cropping system

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sharma ◽  
B. N. Mittra
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C

SUMMARYThe effect on soil fertility and crop performance of different organic fertilizers; paddy straw (PS), farmyard manure (FYM), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and tank silt (TS), at different rates of application and in combination with N fertilizer, was studied in a rice-based cropping system on an acid lateritic soil at Kharagpur, India, during 1985/86. Organic manuring of wet-season rice (first crop) with 5 t PS/ha 10 days before transplanting and 10 t FYM or 10 t WHC/ha at transplanting increased grain yield as much as the application of 30 kg N/ha. Increasing the rates of FYM and WHC application up to 15 t/ha increased yield but increasing the rate of PS beyond 5 t/ha did not. Response to increasing amounts of N was not linear; there was a significant increase up to 90 kg N/ha and a decrease when N was applied in conjunction with organic fertilizers. There was a significant increase in the N uptake of the rice but a decrease in the recovery of applied fertilizer N with the application of increasing rates of organic and N fertilizer.The organic C content of the soil after the rice harvest increased significantly after PS application, whereas there was more available N after WHC and FYM. Increasing the rate of application of PS up to 15 t/ha increased organic C but not available N. Mineral N fertilizer had little effect on fertility build-up. Grain yields of wheat and gram (Cicer arietinum), grown after rice without any additional fertilizer, increased significantly. The residual N effect of the previous crop on wheat or gram yield was small and adding fertilizer directly is considered essential for higher productivity in these crops in a rice-based cropping system.

Utilisation de l'engrais azoté marqué au 15N par le maïs selon les modes d'application et les doses d'azote

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Sen Tran ◽  
Marcel Giroux ◽  
Michel P. Cescas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
N Rates

The main objective of this study was to compare the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer by different methods of N application and N rates. Field experiments were carried out for 3 yr at Saint-Hyacinthe (Saint-Damase, Du Contour, Sainte-Rosalie soils) and at Saint-Lambert, Lévis (Le Bras soil). Grain corn (cv. Pride K228, 2700 CHU) and silage corn (cv. Hyland 3251, 2300 CHU) were grown at Saint-Hyacinthe and Saint-Lambert, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, field trials were arranged in a randomized complete bloc design consisting of five treatments in three replications: control 0 N and four split application methods of N fertilizer. Labelled 15NH4 15NO3 fertilizer was applied either banded at planting as starter (D), broadcast and incorporated before planting (Vs) or sidedressing between rows at V6 to V8 stages of corn (Bp). In 1990 field trials, treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) labelled with 15NH4 15NO3. The effect of N rates on yield and N uptake by corn was significant in all years. However, the effect of application methods was significant only on the soil Du Contour in 1989 where corn grain yield was highest when N fertilizer was split as starter and sidedress band. The CUR of N fertilizer applied broadcast before planting (42 to 48%) was generally lower than sidedressing band application (43 to 54%). N fertilizer recovery in the starter showed also high CUR values (45 to 60%). Consequently, it is recommended to split N fertilizers and apply in band to increase efficiency for grain corn. The CUR values decreased with N rates only in Le Bras soil in 1990. Residual N fertilizer increased from 27 to 103 kg N ha−1 for 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively. Consequently, the environmental impact of N fertilization may increased with high N rate. Key words: Grain corn, silage corn, 15N recovery, fertilizer N split application

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