PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON LIGHT INTERCEPTION BY GREENHOUSE TOMATOES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS P. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
DOUGLAS P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Plant Canopies ◽  
Spacing Effects ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53, 60 cm) on interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’CR-6’) was studied. A silicon cell sensor was used to measure PAR in and around the test plant canopies. These observations were used to construct canopy profiles of PAR absorption, as affected by plant spacing and cultivar. Measurements under both clear and overcast skies revealed no major differences in the pattern of PAR interception within a canopy due to the presence or absence of direct light over the sampling period. The proportion of available PAR intercepted increased with closer plant spacing, but PAR penetration increased and distribution improved with increasing plant spacing. An increasing degree of self-shading of the central and north parts of the canopies was evident with closer planting. Plant spacing also had a large effect on the quality of canopy transmitted light. The ratios of blue:far-red, red:far-red and blue:red light transmitted through the four-row canopies of both cultivars decreased with decreases in plant spacing and in general were lower under the canopies of CR-6, than under the canopies of Jumbo.Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, light interception

PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON YIELD OF THE GREENHOUSE TOMATO

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS P. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
DOUGLAS P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Spacing Effects

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53 and 60 cm, corresponding to 113 000, 74 000, 53 000, 40 000, 31 000 and 25 000 plants ha−1, respectively) on fruit yield of four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’Ohio CR-6’) was studied over two spring and two fall seasons. Fruit was harvested and recorded separately from inside (shaded) and outside (exposed) plants of the four-row plantings. The total and marketable yield (g plant−1) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons declined linearly with successive decreases in plant spacing. The rate of yield reduction of both cultivars was steeper in the spring, compared to the fall season. Also, the rate of yield reduction in the spring was steeper on inside compared to outside plants; but, in the fall, yield was similar for inside and outside plants. The response of the total and marketable yield (g m−2) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons to decreasing plant spacing was described by a first or second degree polynomial. In the fall, the total and marketable yield of all plants increased (mostly) linearly with decreasing plant spacing; but, in the spring, yields were highest at intermediate spacings and declined with closer and wider spacings. We conclude that there is a greater potential for marketable yield increases, with any increase in plant density from a normal of 25 000 plants ha−1 to a maximum of 74 000 or 113 000 plants ha−1 for the cvs. Ohio CR-6 and Jumbo, respectively, in a fall greenhouse tomato crop than in a spring crop. However, with closer planting, a reduction in fruit size must be anticipated in both seasons.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, greenhouse tomato

SULPHUR DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SYMPTOMS IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES AND CUCUMBERS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Symptoms of sulphur deficiency and toxicity on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativis L.) were produced experimentally in sand culture and are described in detail. The principal morphological effect was a general depression of growth and fruit production. A S content of less than 0.25% in any plant tissue was associated with severe deficiency. The distribution of S in various plant tissues is shown.

COMPARISON OF MEDIA FOR THE ISOLATION OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. LYCOPERSICI FROM SAWDUST USED FOR GROWING TOMATOES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-374
Author(s):  
M. G. ANDERSON ◽  
R. G. ATKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Streptomycin Sulphate ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Various agar media amended with antimicrobial agents were compared for the selective isolation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici from sawdust used for growing greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Potato dextrose agar amended with pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) (500 mg/l) and streptomycin sulphate (300 mg/l proved to be the most satisfactory medium, tested. These antimicrobial agents, unlike rose bengal, did not reduce the number of Fusarium colonies isolated.

Plant spacing effects on growth and development of the greenhouse tomato

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios P. Papadopoulos ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Spacing Effects ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Consistent Increase

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53 and 60 cm, corresponding to 113 000, 74 000, 53 000, 40 000, 31 000 and 25 000 plants ha−1, respectively) on growth and development of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Jumbo' and 'Ohio CR-6') was studied over two fall and one spring seasons. A consistent increase in plant height and intermode length with closer plant spacing and an apparent trend for taller plants and longer intemodes in the inside of four-row canopies compared to outside were found in both spring and fall seasons. Plant development, as evidenced by the rate of flower cluster development, was affected adversely only when plant spacing was less than 45 cm. Leaf area decreased steadily at all reductions in plant spacing (faster in inside than outside plants) in the fall, but in the spring it attained a maximum value at the intermediate spacing of 45 cm. The fruit set rate of both cultivars was not affected by plant spacing in the fall except under extreme shading conditions (23-cm spacing) while it declined steeply in the spring with decreasing plant spacing. Results suggest a shorter supply of carbohydrates in the spring, compared to the fall, which is attributed to a more intense competition for light in the spring than the fall and this is likely to result in higher productivity in the fall than in the spring when plants are closely spaced. Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, plant height, fruit set, LAI

PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION OF THE GREENHOUSE TOMATO

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS P. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
DOUGLAS P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Leaf Weight

The effect of four equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45 cm) applied to four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’CR-6’) on plant net photosynthesis (P) and transpiration (E) was studied. Closer spacing decreased the leaf-area-based net photosynthesis (Pa) of the lower leaves but had little effect on the Pa of the upper leaves. The exposed parts of a tomato plant could adjust their Pa rates upwards to compensate for the low Pa of their shaded parts. The leaf-weight-based net photosynthesis (Pw) increased with the decrease of plant spacing and it was higher in inside compared to outside plants. The differences between the Pa and Pw results were mostly attributable to the effect of light in increasing the specific leaf weight (SLW). The E rate of plants increased at the closest spacing and there was a higher leaf weight based transpiration (Ew) in inside than outside plants. The leaf area based transpiration (Ea) and stomatal resistance (Rw) were not affected appreciably by light (photosynthetic photon flux density) other than at very low levels (i.e. less than 100 μmol m−2 s−1) where there was a sharp increase in Rw and a corresponding decrease in Ea. The P of plants growing in an environment of gradually declining duration and intensity of solar irradiance declined with the aging of plants. There was no similar effect on E.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, plant spacing, photosynthesis, transpiration, tomato

VERMICULITE–PERLITE–CLAY MIXTURES AS CONTAINER GROWTH MEDIA

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALLACE G. PILL ◽  
VICTOR N. LAMBETH
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Large Yield

Vermiculite–perlite–clay (Putnam subsoil) mixtures with added nutrients were evaluated as growth media for periods up to 112 days in 3.8-liter jars using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Patio Hybrid) as a test plant. Although vermiculite–perlite (V–P) ratio had no effect, subsoil levels above 50 g/jar and low N rate (22.5 meq/50 g subsoil) gave greatest growth of 42-day transplants. For long-term periods (112 days), only fruit yield was affected by V–P ratio, a 1:1 (vol/vol) proportion giving the highest yield. Large yield increases were obtained by increasing subsoil to the 150-g or 300-g levels. Fresh and dry plant weights increased with each increment of subsoil, and high N rate (45 meq/50 g subsoil) increased both vegetative growth and fruit yield to levels approaching those obtained with Cornell peat-lite mix A. The V–P clay mixes held more than twice the available moisture present in the peat-lite mix.

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