GRASSES INDIGENOUS TO ALASKA AND ICELAND COMPARED WITH INTRODUCED GRASSES FOR FORAGE QUALITY

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. W. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Forage Quality ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Calamagrostis Canadensis ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
P Content ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Deschampsia Beringensis

Entries of red fescue (Festuca rubra), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), polargrass (Arctagrostis latifolia), Bering hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis), and tufted hairgrass (D. caespitosa), native to Alaska or Iceland, were compared with entries of timothy (Phleum pratense), bromegrass (Bromus inermis), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), and creeping foxtail (A. arundinaceus), of more southern origin, for forage quality characteristics in a trial at Palmer, Alaska. The grasses were sampled at head emergence and after 30–32 d regrowth in 1982; in 1983 initial growth was sampled weekly for 11 w commencing 13 May. The native grasses were generally as high and sometimes significantly higher in N and P percentages than the introduced grasses. Red fescue and Bering hairgrass tended to be the highest in N and red fescue and polargrass the highest in P concentrations. Bromegrass was notably low in P content. Timothy and bromegrass were often the highest in IVDMD, and bluejoint and tufted hairgrass tended to be the lowest. The average daily rate of decline in IVDMD for timothy and bromegrass over the 1983 sampling period approximated the 4.8–5 g kg−1 reported by others. However, rates of decline varied considerably from week to week and generally were highest during the first 4–6 wk. The native entries manifested sufficient potential in quality to merit further consideration for forage use.Key words: Alopercurus, Arctagrostis, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Phleum

COPPER, MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR CONTENTS OF FORAGE CROPS AT KAPUSKASING, ONTARIO

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
R. B. CARSON ◽  
J. M. WAUTHY
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Each of the species birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was grown in the field on 10 plots sampled at weekly intervals in rotation from June 13. Each plot was resampled after 6 weeks and all samples were analyzed for copper, molybdenum and sulfur. In most species, levels of Cu and Mo were highest in the early samplings and decreased with advancing maturity. Second-cut samples tended to be higher in Cu, Mo and S than first-cut samples. The S content was more uniform in the first cycle but increased considerably in the second cycle, especially in reed canarygrass. The ranges in Cu content were 7.4 to 14.1 ppm for birdsfoot trefoil and 3.7 to 11.4 ppm for the grasses. Mo ranged from 1.9 to 8.1 ppm in birdsfoot trefoil and from 1.0 to 6.5 ppm in the grasses. The overall range in S content was from 0.14 to 0.95%. The mineral composition of the crops is discussed in relation to the requirement of ruminants for these three elements.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN DIGESTIBILITY DECLINE WITH ADVANCE IN MATURITY AMONG TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense L.) GENOTYPES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. McELROY ◽  
B. R. CHRISTIE
Keyword(s):  
Forage Quality ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

The in vitro digestibility (IVD) of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) declines with advance in maturity. Forage quality reductions resulting from late harvesting could be minimized by developing cultivars with reduced IVD decline during maturation. This study examines variation for IVD decline among timothy genotypes. Clones originating from a single population were grown in simulated swards (100 plants m−2) at two Ontario locations in 1980 and 1981. Harvests were made every 5–6 d from early heading to late anthesis. Relative IVD declines were determined by regressing genotype performance on the population mean over several harvests. Considerable variation was found for relative IVD decline, but this parameter was not associated with IVD at early heading. Genotypes were identified which showed high IVD at heading and a 20% reduction in digestibility decline from heading to late anthesis. Changes in IVD were not associated with changes in the leaf content of forage. It is concluded that selection for reduced IVD decline, in addition to high digestibility at heading, might result in a 2–3% unit increase at anthesis.Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., in vitro digestibility, IVD, IVD decline

Leaf and stem nutritive value of timothy grown with varying N nutrition in spring and summer

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bélanger ◽  
R. E. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Nitrogen fertilization is known to have a limited effect on the digestibility of grasses. In a previous paper, however, we reported that N deficiency increased the proportion of leaves in the shoot biomass, and hence, indirectly increased the digestibility of timothy (Phleum pratense L). This was mitigated by the direct negative effect of N deficiency on the digestibility of leaves or stems or both early in the regrowth. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effect of N deficiency on three parameters of nutritive value of leaves and stems of timothy cv. Champ. The evolution of leaf and stem in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), in vitro cell wall digestibility (IVCWD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration of field-grown timothy fertilized with four rates of N was studied during a spring and summer regrowth cycle by sampling at weekly intervals. The rate of decline in leaf nutritive value in spring was greater than that in summer, and was less than the rate of decline in stem nutritive value during spring. Nitrogen deficiency consistently increased the NDF concentration of leaves but had a lesser effect on the NDF concentration of stems. Nitrogen deficiency decreased leaf IVCWD when the leaf-to-weight ratio (LWR) was high early in the spring and summer regrowth cycles. At the end of regrowth when LWR values were low, leaf IVCWD was greatest when no N was applied. As a result, the negative effect of N deficiency on the leaf IVTD during the early part of the spring and summer regrowth cycles diminished as the regrowth cycles progressed. Nitrogen deficiency had a limited effect on stem IVCWD. We concluded that the direct negative effect of N deficiency on the digestibility of the timothy shoot biomass can be attributed primarily to its effect on the NDF concentration and cell wall digestibility of leaves. Key words: Phleum pratense L., grasses, digestibility, cell wall, nitrogen

The effects of cutting and burning on grass quality and axis deer (Axis axis) use of grassland in lowland Nepal

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein R. Moe ◽  
Per Wegge
Keyword(s):  
Forage Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Deer Density ◽  
Axis Axis ◽  
P Content ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Axis Deer ◽  
Domestic Stock

ABSTRACTMan-made grasslands dominated by Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. in forested areas of lowland Nepal are commonly cut and/or burned annually. Changes in grass forage quality following different treatments of cutting and burning and axis deer (Axis axis) response to such habitat manipulations were investigated. Samples of matured grass were collected in December 1990, February and April 1991 from three experimental sites: cut, burned, cut-and-burned. Four locations on cut-and-burned grassland were repeatedly sampled at 12-d intervals from January to April 1992. Numbers of axis deer were recorded during the dry season of 1991/1992 on grassland plots receiving the following treatments: cut, cut-and-burned, and uncut/unburned (controls). Based on grass quality differences between December and February and between December and April, cut-and-burned treatments gave the greater increase in forage quality. N was significantly higher on cut-and-burned plots than on cut plots both in February and in April, while Na, K and P was significantly higher in February. On plots cut-and-burned in January, Ca concentrations were relatively low while the P content fell below required levels for domestic stock towards the end of the dry season in April. Na concentrations were below the minimum required levels for both domestic and wild ruminants during the whole period. When an entire grassland was cut, deer density increased gradually. When the same area was subsequently burned, the daily deer density increased much more rapidly. Axis deer preferred burned plots compared to plots neither cut nor burned and to cut plots. Plots burned in late February had higher densities of axis deer than plots burned 1.5 mo earlier. When nearby recently burned plots were available, deer density was reduced on plots burned earlier.

EFFECT OF ROW SPACING ON SEED AND HAY PRODUCTION OF ELEVEN GRASS SPECIES UNDER A PEACE RIVER REGION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
H. G. NAJDA ◽  
J. C. DRABBLE ◽  
C. R. ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
River Region ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of row spacing on seed and hay yields of 11 perennial grass species, including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.), chewings fescue (F. rubra var. commutata Gaud), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a turf-type timothy (Phleum bertolonii DC (P. bulbosum auct.)) and hexaploid timothy (Phleum pratense L.), was studied under a system with limited inputs of fertilizer and no weed control. The width of the row spacings ranged from 16 to 104 cm where seed yields were measured and from 27 to 93 cm where hay yields were measured. The seed yield of all grasses was greater at a row spacing of 16 cm than at row spacings of 60 cm or more. Hay yields of all grasses, averaged over four production years, were also greatest at narrow row spacings (27 cm). These yields decreased as row spacings increased to 49 through 93 cm. Row spacing had its greatest effect on hay yields during the first production year. After this period the effects of row spacing on hay yields were small.Key words: Row spacing, perennial grasses, seed yields, hay yields

COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
H. BJORNSSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

EVALUATION OF TWENTY GRASS POPULATIONS AS IRRIGATED HAY CROPS FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Content

Twenty grass populations were evaluated for dry matter yield, N content, P content, organic matter content, organic matter digestibility and winterhardiness. Of these populations, Agropyron intermedium was most suitable for a hay crop on a well-drained irrigated soil. Agropyron trichophorum, Bromus inermis, and Phalaris arundinacea were lower-yielding alternatives that had a satisfactory N content and good digestibility. Elymus angustus shows promise as an irrigated hay crop and should be evaluated further. The usefulness of the following populations was limited by one or more of these factors: low yield (Y), low N content (N), low digestibility (D) and lack of winterhardiness (W): Dactylis glomerata ’Kay’ (Y,N,D), Dactylis glomerata ’Chinook’ (Y,N,W), Elymus sibiricus (Y), Festuca arundinacea ’Kenmont’ (Y,N,W), Festuca elatior ’Trader’ (Y,N), Phleum pratense (Y,N,D), Poa ampla ’Sherman’ (N,D), Poa bulbosa cv. P4874 (Y,N,D), and Poa pratensis (Y,N,D).

scholarly journals The effect of utilization term on the biomass production, organic matter digestibility and ergosterol content of semi-natural grass stand in the autumn and in winter

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Jiří Skládanka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The biomass of dry matter (DM) and forage quality of a  grass pasture in the  Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (Czech Republic), situated at an altitude of 553 m a.s.l., was measured in late autumn and in winter in the  period from 2000 to 2003. The semi-natural grass pasture was dominated by Festuca rubra, Taraxacum officinale, Elytrigia repens, Dactylis glomerata, Trisetum flavescens, Poa spp., Agrostis tenuis and Phleum pratense. Biomass production and forage quality were measured in November, December and January after one preparatory cut in June or two preparatory cuts in June and July, and in June and August. Biomass of DM decreased from November to January and ranged, depending on the  year and the  number of preparatory cuts, from 0.37–3.13  t  ha – 1 in November to 0.15–1.36  t  ha – 1 in January. The biomass of DM decreased the  later the  preparatory cut. Organic matter digestibility decreased from November to January, ranging from 0.448–0.606 in November to 0.352–0.578 in January. A delayed preparatory cut resulted in an increased digestibility. Ergosterol concentration increased with the  progressing autumn and winter, ranging from 40–111  mg  kg – 1 DM in November to 110–265  mg  kg – 1 DM in January. Lower ergosterol concentrations were observed after a  late preparatory cut. The results were statistically analysed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. The length of the  main use was observed to have a significant effect on biomass of DM, digestibility of organic matter and ergosterol concentration (P < 0.05) in all three years of the  investigation.

Nutritive characteristics of annual species in irrigated pasture in northern Victoria

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Heard ◽  
S. A. Francis ◽  
P. T. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Linear Decline ◽  
Selection Differentials

We examined changes in estimated metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations of irrigated annual pastures through winter and spring in 2002. The types of pastures sampled were ‘high’ subterranean clover (HS, at least 800 g/kg DM clover), ‘low’ subterranean clover (LS, about 400 g/kg DM clover) and ‘low’ Persian clover (LP, about 500 g/kg DM clover). Estimates were also made of selection differentials, namely the nutrient concentration in the pasture fraction likely to be consumed expressed as a proportion of the nutrient concentration in the whole sward to ground level. The ME concentrations in all pasture types increased from May to August, after which concentrations in LS and LP declined, while the ME concentrations in HS declined after September. Low Persian pasture was significantly (P<0.001) higher in ME than the subterranean clover pastures except in September. There was a significant quadratic relationship between ME and time in months and this relationship differed significantly between the 3 pasture treatments. There was a significant (P<0.001) linear decline in CP concentration through the sampling period. The rate of decline in CP concentration was greatest for HS and lowest for LP pastures. Neutral detergent fibre concentrations declined gradually until August and then increased in all pastures. High subterranean clover pastures were lower (P<0.05) than LS pastures in all months. Low Persian clover pastures were higher in NDF than HS pastures, but lower than LS pastures in most months.There were small but significant differences in selection differentials for estimated ME between months when pastures were cut to 4 cm. Selection differentials for ME were between 1.01 and 1.13 across pasture types. Crude protein selection differentials were higher than for ME and varied between 1.11 and 1.46. There were small significant differences in selection differentials between months for NDF (0.74–0.96). Calculated selection differentials at different cut heights indicated that a nutrient gradient existed throughout the annual pasture sward. Pastures cut at high (>8 cm) cut heights had higher ME and CP and lower NDF, than pastures cut to 4 cm. Differences in selection differentials at different cut heights were apparent between pasture types.

Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control in Red Fescue Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Laddie J. Elling ◽  
Donald B. White ◽  
Robert L. McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl-oxy]phenoxy] propionyl] oxime}, and KK-80 {4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] phenoxyl]-2-pentenoic} were evaluated for potential use for controlling quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv., # AGRRE] in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘NK200’), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermisLeyss. ‘Sac’), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL. ‘Nordstern’), timothy (Phleum pratenseL. ‘Climax’), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Park’), Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaeL. ‘Rise’), meadow fescue (Festuca elatiorL.), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL.). The three herbicides, when applied postemergence at 1.1 kg ai/ha, caused severe injury to all species except red fescue. ‘Pennlawn’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Dawson’, MN67123, MN673, and MN6354 red fescue entries were tolerant to the three herbicides in both greenhouse and field experiments. Sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 effectively controlled quackgrass in Pennlawn red fescue, but KK-80 was not effective.

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