THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON AXILLARY BRANCH DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWER PRODUCTION OF A NEW GUINEA Impatiens HYBRID

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1000
Author(s):  
JOHN SIMMONDS
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Plant Growth Habit ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Axillary Branch ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Axillary Branches

The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the production of flowers by a New Guinea hybrid Impatiens, cv. Starburst, was investigated. Delayed flowering below 20 °C was due only to effects on flower bud development. Although flower initiation was day-neutral, the number of flowers produced was significantly influenced by photoperiodic control of axillary branch elongation. In 8-, 14- or 16-h photoperiods axillary branches on the lower nodes remained compact but in a 12-h photoperiod the axillary branches elongated, and flower production on these axillary branches was enhanced. Night-break (NB) treatments indicated that this was a photoperiodic effect. This photoperiodic control of plant growth habit provides a means of regulating the rate of flowering of this cultivar.Key words: Impatiens, photoperiod, flowering, apical dominance

Temperature and photoperiodic control of flower initiation in a New Guinea Impatiens hybrid

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324
Author(s):  
John Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
Short Day ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

The effects of photoperiod and temperature on flower initiation and the rate of node production in a New Guinea hybrid Impatiens cv. Starburst were investigated. The node of first flower initiation was not a reliable estimate of the time of flower initiation unless treatment influences on the rate of node production were also considered. Plants maintained at 25 °C responded as quantitative short-day plants; the time of flower initiation was earlier, and the degree of flowering was greater, in 8- and 14-h photoperiods than in 18-h photoperiods. In short (12-h) photoperiods flowering was modulated by temperature. The time of flower initiation was reduced from 27 days at 25 °C to 13 days at 20 °C and to 10 days at 15 °C. Night-break experiments indicated that flowering at 25 °C was subject to photoperiodic control but at 15 °C the plants were "day-neutral."

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Quality Flower Production of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Indicum L.)

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Md Ehsanullah ◽  
Ahasan Ullah Khan ◽  
Md Kamruzzam ◽  
Sarah Tasnim
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Minimum Number

A field study was conceded to assess the effect of plant growth regulators on growth and quality flower production of chrysanthemum at Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Gazipur, Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten (10) treatments and three replications. The treatments of plant growth regulators concentration were T1-50 ppm GA3, T2-100 ppm GA3, T3-150 ppm GA3, T4-400 ppm CCC, T5-600 ppm CCC, T6-800 ppm CCC, T7-250 ppm MH, T8-500 ppm MH, T9-750 ppm MH and, T10-Control. The maximum spreading of plant (27.0 cm) was observed when plants were treated with GA3 @ 150 ppm where the minimum plant spread (16.8 cm) was recorded in plants treated with CCC @ 800 ppm. The higher number of suckers (33) per pot was produced when pots were treated with GA3 @ 150 ppm whereas, application of CCC at three different concentrations produced lower number of suckers.  The highest number of flower (40) was recorded with 150 ppm GA3, where minimum number of flowers (25) per pot in 800 ppm CCC. The plants sprayed with 50 ppm GA3 took 48 days to flower initiation, whereas, it took 70 days with 750 ppm MH. the highest plants recorded (7.40 cm) with 800 ppm CCC, whereas, lowest size (6.50 cm) was obtained with the application of 500 ppm MH. The maximum vase life of flowers was recorded for the treatment 800 ppm CCC (15 days), which was at par with 13 days vase life obtained by spraying 600 ppm CCC. Therefore, it is concluded that the GA3 acted as growth promoter and the CCC acted as growth retardants on yield and quality of chrysanthemum.

Cost of apical dominance in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum and Rhinanthus minor

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari-Pekka Huhta ◽  
Juha Tuomi ◽  
Pasi Rautio
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Rhinanthus Minor ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Branches

Apical dominance is advantageous in conditions favoring rapid growth in height and unbranched architecture. The cost of apical dominance, on the other hand, should be expressed in conditions where fecundity increases along with an increasing number of branches. Apical damage can be used to measure such costs: when suppressed meristems are released from apical inhibition, the vegetative and reproductive productivity of initially unbranched plants should increase owing to the regrowth and increased branch development following damage. We studied these regrowth responses in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. and Rhinanthus minor L., after both apical damage (10% of the shoot cut) and more extensive damage (50 and 75% cutting). Both species tolerated apical damage, although severe damage had detrimental effects on the performance of both, especially R. minor. Apical damage had positive effects on most of the measured performance parameters of Erysimum. However, the success of seed germination collapsed, presumably due to delayed flowering and less successful pollination. The response was parallel in Rhinanthus; apical damage affected neither the vegetative biomass nor fecundity, but heavier damage, especially 75% clipping, led to severe reductions in most performance measures. The differences in regrowth responses are presumably due to the different habitat requirements of the species. Rhinanthus prefers relatively dense vegetation and starts to branch and produce flowers after a certain threshold in height has been reached, whereas Erysimum prefers gaps in vegetation. In this species, unbranched architecture may be favored in closed vegetation and branched architecture in less competitive habitats. In both species, fruit production correlated positively with the number of branches in both control and clipped plants, which is consistent with the assumption of the cost of apical dominance.Key words: apical dominance, competition, damage, meristem, overcompensation, regrowth.

scholarly journals RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Aoying Tang ◽  
Jiayao Yu ◽  
Tangren Cheng ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Rosa Chinensis ◽  
Organ Morphogenesis ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

The effect of leaf removal on flowering time in subterranean clover

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Collins ◽  
Y Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The removal of fully expanded leaves delayed flowering by up to 30 days in subterranean clover cv. Mt. Barker sown in winter at Melbourne (38�S.). This effect on flowering was attributable partly to a delay in flower initiation and partly to a slower rate of leaf appearance after flower initiation. Thus leaf removal may be added to the factors already known to influence flower initiation in subterranean clover. When plants were grown under a 24 hr photoperiod. leaf removal had no effect on flower initiation; the slight delay that leaf removal caused in flowering was therefore due entirely to its effect in reducing the rate of leaf appearance. In other experiments leaf removal delayed the time of flower initiation but had no effect on the rate of leaf appearance. The effect of leaf removal on the time of flowering on the main shoot in lateral-dominant plants (as occur in the field) was qualitatively the same as in plants from which the laterals had been removed. Grazing management of subterranean clover which results in severe defoliation during early growth may delay flowering to such an extent that seed production is reduced substantially, and persistence thereby prejudiced.

Expression of a FLOWERING LOCUS T homologue is temporally associated with annual flower bud initiation in Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus (Myrtaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Jones ◽  
Valérie F. G. Hecht ◽  
Brad M. Potts ◽  
René E. Vaillancourt ◽  
James L. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Flowering Genes ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Bud Initiation

The transition to flowering in plants is the result of the balance of endogenous processes and environmental signals that act through a complex genetic pathway that has been studied extensively in annual plants such as Arabidopsis. Perennial trees are characterised by a juvenile non-flowering phase lasting several years followed by an adult phase in which there is repeated cycling between vegetative and reproductive growth. The genetic control of flowering time is potentially more complex in perennials than in annuals and is less understood. Here, we examine the control of flowering in Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus, an important forestry species in temperate parts of the world. The E. globulus subsp. globulus homologues of two important flowering genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and LEAFY (LFY) were isolated and quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure their expression over a 2-year period. The expression of the homologue of FT in E. globulus subsp. globulus leaves was associated with the annual transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (i.e. flower bud initiation). Expression of the LFY homologue was associated with early flower bud development. In a comparison of FT and LFY expression patterns in two clones each of an early and late anthesis genotype, no association between the expression of these genes and the timing of anthesis was shown. Taken together, this indicates that FT and LFY could form part of the flower initiation pathway in Eucalyptus but do not regulate the observed differences in anthesis time.

A quantitative study of lateral branching in petunia

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C. Snowden ◽  
Carolyn A. Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Lateral Branching ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Initial Zone

The monopodial shoot axis of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm) has two different patterns of branch development. Basal lateral branching develops acropetally and is limited to a discrete number of nodes that correlate with the late rosette phase of growth (Zone II). Two zones of suppressed buds immediately precede and follow this zone of branching. Apical branching occurs in response to flowering, develops in a basipetal direction, and is restricted to the distal-most nodes on the monopodial axis. When grown under a short-day regime, an extension to the basal branching zone occurs, and growth of the main shoot axis is retarded. The sym1 mutant has an overall decrease in basal lateral branching compared with wild type whereas the three dad mutants have increased basal branching. The dad1-1 and dad2-1 mutants have no initial zone of suppressed branching whereas the dad3 mutant has a similar Zone II to wild type, but with a greater potential to form branches within this zone. The dad1-1 mutant exhibits delayed flowering, but the dad1-1 sym1 double mutant flowers at a similar node number to wild-type and branching is similar to dad1-1 indicating that these two aspects of the mutant dad1-1 phenotype are independent.

scholarly journals Development and Abortion of Flowers in Capsicum annuum Exposed to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 476A-476
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reduction of floral number in Capsicum annuum has been observed during growth at high temperature. To determine whether decreased flower production or increased flower abscission is a direct response to high temperatures or a response to water stress induced by high temperatures, we compared flowers and fruit produced and flowers aborted to leaf growth rate, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two cultivars. To determine the stage(s) of floral development that are most sensitive to high temperatures, flower buds were wax-embedded and examined at each stage of development during heat treatment. Rate of floral development also was examined. At first visible floral bud initiation, plants were transferred to each of three controlled environment growth chambers with set temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) of 25°C, 1.1 kPa; 33°C, 1.1 kPa; and 33°C, 2.1 kPa. Flower bud production and leaf growth rate were not significantly affected by high temperatures. Pepper fruit set, however, was inhibited at 33°C at either VPD. Preliminary water relations data suggested that water potentials were more negative under high temperature conditions. Differences in leaf fluorescence were statistically significant for temperature treatments, but not for VPD. Temperature is the primary factor in the decrease of fruit production in pepper. Decreased production is due to flower abortion and not to decreased flower initiation or plant growth.

scholarly journals Spectral Filters and Growing Season Influence Growth and Carbohydrate Status of Chrysanthemum

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
John W. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Carbohydrate Status

The interactions of light quality and growing season on growth and carbohydrate content of chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] plants were evaluated using 6% CuSO4 and water (control) as spectral filters. Light transmitted through the CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants regardless of the season. However, the degree of response varied with growing season. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filters delayed flowering. Total number of flowers was not affected by spectral filter, but plants grown under CuSO4 filter had smaller flowers than those grown under the control filter. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filter resulted in reduced leaf and stem soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch concentrations regardless of the growing season. However, the magnitude of reduction was greater in spring- than in fall-grown plants. Stems of fall-grown plants had more starch deposition than spring-grown plants under both filters. Filters with specific spectral characteristics can be used as alternative means of producing compact plants in the greenhouses, however, the delay in flowering and smaller flowers could limit their use for growth control of plants intended for flower production.

scholarly journals Response of Kientzler New Guinea Impatiens to Manual and Chemical Pinching

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Woods Starman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

Manually and chemically pinched plants of 18 cultivars of Impatiens hybrids (Kientzler New Guinea impatiens) were compared to control plants to determine the effect of shoot apex removal on flowering, plant size, and branching characteristics. Either pinching treatment delayed flowering by ≈3 days compared with nonpinched controls. Pinching had no effect on plant height or fresh or dry weight. Plant diameter and form changes due to pinching depended on cultivar. Total branch count was increased by chemical but not manual pinching although both pinching methods affected mode of branching. The 18 cultivars of Kientzler New Guinea impatiens were best grown as 0.4-liter potted plants without the aid of pinching.

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