SOURCES OF COLD TOLERANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHREE P. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
International Testing ◽  
Range Of Variation

The term "cold tolerance" refers to the ability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes to germinate, grow and produce satisfactory grain yields under conditions of relatively cold (but above-freezing) air and soil temperatures. Sources of cold tolerance and their usefulness in grain sorghum were investigated. Of 380 excessively tall, photoperiod-sensitive, and late-maturing accessions obtained from China, Ethiopia, and Uganda, 39 were cold-tolerant, 157 partially tolerant, and the remainder were susceptible when rated at physiological maturity. Highest levels of cold tolerance were found among accessions from Ethiopia (e.g. Alemaya 70, Jejewegere 935, and Muyra) and Uganda (Mabere, Magune, and Nyundo). Cold tolerance appeared to be a dominant trait. However, in cold-susceptible × cold-tolerant crosses there was a wide range of variation among cold-tolerant genotypes, and the frequency of highly tolerant segregates was less than 10% in the F2, suggesting that several genes controlled the inheritance of the character and that their effects were largely cumulative. A relatively large number of dwarf, photoperiod-insensitive, early-maturing, and cold-tolerant experimental lines were developed. Some of these were very well adapted to the highlands of Honduras, Kenya, and Mexico. In general, they were poorly adapted to high-latitude sites in the northwestern USA, southern Canada and West Germany.Key words: Cold-tolerant sorghum, adaptation, international testing, Sorghum bicolor

Analyses of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines and hybrids in response to early-season planting and cool conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohankumar H. Kapanigowda ◽  
Ramasamy Perumal ◽  
Robert M. Aiken ◽  
Thomas J. Herald ◽  
Scott R. Bean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Cool Conditions

Kapanigowda, M., H., Perumal, R., Aiken, R. M., Herald, T. J., Bean, S. R. and Little, C. R. 2013. Analyses of sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines and hybrids in response to early-season planting and cool conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 773–784. Early-season cold tolerance in sorghum contributes to emergence, seedling establishment, and early vegetative growth, and reduces damping-off diseases under chilling conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify cold-tolerant sources and to evaluate and optimize rapid screening techniques under a controlled environment. Field studies involving 48 genotypes, representing phases of the hybrid development process (landraces, elite and advanced breeding lines, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and hybrids were conducted with early and normal planting dates in 2011 at Hays and Colby, Kansas. Studies under controlled environments were conducted at both locations using 18 genotypes that differ for emergence index (EI) and 30 d after emergence (DAE) shoot biomass based on field studies during 2011. Significant differences among the genotypes were recorded for all seedling traits (emergence percentage, EI, shoot biomass, plant height, and leaf number measured 30 DAE), and agronomic traits (days to 50% flowering, panicle exsertion, panicle length, and plant height at maturity). Eight advanced breeding lines: ARCH10731, ARCH10732, ARCH10736, ARCH10737, ARCH10738, ARCH10739, ARCH10744 and ARCH10749 and one RIL (RTx430/SQR-2) were found to be potential sources of cold tolerance with early EI, higher biomass and relatively early flowering. These genotypes are free from tannin, which helps to increase the feed grain efficiency of livestock, and hence were selected for test hybrid evaluation to assess fertility status, combining ability and yield performance. Significant correlation was observed between EI and biomass during early planting, which indicated that late-emerging genotypes produced greater biomass (30 DAE) compared with early-emerged genotypes. Significant correlation between growth chamber and field study for EI offers a potential and fast preliminary high-throughput screening technique for identification of cold-tolerant sorghum.

Compensation for reduction in seed set due to sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola) in midge-susceptible and midge-resistant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Franzmann ◽  
DG Butler
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Contarinia Sorghicola ◽  
Sorghum Midge ◽  
Damage Compensation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The relationship between percentage seed set on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) panicles damaged by sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett), and percentage compensation (percentage increase in weight) of undamaged seed was examined in 11 experiments covering a wide range of environmental variation and incorporating various sorghum midge susceptible and resistant genotypes. In contrast to previous findings where negative compensation was found after sorghum midge damage, compensation was generally positive, but the slope of the response with respect to seed set changed from positive to negative as seed set increased to >30-50%. Expression of the relationship was similar for susceptible and resistant genotypes. The slope of the relationship for seed sets above the point of maximum compensation was -0.51 for sorghum midge susceptible hybrids, -0.42 for resistant genotypes (various lines and hybrids), and -0.38 for resistant hybrid ATx2755/RTx2767. The pooled slope was -0.45.

Cold tolerance and winter hardiness in Lolium perenne: I. Development of screening techniques for cold tolerance and survey of geographical variation

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lorenzetti ◽  
B. F. Tyler ◽  
J. P. Cooper ◽  
E. L. Breese
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Whole Plants

SUMMARYExperiments were devised to establish suitable techniques of screening seedling material of Lolium perenne for cold tolerance under controlled conditions: these techniques were then used to distinguish between varieties and ecotypes from contrasting climatic regions. For the wide range of material used, greatest discrimination was achieved by 14 days hardening at 2 °C and 8 h photoperiod, followed by 2–4 days freezing at -8 °C in the dark. There were indications that the light intensity and/or temperature before and during hardening could considerably modify the cold tolerance.The most useful criterion of cold tolerance was the percentage of tillers surviving 14 days after thawing. In some instances, death of tillers and whole plants continued after this time, and this tendency appeared to be related to growth habit; southern ecotypes were particularly susceptible.Varieties from north Europe were generally more cold tolerant than ecotypes from the Mediterranean region, but tolerance depended also on the altitude of the original habitat. The cold tolerance of a population could, in part, be related to the average lowest temperature in the coldest month and in part to environmental conditions of solar radiation and/or temperature during the autumn in its place of origin.Along with the experiments under controlled conditions, spaced plants of the same populations were grown in the field in order to evaluate winter hardiness under local conditions. The overall correlation between winter hardiness in the field and cold tolerance as assessed in the growth rooms was not high. Results from one year's field testing showed that indigenous varieties such as S. 23 and S. 24 were more winter hardy than foreign ecotypes and varieties, even if these came from colder climates and showed greater cold tolerance in the growth room.

Interrelations Among Agronomic Characters in Grain Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor Moench) 1

Crop Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. L. Liang ◽  
C. B. Overley ◽  
A. J. Casady
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Agronomic Characters

Evaluation and Avoidance of False Alarm by Controlling Rhine Water with Continuously Working Biotests

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Puzicha
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
River Test ◽  
Continuous Working ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Contaminant Load ◽  
Rhine Water

Effluents from point sources (industries, communities) and diffuse inputs introduce pollutants into the water of the river Rhine and cause a basic contaminant load. The aim is to establish a biological warning system to detect increased toxicity in addition to the already existing chemical-physical monitoring system. To cover a wide range of biocides, continuous working biotests at different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, mussels, water fleas, fishes) have been developed and proved. These are checked out for sensitivity against toxicants, reaction time, validity of data and practical handling under field conditions at the river. Test-specific appropriate methods are found to differentiate between the normal range of variation and true alarm signals.

scholarly journals MaMAPK3-MaICE1-MaPOD P7 pathway, a positive regulator of cold tolerance in banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Tongxin Dou ◽  
Weidi He ◽  
Ou Sheng ◽  
Fangcheng Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Cavendish Banana ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Necrotic Symptoms

Abstract Background Banana is a tropical fruit with a high economic impact worldwide. Cold stress greatly affects the development and production of banana. Results In the present study, we investigated the functions of MaMAPK3 and MaICE1 involved in cold tolerance of banana. The effect of RNAi of MaMAPK3 on Dajiao (Musa spp. ‘Dajiao’; ABB Group) cold tolerance was evaluated. The leaves of the MaMAPK3 RNAi transgenic plants showed wilting and severe necrotic symptoms, while the wide-type (WT) plants remained normal after cold exposure. RNAi of MaMAPK3 significantly changed the expressions of the cold-responsive genes, and the oxidoreductase activity was significantly changed in WT plants, while no changes in transgenic plants were observed. MaICE1 interacted with MaMAPK3, and the expression level of MaICE1 was significantly decreased in MaMAPK3 RNAi transgenic plants. Over-expression of MaICE1 in Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) indicated that the cold resistance of transgenic plants was superior to that of the WT plants. The POD P7 gene was significantly up-regulated in MaICE1-overexpressing transgenic plants compared with WT plants, and the POD P7 was proved to interact with MaICE1. Conclusions Taken together, our work provided new and solid evidence that MaMAPK3-MaICE1-MaPOD P7 pathway positively improved the cold tolerance in monocotyledon banana, shedding light on molecular breeding for the cold-tolerant banana or other agricultural species.

scholarly journals A Note on the Variability in Size of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch

Parasitology ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Present Note ◽  
Female Tick ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Variation

Variability in the size and, in a lesser degree, the taxonomic features of male ticks, has arrested the attention of all who have had occasion to examine moderately large numbers of examples of the same species. In the case of the female tick, this variability, though doubtless coextensive with that of the male, is more or less obscured by the wide range of variation in size, depending upon the degree of engorgement; and, also, by the fact that in the female tick the taxonomic characters are, as a rule, less pronounced. The present note is only concerned with variability in the size of the male.

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