INFLUENCE OF HIGH SOIL TEMPERATURE, AMMONIUM ION, AND RAPESEED RESIDUE ON TRIFLURALIN PHYTOTOXICITY TO WHEAT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
M. C. HEATH ◽  
R. B. McKERCHER ◽  
R. ASHFORD
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
High Soil ◽  
High Soil Temperature

The combination of high soil temperature (36 °C) with trifluralin caused spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) seedlings to have shortened coleoptiles that failed to emerge above the soil surface. This resulted in damaged primary leaves due to abrasion in the soil layers. Evidence is presented that rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Regent’) residues have phytotoxic effects on wheat seedlings. High soil ammonium ion concentrations did not affect trifluralin phytotoxicity. All results indicated that the potentially damaging effects of high soil temperature and rapeseed residue are independent of, but additive to, those of trifluralin.Key words: Temperature, ammonium ion, rapeseed, trifluralin, wheat

Chemical ecology of Eragrostis plana helps understanding of the species’ invasiveness in an agroecosystem community

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Henrique von Hertwig Bittencourt ◽  
Michelangelo Muzell Trezzi ◽  
Sirlei Dias Teixeira ◽  
Lisandro da Silva Bonome ◽  
Aline Garcias de Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Inhibitory Response ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Species Invasiveness ◽  
Infested Field

South African lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees) is an aggressive and difficult-to-control species in grazing areas of the south of South America, whose invasion capacity is increased by its phytotoxic capability. The objectives of this work were to identify and quantify chemicals produced by the plant shoots, to evaluate the inhibitory capability of plant extracts on development of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and to determine the spatial distribution of phenolics in rhizosphere soil in an infested field. Extracts were obtained by exhaustive extraction of dry shoot biomass, using solvents in increasing order of polarity. Soil samples contained in the rhizosphere were collected from an infested field. Bioassays for determination of phytotoxicity of extracts on lucerne and wheat seedlings were conducted in a completely randomised design with four replicates. The extracts showed suppressive, stimulating or neutral effects on the development of the radicle, shoots, and total lucerne and wheat seedlings, with greater phytotoxicity, generally, of ethyl acetate and methyl alcohol extracts. In the shoot extracts, nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified: caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, rutin. Of these, four were identified in the soil: catechin, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid. Catechin, epicatechin and ferulic acid showed similar distribution patterns in the soil profile, with higher concentrations detected on the surface and on the side opposite the plant crown, which indicates release by the decomposition of tissues deposited on the soil surface. Coumaric acid showed higher concentrations on the surface and in the deeper layer of the soil next to the plant, indicating release both from decomposition of the shoots and from the root system. Future work may explore the phytotoxicity of the analytes identified, either isolated or in admixture, using dose curves and an inhibitory response to target plant species.

Coping with soil and climatic hazards during crop establishment in the semi-arid tropics

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Abrecht ◽  
KL Bristow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
High Soil ◽  
High Soil Temperature ◽  
Semi Arid

Climatic induced hazards (e.g. water deficit, high soil temperature and high soil strength) that adversely affect seedling emergence and establishment of annual crops on red earth soils (Kandsols) at Katherine in the Daly basin of the Northern Territory are reviewed and results of some recent simulation studies and experiments are presented. Simulation studies, using 100 years of historical weather data, have shown that maize and sorghum density at Katherine is rarely reduced by water deficit during crop establishment. However, the median number of days between 1 December and 20 January during which seedlings may be exposed to damagingly high soil temperature (>55�C between 2 and 7 days after sowing) was 5.5, out of an estimated 21 days suitable for sowing. While the exposure of a crop to inclement conditions during establishment may have immediate and dramatic effects on the mortality of pre-emergent and post-emergent seedlings, there may also be longer-term and less evident adverse effects on crop growth and development. The responses of developing seedlings to inclement conditions following sowing are described and management options (eg adjusting planting dates, changing crop species, changing seedbed configurations, using surface mulch) for the amelioration of the seedbed environment are discussed. Of the possible management options for ameliorating adverse seedbed conditions during crop establishment in the semi-arid tropics (SAT), it appears that the best practice is to maintain a soil surface cover (mulch) in close proximity to the emerging seedlings. The presence of surface mulch extends the window of opportunity for establishing crops by slowing soil drying, delaying the onset of high soil temperatures and high soil impedance, and by improving the availability of water to the young seedlings at this critical stage.

scholarly journals Changes in Fatty Acid Composition and Saturation in Leaves and Roots of Creeping Bentgrass Exposed to High Soil Temperature

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhong Liu ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
High Soil Temperature

Previous studies found that high soil temperature is more detrimental than high air temperature for the growth of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris L.). The objective of the study was to investigate changes in fatty acid composition and saturation levels in leaves and roots for creeping bentgrass exposed to high soil temperature. Shoots and roots of `Penncross' plants were subjected to a differential air/soil temperature of 20/35 °C in a growth chamber. Soil temperature was controlled at 35 °C using an immersion circulating heater in water bath. Shoot injury induced by high soil temperature was evaluated by measuring level of lipid peroxidation expressed as malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of leaves. MDA content increased while chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm decreased at high soil temperature. The content of total fatty acids and different species of fatty acids were analyzed in both leaves and roots. Total fatty acid content in leaves increased initially at 5 days of high soil temperature and then decreased at 15 days, while total fatty acid content in roots decreased, beginning at 5 days. Linolenic acid was the major fatty acid in leaves and linoleic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids in roots of creeping bentgrass. Leaf content of all fatty acid components except oleic acid increased initially and then decreased at high soil temperature. Root content of all fatty acid components except palmitoleic acid and oleic acid decreased, beginning at 5 d of high soil temperature. Oleic acid in leaves and palmitoleic and oleic acid in roots did not change during the entire experimental period. Leaf content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids increased during the first 5 to 10 days of high soil temperature and decreased at 15 and 25 days, respectively. Root content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids decreased beginning at 5 days of high soil temperature. Double bond index decreased in both leaves and roots. High soil temperature induced changes in fatty acid composition and saturation levels in leaves and roots, and this could be associated with physiological damages in leaves even though only roots were exposed to high temperature.

scholarly journals A Laboratory Technique to Screen Seedling Emergence of Sorghum and Pearl Millet at High Soil Temperature

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Soman ◽  
J. M. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
High Soil Temperature ◽  
Clay Pots

SUMMARYApparatus was built to screen sorghum and pearl millet for seedling emergence through a hot soil surface. Seeds were sown in soil in long clay pots arranged in a steel water tank so that the top 7 cm of the pots was above the water level. The soil in the pots was heated with infra-red lamps fitted to a frame above the tank. By adjusting the height of the frame the temperature of the soil could be changed. The system allows emerging plumules to be subjected to high soil temperatures (up to 50°C) but without water stress. Both crops exhibited genotypic differences in emergence.

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