EFFETS DE L’HUMIDITE DU SOL, DES DATES DE SEMIS ET DES MAUVAISES HERBES SUR LE RENDEMENT DES CEREALES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. DESCHENES ◽  
J.-P. DUBUC
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Mauvaises Herbes ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil moisture and weeds were evaluated under two seeding dates on a St. André sandy loam to explain the increase in grain yield observed with the early sowing of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For each seeding date (early and late May), two soil moisture levels were obtained using the seasonal precipitation as the first level and by adding 25 mm of water/week as the second level. Weed cover was noted on each plot. A greenhouse experiment was conducted by simulating the soil moisture and soil temperature conditions measured in the field. In the field, early seeding and irrigation increased the yield of cereals but the yield differences observed between seeding dates were greater than the yield differences obtained between soil moisture levels. Soil moisture does not explain by itself the increased yield obtained with early seeding because the plots sown in late May and irrigated produced about 80% of the yield obtained on plots sown early and not irrigated. The regression analysis has shown that the soil thermal units between sowing and emergence and the total amount of water between emergence and heading explain more than 50% of the yield variation of cereals. Weeds did not play an important role. Greenhouse results were comparable to those obtained in the field although the importance of soil moisture was more evident. On light soils at La Pocatière, the yield of cereals is regulated by cool soil temperatures at seeding and by high soil moisture level between emergence and heading. These conditions are generally met when seeding is done in early May.

EFFETS DE DIFFERENTS TAUX DE FUMIER SUR LES POPULATIONS DE MAUVAISES HERBES, LA VERSE ET LE RENDEMENT EN GRAINS DES CEREALES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-989
Author(s):  
J. M. DESCHENES ◽  
J. P. DUBUC
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mauvaises Herbes ◽  
Weed Infestation

The effect of four rates (9–36 t/ha) of sheep manure applied in the fall was compared to conventional inorganic fertilization (49 kg of N, 60 kg of P2O5 and 60 kg of K2O/ha) applied at seeding on three species of cereals. Weed populations, lodging and grain yields were recorded on oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from 1976 to 1978 on the St-André sandy loam and in 1977 and 1978 on the Kamouraska clay. The manure applied came from sheep fed entirely with hay silage. The various rates of sheep manure had no effect on weed population since no significant difference has been observed between the organic and inorganic fertilization. Lodging did not occur in any of the plots, irrespective of the soil type, during the 3 yr of the experiment. For the two soil types, the grain yields of oats, barley and wheat were usually higher on plots that received 27–36 t/ha of sheep manure than on plots that received inorganic fertilizer. The rates of 9 and 18 t/ha of manure resulted in grain yields significantly lower. An application on all plots of 15 kg/ha of inorganic nitrogen in the spring of 1978 has sensibly increased the grain yield. These results suggest that the fall spreading and the incorporation into the soil of 36 t/ha of sheep manure followed by an application of about 15 kg/ha of inorganic nitrogen in the spring provide a very satisfactory grain yield and do not increase the incidence of lodging and weed infestation.

Effects of laboratory germination, soil temperature and moisture content on the emergence of spring wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Khah ◽  
R. H. Ellis ◽  
E. H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Soil Temperatures

SummaryIn field investigations in a sandy-loam soil, probit percentage seedling emergence of commercial and aged seed lots of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Timmo) was a positive linear function of probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature and a negative linear function of percentage soil moisture content over the ranges 12·1–15·5% moisture content and 7·0–11·0 °C. In a laboratory investigation using the same soil a similar form of relationship was observed in six lots over a range of constant soil moisture contents between 10 and 18% and at constant soil temperatures of 8 and 20 °C. In all cases there was no interaction between any of these determinants of seedling emergence.Linear relationships between the mean rate of seedling emergence in the field (i.e. reciprocal of mean emergence time) and probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature were shown, but there was no obvious effect of mean scil moisture content between 12·1 and 15·5% on rate of field emergence. Seed lots of different percentage laboratory germination had the same base tsmperature for emergence (1·9 °C): differences between seed lots in mean emergence rate were due to different thermal time (day-degree) requirements for emergence; the thermal times required were a function of probit percentage germination in a standard laboratory test. The implications of these results in providing better advice on sowing rates are discussed.

Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 599E-600
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Determine Effect

Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

CHANGES IN SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS DUE TO ICE COVER AND OTHER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Protected Plants

The survival of winter cereal cultivars of contrasting cold hardiness was determined after various modifications of the winter environment at two locations in 3 yr at Ottawa, Ontario. Artificially produced ice covers reduced survival in all cases, and the severest damage was associated with high soil moisture at the time of ice formation. Maintenance of soil temperatures close to zero by replacement of an insulating snow cover over ice increased average survival by about 10% compared with non-insulated plots. Naturally formed ice covers were less damaging than those artificially produced, and in one case formation of an ice cover protected plants from very low air temperatures, resulting in greater survival than in control plots. Total removal of snow in January was severely damaging, while accumulation of snow at a snowfence allowed increased survival of all cultivars. The correlation between cold hardiness and survival in ice treatments was significant, but one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar showed better survival than comparable wheats in a number of ice-stressed treatments, while not showing superiority in unstressed or controlled environment conditions.

Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Activity and Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] to wheat (Triticum aestivumVill.) was significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature. Distribution coefficients (Kd) provided a better indication of the phytotoxicity of terbutryn to wheat than any single measured parameter contributing to herbicide adsorption by the soil. Soil temperatures and soil moisture levels suitable for good plant growth tended to enhance the phytotoxicity of terbutryn. No phytotoxic levels of terbutryn to wheat were detected in Teller sandy loam after 20 weeks of incubation at above 10C and 14% soil moisture by weight. However, phytotoxicity to wheat was observed in air-dry terbutryntreated soil after an incubation period of 20 weeks, regardless of incubation temperature. Significant quantities of terbutryn may remain in the field under dry soil conditions.

EFFECTS OF HIGH RATES OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND BARNYARD MANURE ON YIELD AND MOISTURE USE OF SIX SUCCESSIVE BARLEY CROPS GROWN ON THREE GRAY LUVISOLIC SOILS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Soil Moisture Reserves ◽  
Barnyard Manure

High rates of chemical fertilizer and barnyard manure were applied separately and together to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on three Gray Luvisolic soils for 6 successive yr. The fertilizers were applied annually with the N–P–K rates greater than 110–50–40 kg/ha. The manure was applied initially at 134 tonnes/ha and at 150 tonnes/ha before the fifth crop. Moisture use by the barley was measured for the last five crops. Average yields of barley were 1,530, 3,270 and 3,950 kg/ha for the nil, manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively. The manure + fertilizer treatment gave little or no further increase in yield over the fertilizer treatment. Efficiency of moisture use was generally more than doubled by the fertilizer and fertilizer + manure treatments. These treatments also greatly increased the use of soil moisture reserves, the greatest increase being for Beryl fine sandy loam, followed by Hazelmere loam and the least for Nampa clay loam. Soil moisture reserves at harvest time were depleted more under the fertility treatments than under the control plots. However, by the following spring, soil moisture reserves were nearly equal under the different plots having been replenished by fall and winter precipitation. These results show that on stubble land, moisture restricted yields much less than nutrients did and, on that basis, continuous cropping of Gray Luvisolic soils is discussed.

EFFECTS OF SEEDING DATE, SEED TREATMENT AND FOLIAR SPRAYS ON YIELD AND OTHER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS OF WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS ◽  
H. W. JOHNSTON ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
J. D. E. STERLING
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Crop Maturity

Late seeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the spring resulted in large yield reductions, which involved decreased hectoliter weight, 1,000-kernel weight and grain protein yield, increased disease severity and delayed crop maturity. Seed treatment with Vitaflo increased the yield of Keystone barley by an average of 301 kg/ha for all seeding dates during the 2 yr of the study. The seed treatment also increased yield of Garry oats and Opal wheat and increased emergence of oats and barley seedlings. Seedling emergence of wheat was not affected. At several seeding dates, hectoliter weight, kernel weight and grain protein yield of the three crops were increased by seed treatment. Four to six spray applications of Manzate during the growing season increased the average yields of oats and barley at the last three seedings in 1973 by 390 and 554 kg/ha respectively. Spraying with Manzate also increased hectoliter weight and kernel weight, and reduced lodging for both crops. Early seeding appears to be the best way of minimizing the effects of cereal diseases in the Atlantic Region.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Tolerance of Corn to Cyanazine

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kern ◽  
W. F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Tolerance of corn (Zea maysL.) to cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was compared when grown in Conover sandy loam soil. Reductions in seedling dry weight were obtained under both low and high soil moisture following preemergence and postemergence applications of cyanazine allowed to contact both plants and soil. During periods of active plant growth high soil moisture is favorable for rapid root uptake of cyanazine which causes injury to corn.

A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PATHOGENICITY OF VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM R. & B.

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (3) ◽  
pp. 95-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin D. McKeen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

An epidemic of Verticillium wilt, which occurred in the Niagara Peninsula in 1940, involved many hosts, from seven of which the fungus was isolated; the isolates were compared with respect to cultural characters and pathogenicity. Although the isolates varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicity, they are all referred to Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B.A considerable residuum of inoculum was demonstrated in the soil in May, 1941, following the 1940 epidemic. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of the fungus is about 24 °C. which closely approximates the optimum for disease incidence. Wilt symptoms appear slightly sooner and the temperature range of heavy disease incidence is broader (18° to 29 °C.) at high than at optimum soil moisture (21° to 27 °C.). The fungus persisted and was equally aggressive after three months in fine sandy loam, medium clay loam, and red clay loam under cropped and fallow conditions, except when the soil was fallow and dry during the period. Growing a susceptible host in infested soil for three months did not influence the activity of Verticillium more than did an immune host. Inoculum in a resting condition must be incorporated in moist soil a few days before it can readily infect plants. The addition of green plant residues and two organic acids caused a slight suppression of fungous activity.Air and soil temperatures and precipitation for May, June, July, and August for 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942 have been examined. It was found that soil temperatures high enough for disease development are not likely to be encountered before late June and then the disease developed seriously only when the soil moisture was uniformly high during the months of May, June, and July. The relative infrequency of serious outbreaks of Verticillium wilt on the Niagara Peninsula thus appears to be due to the low soil moisture that ordinarily pertains during that part of the growing season when soil temperatures are high enough to favour the fungus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document