SORGHUM AND BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. HOBBS ◽  
K. K. KROGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

The seasonal water requirements of irrigated grain sorghum, the interaction between water use and applied N fertilizer, and the comparative water use efficiences of sorghum and barley were determined in southern Alberta over a 3-yr period. Peak daily water use of 6 mm for sorghum was 1 mm lower than that determined previously for barley. Seasonal water use (500 mm) was 20% greater than for barley because of sorghum’s longer growing season. Under adequate irrigation, both sorghum and barley responded linearly to applied N up to 80 kg/ha, but when water was restricted, sorghum showed less response than barley. Water-use efficiency (kg of grain/m3 of water used) decreased for both crops with increasing water availability but maximum yields were achieved under irrigation. When sorghum was favored with a long, warm growing season, it produced as much grain (6900 kg/ha) and used water as efficiently (1.25 kg/m3) as did barley.

scholarly journals Quantification of Daily Water Requirements of Container-Grown Calathea and Stromanthe Produced in a Shaded Greenhouse

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Beeson ◽  
Jianjun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Closure Model ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Best Fit

Irrigating plants based on their water requirements enhances water use efficiency and conservation; however, current irrigation practices for container-grown greenhouse plants largely relies on growers’ experiences, resulting in leaching and/or runoff of a large amount of water. To address water requirements of greenhouse-grown plants, this study adapted a canopy closure model and investigated actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of Calathea G. Mey. ‘Silhouette’ and Stromanthe sanguinea Sond. from transplanting to marketable sizes in a shaded greenhouse. The daily ETA per Calathea plant ranged from 3.55 mL to 59.39 mL with a mean cumulative ETA of 4.84 L during a 224 day growth period. The daily ETA of S. sanguinea varied from 7.87 mL to 97.27 mL per plant with a mean cumulative ETA of 6.81 L over a 231 day production period. The best fit models for predicting daily ETA of Calathea and Stromanthe were developed, which had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.82 and 0.73, respectively. The success in modelling ETA of the two species suggested that the canopy closure model was suitable for quantifying water use of container-grown greenhouse plants. Applying the research-based ETA information in production could reduce water use and improve irrigation efficiency during Calathea and Stromanthe production.

scholarly journals Canopy Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency of ‘Empire’ Apple in Response to Particle Film, Irrigation, and Microclimatic Factors

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

This study examined the interaction between a reflective particle film and water use efficiency (WUE) response of irrigated and non-irrigated apple trees (Malus ×domestica) over a wide range of environmental conditions. The objectives were to measure isotopic discrimination (Δ13C and δ18O), specific gas exchange, and WUE response of ‘Empire’ apple treated with a reflective particle film (PF), with and without supplemental irrigation, compared with an untreated control, with and without supplemental irrigation, over a range of leaf area indices (LAI), seasonal evapotranspiration (ETo), and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) to determine the mechanisms of action affecting WUE in apple. Short-term whole canopy gas exchange studies and isotope discrimination analysis were used to test the hypothesis that WUE was modified by the use of a PF. In whole canopy gas exchange studies, carbon assimilation (A) and transpiration tended to increase, and WUE and canopy conductance tended to decrease, with VPD within each LAI class from 2 to 6. For VPD > 1 kPa, the PF irrigated treatment consistently had the greatest WUE and other treatments were intermediate for LAI of 2 to 4. The PF irrigated and non-irrigated treatments had greater WUE than the control irrigated and non-irrigated treatments for VPD ≤ 2 kPa and there were no treatment effects for VPD > 2 kPa in the LAI range of 4 to 6. The PF non-irrigated was equivalent to the control non-irrigated treatment at VPD of 1 to 3 kPa, but was significantly lower at VPD of 3 to 4 kPa. PF irrigated and non-irrigated treatments had the greatest carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), the control non-irrigated treatment had the lowest Δ13C, and the control-irrigated treatment was intermediate. Oxygen isotope enrichment (δ18O) was positively correlated with the mean growing season VPD and mean growing season evapotranspiration. Δ13C was significantly and positively correlated with δ18O. Seasonal WUE was negatively correlated with Δ13C and there was an interaction with LAI. The seasonal water use of apple is better evaluated with stable isotope discrimination integrating seasonal variation rather that the use of whole canopy gas exchange measurements that measure WUE for brief periods of time. Δ13C was an accurate measurement of apple WUE and indicated that the PF irrigated treatment had the greatest Δ13C and so the lowest WUE compared with the control non-irrigated treatment at LAI from 4 to 6. The reduced WUE of the PF irrigated treatment compared with the control non-irrigated treatment is likely due to increased gS from lower canopy temperature and increased canopy photosynthetically active radiation diffusion that drove increased A. δ18O was an indicator of seasonal water use over six growing seasons due to its high correlation with ETo. In ‘Empire’ apple, A can be increased with PF and irrigation treatments, but at the cost of decreased WUE.

scholarly journals Yield, water use efficiency, and yield response factor in carrot crop under different irrigation depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fonseca de Carvalho ◽  
Dionizio Honório de Oliveira Neto ◽  
Luiz Fernando Felix ◽  
José Guilherme Marinho Guerra ◽  
Conan Ayade Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Response Factor

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield response factor (Ky) of carrot (cv. 'Brasília') in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brazil. Field trials were conducted in a Red-Yellow Argisol in the 2010-2011period. A randomized block design was used, with 5 treatments (depths) and 4 replicates. Depths were applied by drippers with different flow rates, and the irrigation was managed by time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique. The reference (ETo) and crop (ETc) evapotranspiration depths reached 286.3 and 264.1mm in 2010, and 336.0 and 329.9mm in 2011, respectively. The root yield varied from 30.4 to 68.9t ha-1 as a response to treatments without irrigation and 100% replacement of the soil water depth, respectively. Values for WUE in the carrot crop varied from 15 to 31kg m-3 and the mean Ky value was 0.82. The mean values for Kc were obtained in the initial (0.76), intermediate (1.02), and final (0.96) stages. Carrot crop was influenced by different water depths (treatments) applied, and the highest value for WUE was obtained for 63.4% of soil water replacement.

scholarly journals Shade Intensity Influences Water Use and Growth of Three Viburnum Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjina Shrestha ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Growth Quality

Water use, growth, and leaf necrosis of Burkwood viburnum, Korean spice viburnum, and leatherleaf viburnum were evaluated on plants grown in 0 (full sun), 30, or 60% shade during 2010 and 2011. In both years, total water use of Burkwood viburnum decreased with increased shade intensity. Water use of leatherleaf viburnum was lowest in 0% and highest in 30% shade. Daily water use was lower in 0% than in 30 or 60% shade for leatherleaf viburnum plants in August of both years and September of 2010 due to greater leaf necrosis, leaf abscission, and less growth in height and width. In both years, growth in height and width, and leaf number at harvest generally increased in all three species with increased shade intensity. All species had a larger leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight in 30 and 60% than in 0% shade. Shade intensity did not influence root to shoot (R/S) ratio in Burkwood viburnum in 2010, but in 2011, a curvilinear relationship occurred between R/S ratio and shade intensity. Root to shoot ratio of Korean spice and leatherleaf viburnum decreased linearly in 2010 but curvilinearly in 2011 with increasing shade. Leaf necrosis ratings were lower in shaded plants of all three species in both years. Results indicate that greater plant growth, quality, and water use efficiency occurs when these three viburnum species are grown in shade than when they are grown in full sun.

scholarly journals Apparent Tolerance of Low Water Availability in Temperate Asian Bamboos1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Melissa C. Smith ◽  
Richard N. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Pleioblastus Chino

Abstract Suitable plant water dynamics and the ability to withstand periods of low moisture input facilitate plant establishment in seasonally arid regions. Temperate bamboos are a major constituent of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests throughout temperate East Asia but play only an incidental role in North American forests and are altogether absent in the Pacific Northwest forest. Many bamboo species are classified as mesic or riparian, but none are considered drought tolerant. To assess their ability to withstand low water, we subjected five Asian temperate and one North American temperate bamboo species to three irrigation treatments: 100%, 50%, and 10% replacement of water lost through evapotranspiration. Plants were irrigated every four days over a 31-day period. Plant response to treatments was measured with stomatal conductance, leaf xylem water potentials, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Pleioblastus distichus and Pseudosasa japonica showed significant reductions in conductance between high and low irrigation treatments. Sasa palmata had significantly lower stomatal conductance in all treatments. Pleioblastus chino displayed significantly higher iWUE in the mid irrigation treatment and Arunindaria gigantea displayed significantly lower iWUE than P. chino and S. palmata in the low irrigation treatment. The Asian bamboo species examined here tolerate low water availability and readily acclimate to different soil moisture conditions. Index words: Temperate bamboos, irrigation response, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency. Species used in this study: Giant Cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.]; Pleioblastus chino (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai; Pseudosasa japonica (Makino); Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai.

Estimating the water use efficiency of spring barley using crop models

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pohanková ◽  
P. Hlavinka ◽  
M. Orság ◽  
J. Takáč ◽  
K. C. Kersebaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractIn the current study, simulations by five crop models (WOFOST, CERES-Barley, HERMES, DAISY and AQUACROP) were compared for 7–12 growing seasons of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) at three sites in the Czech Republic. The aims were to compare how various process-based crop models with different calculation approaches simulate different values of transpiration (Ta) and evapotranspiration (ET) based on the same input data and compare the outputs of these simulations with reference data. From the outputs of each model, the water use efficiency (WUE) from Ta (WUETa) and from actual ET (WUEETa) was calculated for grain yields and above-ground biomass yield. The results of the first part of the study show that the model with the Penman approach for calculating ET simulates lower actual ET (ETa) sums, at an average of 250 mm during the growing season, than other models, which use the Penman–Monteith approach and simulate 330 mm on average during the growing season. In the second part of the current study, WUE reference values in the range 1.9–2.4 kg/m3were calculated for spring barley and grain yield. Values of WUETa/WUEETacalculated from the outputs of individual models for grain yields and above-ground biomass yields ranged from 2.0/1.0 to 5.9/3.8 kg/m3with an average value of 3.2/2.0 kg/m3and from 3.9/2.1 to 10.5/6.8 kg/m3with an average value of 6.5/4.0 kg/m3, respectively. The results confirm that the average values of all models are nearest to actual values.

Limited water availability did not protect poplar saplings from water use efficiency reduction under elevated ozone

2020 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
pp. 117999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yansen Xu ◽  
Zhaozhong Feng ◽  
Bo Shang ◽  
Xiangyang Yuan ◽  
Lasse Tarvainen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Use Efficiency
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