THE EFFECTS OF HYBRID MATURITY, DATE OF PLANTING, AND DATE OF HARVESTING ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGE MAIZE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1367-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. FAIREY
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Early Planting ◽  
Maturity Date ◽  
Stem Leaf

A study was conducted to concurrently evaluate the influence of hybrid maturity, date of planting and date of harvesting on the growth and development of forage maize in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The maturities of the four hybrids ranged from 2600 to 3300 corn heat units (CHU). There was an early (29 April) and a later date of planting (20 May) with three dates of harvesting (15 and 29 Sept., 13 Oct.). Early planting increased leaf area/plant in mid-July but resulted in shorter plants at maturity with smaller maximum leaf areas. Early planting increased dry matter (DM) yields of shoots (total forage) and grain by 1.0 and 1.9 t/ha, respectively, and resulted in 0.9 t/ha reduction in stover (stem + leaf + husk) DM yield. The hybrid that produced the highest grain yields and had the greatest proportion of DM as grain was outyielded for shoot DM production by a lower grain-yielding hybrid. Shoot DM yields did not increase significantly between the second and final dates of harvesting, whereas grain DM yield and the proportion of shoot DM as grain continued to increase with each successive harvest. Over the 4-wk harvesting period, the DM content of the grain increased, on average, at a rate of 4% per week whereas the DM content of the stover increased by about 1% per week; shoot DM content increased at 2% per week. For the periods of grain growth studied, shoot DM content (%) of each hybrid responded to the CHU accumulated from 50% silking to harvest at an equal and linear rate, with each 1% increase in shoot DM content requiring 41 CHU. However, the four hybrids were grouped in two pairs with significantly different y-intercepts (at shoot DM contents of −0.3 and 1.6%). The differences in CHU requirement during grain filling might be genetically exploited to improve the productivity of forage maize without reducing DM content. The importance of selecting hybrids of appropriate maturity and of maximizing the use of the growing season to produce high-quality forage in marginal maize growing regions is emphasized.

Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by altering light intensity

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan P. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Planting Stock

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsitgamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown outdoors in pots under 71% of full light the first growing season and full light the second. Another group of seedlings was given full light continuously for 2 years. At the end of the 1st year, seedlings given initial shade had grown larger in total weight (root + shoot) than those grown under full light. With removal of shading, the larger plants with lower shoot/root ratios began to allocate increased dry matter to root development relative to their shoots. By the end of 2 years, shoot/root ratios for the two groups were no different, yet the plants shaded in their 1st year were 69% larger in dry weight. By proper use of shading during development, larger 2-0 planting stock having good root development may be produced. Such stock, grown without the use of costly fertilizer, may be better suited to regeneration of droughty sites in the Northwest than the usual 2-0 planting stock, nursery grown under full light.

scholarly journals VARIETY RESOURCES OF ALFALFA IN THE INTENSIFICATION OF FIELD FEED PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Nadiia Hetman
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
The Third ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
The Right

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe, regardless of the action of abiotic and biotic factors during the growing season, high adaptability of alfalfa was established for different geographical origins, namely the natural zone of the Forest-Steppe, Polissya, Steppe Ukraine and Serbia. It was found that under the weather conditions of 2016 year alfalfa varieties reacted differently to changes in temperature and moisture during the growing season. It is important to note the effectiveness of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers applied directly to alfalfa coverless method of sowing. In the year of sowing, alfalfa formed a powerful herbage and provided two slopes with a yield of green mass at the level of 20,13-29,80 t/ha with a dry matter yield of 4,80-6,69 t/ha. For the second year of vegetation, alfalfa was carried out according to the regimes, which considered the phases of growth and development (budding, beginning of flowering and flowering). In the first mode of cutting management (all slopes in the budding phase) it is advisable to identify three varieties of Unitro, Nasoloda and Rosana, which provided a gross dry matter of 10,41-10,48 and 2,29-2,31 t/ha of crude protein. The productivity of alfalfa increased with late term cutting - at the beginning of flowering and a combination of slopes (3rd mode). The dry matter yield was 11,40-12,62 and 2,35-2,51 t/ha of crude protein (second regime) and the indicators increased under the third regime, especially dry matter 13,58-15,80 t/ha and decreased to 2,37-2,41 t/ha of crude protein. The increase in dry matter of the second mode increased by 9,5-23,1% and crude protein by 2,6-20,5%, and in the third mode of use of alfalfa it was 2,3-11,2%, compared to the mode of mowing the grass in the budding phase. During the third year of vegetation under favorable agroecological conditions for growth and development of alfalfa plants, the studied varieties provided four slopes regardless of the mode of use of grass with a dry matter yield of 15,43-20,58 and 3,21-4,02 t/ha of crude protein. During the second and third years of vegetation from the studied modes of use of alfalfa grass for fodder purposes, the highest yield of crude protein 5,27-6,53 t/ha varieties provided for the alienation of crops at the beginning of the flowering phase, which was on average 6,0-7,1% higher than when mowing all slopes in the budding phase and a combination of slopes in the phases of growth and development (3rd mode). Thus, in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of the right bank on gray forest soils alfalfa, regardless of geographical origin, adapted to growing conditions and provided stable productivity indicators regardless of the regime of grass use with observance of elements of cultivation technology.

scholarly journals An ideotype of forage maize for north-west Europe.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
P.C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
North West ◽  
Crop Density

Morphological and physiological characteristics of an ideal genotype are described. High dry-matter yield is required and therefore the ideotype needs to have high crop-density tolerance and efficient photosynthesis. Low susceptibility to pests and diseases is important. A stocky stem would benefit intake, yield and lodging resistance but reduce digestibility and dry-matter content. Selection for root-lodging resistance might reduce whole-plant yield. Improvement of cellular contents is of little importance, but cell-wall digestibility could be improved without strongly affecting yield. To be of high nutritional value, the stover must have sufficient dry-matter content (30-35%) and a moderate level of water-soluble carbohydrates. The ideotype should have an early silking date, a large ear and a slow rate of grain filling. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Urban trees assimilation efficiency and assessment of environment quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
P. S. Hnativ ◽  
N. J. Lopotych ◽  
B. I. Parkhuts ◽  
O. V. Haskevych ◽  
N. Iu. Veha
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Urban Ecosystem ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Botanical Gardens ◽  
Exotic Tree

The conception of functional adaptation of woody plants in the changing conditions of natural ecotopes and the urban ecosystem is substantiated. The new integrated methods for estimation of the natural environment transformation under the pressure of urbanization are suggested. The objects of our research are 49 species and forms of woody plants inhabiting the urban ecosystem of Lviv, natural and artificial tree stands of Ukrainian regions. Also, we focused our attention on the anthropotransformation of microclimate, soil changing in tree plantations and problems of edaphotopes contamination. The main subject of the original plant studies were the general phenotypic functional changes in the assimilation apparatus of tree species, which can be estimated by the complex of conventional and new indicators of chemical and biochemical composition of leaf dry matter from ecotopes with different living conditions and origin. We investigated the morphological, physiological and biochemical reactions of assimilating organs of woody plants affecting their growth and development in the conditions of the Lviv city and in the natural conditions of forests and parks. As a result of long-term studies of such reactions, we have suggested an original methodological approach to elucidating the levels of phenotypic functional adaptation. Also, the ability of autochthonous and allochthonous (exotic) tree species to adapt their growth and development to new or modified anthropogenic environment has been studied out. The average level of sugars in the leaves during vegetation was considered as a normal level with the maximum at the beginning, and subsequent decrease in the middle while the minimum of content was determined at the end of the growing season. The appropriate character of starch metabolism are displayed by average levels in different species, with the maximum concentration in July and subsequent minimization of their content at the end of the growing season. The naturally determined dynamics of fiber (cellulose) concentrations implies gradual decline in the period from spring to autumn of its proportion in the leaves dry matter at the high level of concentration, similarly as in the native species. The gradual increase in the proportion of all water-soluble carbohydrates about insoluble in adapted native plants was considered as a natural. A small amount of sugars in a ratio with the general concentration of ash in the leaves at the end of the growing season, we consider as auspicious. Suggested by us clusterization of native and exotic tree species concerning of the efficiency of their introduction in different urban plantations, and depending on the degree of anthropogenic ecotope transformation, allows diversely and effectively recommend different tree species and their forms in varied scopes of application. We used indicators of phenotypic functional adaptation while inventorization of Lviv botanical gardens collections has taken place. The informative criteria for assessing the status of plants, selection of resistant local and introduced individuals with high adaptive potential were elicited by mentioned above indices. A comprehensive approach to the study of ecotope qualities is effective for assessing the acclimatization conditions for tree exotics in the botanical gardens of Western Ukraine and for developing agrotechnical measures for their cultivation.

scholarly journals Production of Ecologically Safe Products When Processing Plants with a Preparation Based on Biohumus

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Olga Zakharova ◽  
Farrukh Musaev ◽  
Mustafa Mustafayev ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Farid Mustafayev
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Drug Solution

Biohumus-based preparations are widespread in agricultural production due to the high content of nutrients for plants, which improve their growth and development and, as a result, productivity. GTK indicates sufficient moisture during the growing season, but, given the nature of precipitation, in certain periods, pea plants that are sensitive to moisture, experience a lack of it in the soil and atmospheric air. The research was carried out in the farm Belousov I.V. of Starozhilovsky district. The area of plots is 40 m2. Water for the preparation of the drug solution was taken from a pond located 20 m from the pea field. The object of the study is the seed pea (Pisumsativum), which belongs to the Fabaceae family, the genus Pisum, which forms nodules on metamorphosed roots. As a result, there is a different intensity of nutrient and water consumption in ontogenesis. Watering and spraying pea plants with Humistar preparation made it possible to reliably prove high agronomic and economic efficiency in option 2: activation of enzymes, an increase in the mass of nodules on roots to 69 mg/plant, an improvement in growth to 57 cm and plant development by 5–15 days, an increase in peas yield up to 27,7 dt/ha, accumulation of dry matter in seeds up to 59 g and an increase in the level of profitability up to 80,7%.

scholarly journals Liveweight gain of lambs grazing three forage rapes which differ in total dry matter yield

2013 ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Judson ◽  
D.G. Ferguson ◽  
M.K. Cutts ◽  
A.J.E. Moorhead
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Stem Leaf

Three forage rape cultivars ('Greenland', 'Spitfire' and 'Winfred') which differed in height and total dry matter production were compared in a lamb finishing system. Groups of lambs were rotationally grazed on one of three forage rape varieties over a period of 8 weeks in a four replicate trial. Lambs were allocated 2.5 kg dry matter (DM)/head/day in weekly breaks. Lambs were shifted and weighed weekly. 'Greenland' (tall) had a higher DM yield (10 vs 7.6 t DM/ha) and carried a higher stocking rate (75 vs 56 lambs/ha), but had a lower utilisation (46 vs 63%) and supported a lower apparent intake (1.17 vs 1.45 kg DM/h/day) and lamb growth rate (146 vs 205 g/day) compared with 'Winfred' (short). Fast lamb growth rates were associated with high intakes of mainly leaf but also high quality stem. Leaf percentage should be a key breeding objective for forage rape breeders and farmers need to consider attributes of forage rape cultivars other than just total dry matter yield. Key words Forage rape, lamb, liveweight gain, dry matter yield, utilisation, quality

YIELD, QUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGE MAIZE AS INFLUENCED BY DATES OF PLANTING AND HARVESTING

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. FAIREY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Yield Quality

The effects of dates of planting and harvesting on yield, quality and development of forage maize were investigated in a 3-yr study. Treatments studied were all possible combinations of five planting dates, spaced at 2-weekly intervals from late April to mid-June, and three harvest dates (mid-September, early and mid-October). Between early May and mid-June, each 1-day delay in seeding resulted, on average, in a 1% reduction in whole-plant digestible dry matter yield. In vitro dry matter digestibility was not significantly affected by date of harvesting but was reduced progressively from 66 to 63% as the date of planting was delayed. Although grain content varied from 0 to 50% of whole-plant dry matter, it had little effect on the in vitro digestibility of forage maize, which only ranged from 62 to 68%, when whole-plant dry matter contents were acceptable for direct ensiling. During the grain-filling period (450–1600 corn heat units after mid-silking), whole-plant dry matter content (%) was linearly related to accumulated corn heat units (r2 = 0.83***); each 1% increase in dry matter content requiring an input of 40 corn heat units. Thus, using information on the date of mid-silking and daily air temperature records (long-term or current), it is possible to predict the date (average or actual) when whole-plant DM content reaches any desired magnitude for harvesting.Key words: Quality, planting date, harvest date, maize, corn, development

scholarly journals Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tobacco Plant. 1. Growth and Development - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 1. Wachstum und Entwicklung

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-209
Author(s):  
LP Bush ◽  
TC Tso
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tobacco Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

AbstractGrowth and development processes of a tobacco plant affect the chemical composition of the leaf and therefore the usability of the leaf. Growth starts with the initial stages of germination and development stops with the cured leaf. Most tobacco seed will germinate in the dark and the first seeds to germinate from a seed lot tend to produce larger plants for transplant and harvest. Nicotine is found in mature seed and increased rate of germination increases rate of nicotine accumulation in the young seedling. Carbon / nitrogen balance in the leaf is important for leaf usability and is influenced by available soil water and soil nitrogen. Oriental leaf is produced typically with limited water and nitrogen supply and the leaf contains large amounts of carbohydrates and ether solubles but small amounts of nitrogenous substances. Cigar filler tobacco is grown on soils with a plentiful supply of soil water and soil nitrogen and the leaf contains large amounts of nitrogenous substances. Intermediate to these tobacco types is flue-cured tobacco which is grown with limited soil nirogen but adequate water and the leaf is relatively thin with high carbohydrate content. Maximum rate of leaf expansion is achieved early in development of a leaf. In flue-cured tobacco phosphorus and potassium concentrations remain constant during growth, whereas nitrogen, calcium and magnesium concentrations decrease. In Oriental tobacco the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium decrease during the growing season. However, Burley tobacco accumulates relatively greater amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium during the first half of the growing season relative to dry matter accumulation. Maximum growth per unit leaf weight occurs 14 to 21 days after transplanting, whereas maximum dry matter accumulation per day occurs 50 to 55 days after transplanting. Leaf development including senescence is controlled genetically and decreased chlorophyll and protein and increased nicotine contents are important changes associated with leaf senescence. Maximum nicotine content of leaf occurs at successively higher stalk positions as the plant matures.

Improvement of separate elements of the techno-logy of cultivation of white cabbage in the conditions of the of the central region of the non-chernozem zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Konstantinovich ◽  
◽  
A.S. Kuracheva ◽  
E.D. Binkevich
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Sowing Seed

In conditions of climate change, when temperature and precipitation fluctuations occur more and more frequently during the growing season, it is necessary to obtain high quality seedlings with "immunity" to various stress factors, including high weediness, the damage from which is associated with a decrease in yield (by 25 -35%) and with a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. Due to the imbalance in production technology, seedlings are often weakened, overgrown, with a low yield per unit area and survival rate in the field. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of PP for pre-sowing seed treatment to increase the competitiveness of seedlings in the field.

CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS INFLUENCE ON NEW SPRING BARLEY BREWING VARIETIES YIELDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
O. A. Artyukhova ◽  
O. V. Gladysheva ◽  
V. A. Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Mass Growth ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Cultivation Technology

The effect of applying various norms of mineral fertilizers on the biological indicators of crop plants during their growth and development in the Central non-black earth region in 2017-2019 was studied on the varieties of spring barley Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir.such indicators as plant height, photosynthetic apparatus area, green mass growth, and elements of the yield structure were Studied. It was revealed that on average during the growing season, when the norms of mineral fertilizers were increased, the area of leaf plates increased and, as a result, the increase in green mass growth relative to the control variants increased by 56.3 % at (NРК)30, 82.3 % at (NРК)60, and 126.7 % at (NРК)90. The introduction of mineral fertilizers also influenced the formation of the crop structure. There was an increase in the tillering coefficient of varieties by 15.7%, 5.7 % and 21.3 % (Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir, respectively) relative to the control, an increase in the number of grains in the ear from 15.1 to 22.4 PCs., the weight of 1000 grains from 48.0 to 55.7 g. and the weight of grain per ear from 0.7 to 1.2 g. There was a strong correlation between the doses of mineral fertilizers and the grain yield from + 0.80 to +1.0, and the variability was calculated.      

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