PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS CONTROLLING FLOWERING OF NINE CROP SPECIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. MAJOR
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Response Line ◽  
The Relationship

The flowering response of two cultivars of wheat, oats, rye, Polish rape, Argentine rape, flax, sorghum, and soybeans to photoperiods between 12 and 24 h at 1-h intervals was studied in controlled environment cabinets. The results indicated that in long-day species, the relationship between time to heading or first flower and photoperiod was linear and decreased as photoperiod increased to the minimum optimal photoperiod (MOP). Within the range of optimal photoperiods, the number of days to heading or flowering was constant and provided a measure of the length of the basic vegetative phase (BVP). The slope of the response line obtained in non-optimal photoperiods provided an estimate of photoperiod sensitivity. The three characteristics, MOP, BVP, and photoperiod sensitivity, were equally valid for the short-day species except that as daylength increased, there was a linear increase in time to flowering as daylength increased above a maximum optimal photoperiod (MOP). For three of four short-day cultivars, there was also a critical photoperiod above which flowering occurred in a constant number of days. Data suggest separate genetic controls for each of the response characteristics.

VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION SERIES OF RESCUE AND CADET HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID J. MAJOR ◽  
E. D. P. WHELAN
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Chromosome 3B

A reciprocal substitution series between Rescue and Cadet hard red spring wheats was used to identify chromosomal differences for vernalization response, basic vegetative phase, and photoperiod sensitivity. A greenhouse technique was used to provide estimates of these variables. Genes affecting vernalization were found on chromosomes 2A, 5A and 5B. Chromosomes 2A and 5B also affected the length of the basic vegetative phase. A gene on chromosome 3B affected photoperiod sensitivity.Key words: Day length, Triticum aestivum L., basic vegetative phase

scholarly journals Photoperiod sensitivity of very early maturing Sri Lankan rice for flowering time and plant architecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duwini Padukkage ◽  
Gamini Senanayake ◽  
Sudarshanee Geekiyanage
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Traditional Rice

AbstractUnavailability of information on photoperiod sensitivity of traditional rice is a disadvantage in breeding rice for adaptation to changing climatic conditions and for optimum plant architecture. This experiment was conducted to address the above problem through determination of variation in days to flowering (DF) and morphological traits of twenty eight selected very early maturing Sri Lankan traditional rice accessions under three photoperiod conditions: short day (SD), day neutral (DN) and long day (LD). Although rice is considered to be a facultative short day plant, 12 accessions (2088, 2979, 4615, 3970, 4245, 2091, 3450, 3883, 4217, 6741, 3738 and 3677) flowered significantly late under SD over LD, while accession 4223 flowered significantly late under DN. Fifteen accessions (3943, 4042, 4734, 3693, 4513, 3845, 4390, 4144, 4220, 4223, 4237, 4387, Bg 300, At 308 and Bg 379-2) flowered significantly early under SD over LD. Four accessions (3457, 3884, 6305 and 4358) were non-responsive to photoperiod for flowering time. Plant height significantly increased only in accession 4217 under SD. Higher plant height under DN was obtained from At 308 and accession 3883. Photoperiod did not affect plant height in accession 4237 and Bg 379-2. LD only or both LD and DN conditions produced significantly higher plant height irrespective of photoperiod responsiveness for DF in rest 26 accessions. Variation in response to photoperiod for DF and plant architecture in very early maturing Sri Lankan rice indicates the potential diversity of genetic factors for photoperiod response for future use in rice breeding.

Photoperiod response characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Major ◽  
M. R. Hanna ◽  
B. W. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
General Response

Ten cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were exposed to low temperatures for varying times and to a series of photoperiods in controlled environment cabinets to determine vernalization and photoperiod responses. There was a reduction in time of 2–16 d from emergence to flowering for vernalization treatments. Vernalization treatments of less than 1 d or greater than 28 d had similar numbers of days from emergence to flowering. The photoperiod response characteristics included the basic vegetative phase (BVP), which is a juvenile phase that must be completed before the plant is responsive to photoperiod, the maximal optimal photoperiod (MOP), the photoperiod beyond which flowering occurs in a constant number of days, and photoperiod sensitivity, the number of days delay in flowering per hour increase in photoperiod. Anik and Vernal comprised a group with the longest BVP, 29.0 d; a group of six cultivars had a mean BVP of 27.6 d, and Maris Kabul and Saranac had the shortest BVP, 25.6 d. The MOP was greatest for Beaver (19 h), shortest for Vernal (17.7 h) and intermediate for the remaining cultivars (18.3 h). Alfalfa was confirmed as a long-day plant, because the time to flowering decreased as photoperiod was lengthened. This results in negative photoperiod sensitivity values. Anik, with a photoperiod sensitivity of −20.50 d h−1, was different from the rest of the cultivars, with a photoperiod sensitivity ranging from −8.51 to −5.08 d h−1. These results demonstrate that alfalfa photoperiod response is consistent with the general response observed for annual long-day species of crop plants and suggest that legume breeders may be able to incorporate specific photoperiod characteristics into alfalfa cultivars in order to optimize harvest dates. Key words: Daylength, development, flowering

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

scholarly journals Identification of the specific long-noncoding RNAs involved in night-break mediated flowering retardation in Chenopodium quinoa

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wu ◽  
Yiming Luo ◽  
Xiaoyong Wu ◽  
Xue Bai ◽  
Xueling Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Background Night-break (NB) has been proven to repress flowering of short-day plants (SDPs). Long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in plant flowering. However, investigation of the relationship between lncRNAs and NB responses is still limited, especially in Chenopodium quinoa, an important short-day coarse cereal. Results In this study, we performed strand-specific RNA-seq of leaf samples collected from quinoa seedlings treated by SD and NB. A total of 4914 high-confidence lncRNAs were identified, out of which 91 lncRNAs showed specific responses to SD and NB. Based on the expression profiles, we identified 17 positive- and 7 negative-flowering lncRNAs. Co-expression network analysis indicated that 1653 mRNAs were the common targets of both types of flowering lncRNAs. By mapping these targets to the known flowering pathways in model plants, we found some pivotal flowering homologs, including 2 florigen encoding genes (FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) and TSF (TWIN SISTER of FT) homologs), 3 circadian clock related genes (EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) homologs), 2 photoreceptor genes (PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA) and CRYPTOCHROME1 (CRY1) homologs), 1 B-BOX type CONSTANS (CO) homolog and 1 RELATED TO ABI3/VP1 (RAV1) homolog, were specifically affected by NB and competed by the positive and negative-flowering lncRNAs. We speculated that these potential flowering lncRNAs may mediate quinoa NB responses by modifying the expression of the floral homologous genes. Conclusions Together, the findings in this study will deepen our understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in NB responses, and provide valuable information for functional characterization in future.

Damage Quantitative Investigation of Beam Structure Based on Changing Ratio of Modal Curvature

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 654-658
Author(s):  
Ji Ping Ge
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Beam Structure ◽  
Quantitative Investigation ◽  
Supporting System ◽  
Damage Recognition ◽  
Modal Curvature ◽  
Damage Extent ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
The Relationship

The changing ratio of modal curvature is proposed for damage recognition, and its ability of damage localization and damage quantitative has been studied in this paper. For testing the effect of damage recognition, two research parameters, the different section rigidity and the scope of damages, are included. And changing rules of the index with structure rigidity, constraints, and structure supporting system have been studied at the same time. The numerical analysis results indicated: The relation of linear increase exists between the changing ratio of modal curvature and the extent of damage, the changing slope of the index is bigger with the increase of damage extent; The boundary condition and the structure supporting system will affect the value of index; In the view of one special structure, case study should be carried to establish the relationship between value of index and the extent of damage.

The relationship among freezing tolerance, vernalization requirement, Ppd alleles and winter hardiness in European wheat cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1353-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GORASH ◽  
R. ARMONIENĖ ◽  
Ž. LIATUKAS ◽  
G. BRAZAUSKAS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYWinter hardiness of wheat is a complex trait involving a system of structural, regulatory and developmental genes, which interact in a complex pathway. The objective of the present work was to study the relationship among the main traits determining the level of adaptation and the possibility for target manipulation of breeding material by using molecular markers and phenological parameters. Wheat cultivars from different ecoclimatic environments of Europe were included for analysis. Gene-specific assay showed that photoperiod sensitivity of the studied cultivars was determined by polymorphism in the Ppd-D1 allele. The study established the relationship among winter hardiness, LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of plants are killed), photoperiod sensitivity, vernalization duration and earliness per se genes in the environment of Lithuania. The cultivars from Northern and Western Europe exhibited stronger requirement for vernalization and photoperiod. Although the group of cultivars from the southern latitudes were characterized by earliness, they possessed a stronger level of LT50. The level of LT50 was found to be the most crucial component of winter hardiness, the other traits served as supplementary components.

scholarly journals Influence of muscle length on work from trabecular muscle of frog atrium and ventricle.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (10) ◽  
pp. 2221-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Syme ◽  
R K Josephson
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ventricular Muscle ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Loop Technique ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Work Loop

The work capacity of segments of atrial and ventricular muscle from the frog Rana pipiens was measured as a function of muscle length using the work loop technique. Both the work done during shortening and the work required to re-lengthen the muscle after shortening increased with muscle length. Net work increased with length up to a maximum, beyond which work declined. The optimum sarcomere length for work output was 2.5-2.6 microns for both atrial and ventricular muscle. Isometric force increased with muscle length to lengths well beyond the optimum for work output. Thus, the decline in work at long lengths is not simply a consequence of a reduction in the capacity of heart muscle to generate force. It is proposed that it is the non-linear increase in work required to re-lengthen muscle with increasing muscle length which limits net work output and leads to a maximum in the relationship between net work and muscle length. Extension of the results from muscle strips to intact hearts suggests that the work required to fill the ventricle exceeds that available from atrial muscle at all but rather short ventricular muscle lengths.

Cancer Antigen 1251S Locally Produced in the Peritoneal Cavity during Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ger C.M. Koomen ◽  
Michiel G.H. Betjes ◽  
Oésirée Zemel ◽  
Raymond T. Krediet ◽  
Frans J. Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Mesothelial Cell ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Mesothelial Cells ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Cancer Antigen ◽  
The Relationship

The local production of cancer antigen (CA) 125 in the peritoneal cavity of 14 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients was studied. In addition, the relationship between the concentration of mesothelial cells and CA 125 in the peritoneal dialysate effluent was examined. The median results and ranges were as follows: plasma CA 125 14 U/mL (range 10 23), dialysate CA 125 18 U/mL (range 5.2 76), dialysate/plasma ratio 1. 9 (range 0.61 -5.4), and number of mesothelial cells 400/mL (range 10 5000). Peritoneal concentrations of mesothelial cellsand CA 125 were positively correlated (r = 0.50, p < 0.01). Using a monoclonal antibody, CA 125-positive cells were found in the cytospin preparations of the cells of dialysis effluents. All these CA 125 positive cells were also positive for cytokeratin used as a mesothelial cell marker. In vitro experiments using mesothelial cells in monolayers showed a linear increase in CA 125 concentration both in time and in relation to the number of mesothelial cells. From these experiments a production rate of 24 U/hour/1 06 cells could be calculated. It is therefore concluded that CA 125 is locally produced in the peritoneal cavity during CAPD and that the mesothelial cells are the major source of this CA 125.

Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 and their effects in southern Australian wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Cane ◽  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
D. A. Laurie ◽  
Ben Trevaskis ◽  
Neil Vallance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Genotypic Variance ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Unbalanced Dataset ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
The One

Photoperiod and vernalisation genes are important for the adaptation of wheat to variable environments. Previously, using diagnostic markers and a large, unbalanced dataset from southern Australia, we estimated the effects on days to heading of frequent alleles of Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1, and also two allelic classes of Ppd-D1. These genes accounted for ~45% of the genotypic variance for that trait. We now extend these analyses to further alleles of Ppd-D1, and four alleles of Ppd-B1 associated with copy number. Variation in copy number of Ppd-B1 occurred in our population, with one to four linked copies present. Additionally, in rare instances, the Ppd-B1 gene was absent (a null allele). The one-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1b, and the three-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1a, occurred through a century of wheat breeding, and are still frequent. With several distinct progenitors, the one-copy allele might not be homogenous. The two-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1d, was generally introduced from WW15 (syn. Anza), and the four-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1c, came from Chinese Spring. In paired comparisons, Ppd-B1a and Ppd-B1c reduced days to heading, but Ppd-B1d increased days to heading. Ppd-D1a, with a promoter deletion, Ppd-D1d, with a deletion in Exon 7, and Ppd-D1b, the intact allele, were frequent in modern Australian germplasm. Differences between Ppd-D1a and Ppd-D1d for days to heading under our field conditions depended on alleles of the vernalisation genes, confirming our previous report of large epistatic interactions between these classes of genes. The Ppd-D1b allele conferred a photoperiod response that might be useful for developing cultivars with closer to optimal heading dates from variable sowing dates. Inclusion of Ppd-B1 genotypes, and more precise resolution of Ppd-D1, increased the proportion of the genotypic variance attributed to these vernalisation and photoperiod genes to ~53%.

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