CALCIUM DEFICIENCY AND OCCURRENCE OF TOPPLE DISORDER IN BULBOUS IRIS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. DOSS ◽  
J. K. CHRISTIAN ◽  
J. M. LANGAGER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Tissue Calcium

"Iris topple" is a physiological disorder of bulbous Iris that is characterized by weakness of the flower stalk at the uppermost node and the concommitant failure of the flower bud to remain erect. This condition occurs when bulbous Iris is forced in calcium-deficient growth media. An acropetal pattern of stem elongation in Iris and the general immobility of calcium within plants lead to a localized calcium-deficient region that exhibits severe cellular and ultrastructural abnormalities. The innermost three leaves and flower stalk from plants showing "Iris topple" as the only symptom of calcium deficiency have an average tissue calcium concentration of 0.3%.

Calcium nutrition of the tomato as influenced by total salts and ammonium nutrition

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Barke ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Whole Plants

Calcium deficiency in tomatoes was induced by adding ammonia nitrogen to the rooting medium. Ammonia was found to inhibit the absorption of calcium by the plant. When total soil nutrient concentration was varied, but the ratio of calcium to other ions held constant, blossom-end rot incidence was inversely related to the calcium level in fruits but was not necessarily associated with low calcium levels in leaves or whole plants. In the presence of high total salts, the incidence of the disorder could not be explained by a reduction in calcium content of whole plants and factors affecting distribution of the calcium within the plant were involved. The physiological disorder pith rot is described and evidence presented suggesting it is caused by a deficiency of calcium. Ammonia increased the incidence of the disorder but was not essential for its occurrence. In field trials on a red loam soil, ammonium sulphate reduced the pH values from 6.0 to 4.7, which prevented nitrification and induced pith rot and blossom-end rot through an accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. Calcium foliar sprays were able to offset yield reductions that were induced by moderate fertilizing with ammonium sulphate even where blossom-end rot did not occur. High total plant calcium was associated with reduced fruit yields.

Calcium requirements of plants

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Loneragan ◽  
K Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Functional Requirement ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
Excess Calcium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium Supply

Calcium concentrations in the tops and roots of 30 grasses, cereals, legumes, and herbs were examined for plants grown over a wide range of calcium concentrations (0.3 to 1000 µM) which were maintained constant in flowing culture solutions of pH 5.7. When plants were grown continuously in solutions of constant concentration, the relation between the calcium concentration in tops and the yield generally showed two regions. Increasing solution calcium concentrations from 0.3 to 2.5 µM increased the yield greatly, while calcium concentrations in the tops remained constant. By contrast, increasing solution concentrations from 10 to 1000 µM markedly increased concentrations in tops but in most species had relatively small effects on yield. At luxury calcium supply the concentrations in herb and legume tops were very much higher than those of grasses and cereals and were surprisingly similar to those of the same species grown in soil in the field. That calcium concentration in plant tops which remained constant while yield increased substantially is believed to indicate the minimal functional requirement of the tops for calcium. The average functional requirements of herb and legume tops (0.1–0.2% dry weight) were generally much lower than previously reported but were about twice those of grasses and cereals (0.05–0.1%). With the exception of Lupinus spp., no legume or herb had functional calcium requirements as low as those of any grass or cereal. When plants were transferred from 1000 to 0.3 µM calcium concentrations, they developed calcium deficiency symptoms and grew less than plants which had one-third to one-tenth the calcium concentrations in their tops but which had been grown continuously in solutions of low and constant concentration (2.5–10 µM). Excess calcium accumulated in the old leaves during luxury calcium supply but was not mobilized when plants were transferred to calcium-deficient solutions. It is suggested that variation in the conditions of calcium supply under which calcium deficiency develops partly accounts for the wide range of critical values used by various workers to diagnose deficiency in plants.

scholarly journals 394 HIGH-AND-LOW RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF GROWTH IN SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinum majus cv. Giant Tetra) AND ZINNIA (Zinnia elegens cv. Pompom)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 487e-487
Author(s):  
Will Neily ◽  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
David N. Kristie
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Stage 1

Stem elongation rates (SER) in snapdragon end zinnia were recorded in 3 DIF regimes (+5, -5, and 0; Daily average: 18C) using both high resolution (linear transducers), and low resolution techniques. Three developmental stages were chosen for study: Stage 1 was vegetative growth, preceding the formation of a flower bud. Stage 2 was the period from bud formation to preliminary expansion. Stage 3 was the period just before anthesis. Low resolution measurements showed a decrease in snapdragon height in response to a negative DIF. A negative DIF was less effective in reducing zinnia height especially after the third developmental stage. Final plant height for both species was not affected by placing plants in the 3 DIF regimes for 1 week during the growth cycle. Snapdragon and zinnia displayed unique diurnal SER patterns. Snapdragon showed a large peak in SER at the start of the dark period followed by a gradual decline. SER increased again during the light period. Most growth in vegetative zinnias occurred around the light/dark transition. This peak growth tended to shift to the night period as buds were formed and flowering proceeded. High resolution measurements revealed a reduction in SER for both species at negative DIP; greatest decreases occurred during the night. DIF exerts an influence on diurnal SER in both snapdragon and zinnia, despite well defined differences in SER patterns. Negative DIF suppresses the SER of both species at all 3 developmental stages, but must be applied consistently in order to produce significant differences in final plant height.

scholarly journals Far-red and Blue Light Synergistically Mitigate Intumescence Injury of Tomato Plants Grown Under Ultraviolet-deficit Light Environment

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Eguchi ◽  
Ricardo Hernández ◽  
Chieri Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Percent Number

Intumescence injury is an abiotic-stress-induced physiological disorder associated with abnormal cell enlargement and cell division. The symptom includes blister- or callus-like growths on leaves, which occur on sensitive cultivars of tomato when they are grown under ultraviolet (UV)-deficit light environment, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Previous studies suggest that intumescence can be reduced by increasing far-red (FR) or blue light. In the present study, effects of end-of-day FR (EOD-FR) light and high blue photon flux (PF) ratio during the photoperiod on intumescence injury were examined using ‘Beaufort’ interspecific tomato rootstock seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum habrochaites), a cultivar highly susceptible to intumescence injury. Our study showed that EOD-FR light treatment moderately suppressed intumescence injury. Using EOD-FR light treatment, the percent number of leaves exhibiting intumescences was reduced from 62.0–70.7% to 39.4–43.1%. By combining high blue PF ratio (75%) during the photoperiod and EOD-FR light treatment, the percent number of leaves exhibiting intumescences was further suppressed to 5.0%. Furthermore, the combination of high blue PF ratio and EOD-FR light treatment inhibited undesirable stem elongation caused by EOD-FR light treatment. We found that high blue PF ratio during the photoperiod combined with a small dose of EOD-FR lighting (≈1 mmol·m−2·d−1 provided by 5.2 µmol·m−2·s−1 FR PF for 3.3 minutes) could inhibit the problematic intumescence injury of tomato plants grown under LEDs without negatively influencing growth or morphology.

scholarly journals Studies on the Effect of Different Plant Densities and Levels of CRF on Growth, Yield and Quality of Flowers of Statice (Limonium sinuatum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Nishchay Galage Samir Ebson Topno ◽  
Vipin M. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
Bud Initiation

A Field Experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2019-2020 at Experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.), India. The experiment was Evaluated in a Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Among the CRF of 6g recorded significantly higher growth parameters followed by CRF of 4g, 2g and control. Spacing of 45cm x 60cm had a considerable influence on the number of leaves and length of leaves. Whereas, plant height was significantly higher with a spacing of 15cm x 30cm at all the growth stages. In flowering parameters, Controlled-release Fertilizers and spacing had a significance influence on the flowering parameters of statice. CRF of 6g per plant obtained notably higher flowering parameters like length of flower stalk and day of flower bud initiation to the day of harvesting whereas, highest delay in flower stalk initiation was observed in Control. The closer spacing of 15cm x 30cm had considerable influence on days required to flower stalk initiation/appearance, length of flower stalk and day of flower bud initiation to the day of harvesting or flowering duration. The higher yield with superior quality of flowers obtained with CRF of 6g with wider spacing of 45cm x 60cm.

scholarly journals Bitter pit in apples: pre- and postharvest factors: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e08R01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Jemrić ◽  
Ivan Fruk ◽  
Mladen Fruk ◽  
Sanja Radman ◽  
Lovro Sinkovič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Storage Methods

Bitter pit is a physiological disorder that significantly reduces the quality of apples. Although it has been detected since the beginning of the last century, still there is little known about the mechanism of its occurrence. According to numerous studies, bitter pit is formed as a result of calcium deficiency in the fruit. Some authors cite the high concentration of gibberellins, later in the production season, most probably caused by excessive activity of the roots, as the chief causative factor. Beside Ca, there are several factors that can also contribute to its development, like imbalance among some mineral elements (N, P, K and Mg), cultivar, rootstock, the ratio of vegetative and generative growth, post-harvest treatments and the storage methods. There are some prediction models available that can estimate the risk of bitter pit in apples, but even those are not always reliable. The aim of this review was to encompass the pre and postharvest factors which cause bitter pit and point out the directions for solving this problem.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pupuk Kalsium dan Kalium terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kualitas Hasil Sawi Hijau (Brassica rapa L.)

Vegetalika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Monica Intan Aryandhita ◽  
Dody Kastono
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Consumption Index ◽  
Calcium Fertilization

Mustard (Brassica rapa L.) is one of vegetable that cultivated and consumed by people in Indonesia regions. Using calcium fertilizer in mustard cultivation is less important, so that it is done when symptoms of calcium deficiency affect the quality of crop yield such as tip burn. Calcium fertilization could overcome calcium deficiency, but plant will undergo potassium deficiency as side effect. Foliar application of calsium fertilizer was used to avoid negative interaction between calcium and phosphate in the soil so that good quality yield and growth could be produced. A research was conducted on August-October 2019 at Kebun Percobaan Tri Dharma, Agriculture Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The research used RCBD with two factors which were the concentration of calcium fertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/l) and the second factor was the dosage of KCl fertilizer (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha). Concentration showed amount of calcium fertilizer mixed in a liter of water and dosage showed amount of fertilizer applied per plant. Result of the research showed that interaction between calcium concentration and phosphate dosage did not increase mustard growth and yield but had potensial in increasing texture and taste of mustard by applying 4 and 6 g/l calcium concentration with 100 kg/ha phosphate dosage, while 2 and 4 g/l calcium concentration with 200 kg/ha dosage could increasing sweet taste in mustard. Calcium fertilizer concentration increased mustard consumption index. The more amount of phosphate fertilizer dosage applied (> 300 kg/ha) could decrease mustard fresh weight

scholarly journals Date palm compost versus peat and perlite: a comparative study on germination and plant development of muskmelon and tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Afraa Radhouani ◽  
Leila Benyehia ◽  
Belgacem Lechaiheb ◽  
Afef Mahjoubi ◽  
Ali Ferchichi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Vigour Index ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

Abstract This research was carried out in the experimental site of the Arid and Oasian cultures Laboratory of the Institute of Arid Regions, Medenine, Tunisia. It aims at studying the effects of compost on seed germination patterns, seedling growth, and plant development of muskmelon and tomato under greenhouse conditions. Three growth media were used: compost of date palm wastes and two reference media (peat and perlite). The results showed that compost presented a promising threshold of both maturity and stability, which is related to its neutral pH, C : N ratio, greater humic acid vs fulvic acid, and low values of chlorophyll-type compounds. Seeds of muskmelon and tomato germinated at varying liquid compost extract concentrations and muskmelon reached higher germination index values even at the pure extract solution (100%). Moreover, seeds of both species germinated relatively faster in peat than in compost and an overall delay in germination was observed, with a more pronounced reduction on tomato germination percentage. Produced seedlings have attained a similar vigour index among media (p <0.05). Compost of date palm was more suitable for muskmelon stem elongation and leaf-enlarging capacity than perlite. However, the gustative quality of fruits was not significantly affected by the medium-types. Thus, it is concluded the promoising effect of compost of date palm as potting medium and substrate in soilless culture under greenhouse conditions unless a pertinent choice of cultures.

Effects of calcium supply on uptake of calcium and selected mineral nutrients by tropical food legumes in solution culture

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Bell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
Food Legumes ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Low Concentrations

Six tropical food legumes, peanut (Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Red Spanish), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. Royes), guar (Cyarnopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. cv. Brooks), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Fitzroy), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculuta (L.) Walp. cv. Vita 4 and CPI 282 15) were grown for 20 days at six constant solution calcium concentrations (2, 12, 50, 100,500 and 2500 8M ) in flowing solution culture at pH 5.5 � 0.1, with adequate inorganic nitrogen and controlled basal nutrient concentrations. Increases in solution calcium concentration from 2 to 12 8M generally increased rates of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc, and rates of transport of magnesium and iron to plant tops. These increases in nutrient absorption and transport rates were associated with the alleviation of severe calcium deficiency. Further increases in solution calcium concentration from 12 to 2500 8M generally had no effect on potassium absorption rate, but increased absorption rates of nitrogen (by 20-130%), and phosphorus (by 90-500%), and decreased those of manganese and zinc; it also decreased rates of transport of iron and magnesium to plant tops. With guar, rates of phosphorus absorption at <2500 8M calcium were too low to maintain adequate concentrations of phosphorus in tops for maximum growth. With the remaining legumes, rates of zinc absorption at 12 8M calcium were high enough for plants to accumulate excessive concentrations of zinc (347-479 mg kg-1) in their tops. These results are discussed in relation to the adaptation of tropical food legumes to soils with low concentrations of calcium in the soil solution and the response of legumes to calcium or lime applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Biostimulants on Apple Quality at Harvest and After Storage

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1214
Author(s):  
Sebastian Soppelsa ◽  
Markus Kelderer ◽  
Raffaele Testolin ◽  
Damiano Zanotelli ◽  
Carlo Andreotti
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Apple Quality

Nutritional unbalances, such as calcium deficiency at the fruit level, are generally the causative agent of post-harvest disorders in apples. Foliar application of Ca as calcium chloride is the current solution to increase Ca concentration in apples, even though the effectiveness of this approach is often not satisfactory. In this research, we tested the efficacy of a combined application of Ca with selected biostimulants to improve apple quality and to reduce the incidence of storage disorders. The experiment was conducted in two “Jonathan” apple orchards that differed in management systems and characteristics. Tree canopies were sprayed with calcium chloride alone and in combination with a commercial product containing zinc and silicon or a seaweed extract. The seaweed extract increased apple quality by boosting the reddish coloration (+32% of color index) and by enhancing final anthocyanin concentration of fruit skin. Both biostimulants significantly reduced (by 20%) the incidence of the physiological disorder, known as “Jonathan spot”, after 160 days of storage. Increased concentration of nutrients (Ca, Zn, and Mn) in the skin of apples after biostimulant applications, together with changes of the phenolic profile during the storage, are discussed as the possible causes of the reduced fruit susceptibility to post-harvest disorders.

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