EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE CO2 ENRICHMENT ON THE YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHYSIOLOGY OF TOMATO PLANTS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER R. HICKLENTON ◽  
PETER A. JOLLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Behavioral Indices ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Photosynthetic Physiology ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Mesophyll Resistance

Tomato crops were grown in greenhouses with and without CO2 enrichment to approximately 900 vpm. Plants grown under enhanced CO2 concentrations flowered earlier and produced 30% more marketable fruit than those grown in normal air. Measurements were conducted on CO2 and water vapor exchanges in apical and basal leaves under a range of irradiances and CO2 concentrations. Photosynthesis rates were higher in leaves from the enriched regime at test irradiances above 50 μE m−2 s−1 (400–700 nm). Increasing test CO2 concentration enlarged that difference, with the effect being most pronounced in apical leaves. Mesophyll resistance to CO2 assimilation was greater than stomatal resistance at all irradiances, and tended to be higher in basal leaves than in apical leaves of the CO2-enriched plants. Stomatal resistances were similar in apical and basal leaves from CO2-enriched plants. In unenriched plants, however, stomatal resistances were lower in apical than in basal leaves. CO2 compensation points were decreased in leaves developed under CO2 enrichment, but dark respiration rates were not significantly affected by growth regime. Behavioral indices of photosynthesis indicated that the efficiency of CO2 utilization was improved by growth in a CO2-enriched regime. Such fundamental changes in photosynthetic behavior suggest that the effects of CO2 enrichment on yield are not only due to increased growth in the presence of additional photosynthetic substrate. They also result from changes in the innate capacity of photosynthetic systems to utilize CO2.

Photosynthetic response to growth temperature and CO2 enrichment in two species of C4 grasses

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Potvin ◽  
Boyd R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
C4 Grasses ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Acclimation Potential ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Plants of Echinochloa crus-galli from Québec, North Carolina, and Mississippi and of Eleusine indica from Mississippi were grown under three thermoperiods (28:22, 24:18, 21:15 °C) and two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (350 and 675 μL ∙ L−1). CO2 enrichment induced an increase in net photosynthesis and in dark respiration for all populations. Neither conductance, transpiration, nor the transpiration/photosynthesis ratio were affected by CO2 enrichment. Plants showed higher photosynthetic and dark respiration rates when grown in warm regimes. Stomatal conductance did not vary with growth temperature. Cool-adapted plants from Québec maintained the overall highest net photosynthesis and respiration. Plants originating from warm areas had a weaker acclimation potential to low temperature than those from cool environments.

Effects of temperature on the photosynthesis–irradiance response curves of newly matured leaves of alfalfa

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 872-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Ku ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Oxygen Inhibition ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Mesophyll Resistance

Various carbon dioxide exchange characteristics are described for two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes (AT 171 and CC 120) grown at 20:15 °C and 30:25 °C day:night temperatures and 53 nE cm−2 s−1 irradiance (400–700 nm). Growth at 30:25 °C as compared with 20:15 °C resulted in lower net carbon dioxide exchange rates (NCE) for both genotypes when analyzed at 20 °C, but did not cause any sizeable change for CC 120 at 30 °C. Oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis increased with irradiance to 48 nE cm−2 s−1 but either declined or remained constant with further increase in irradiance. Oxygen inhibition was higher at 30 °C than at 20 °C and was not consistently influenced by growth temperature. However, the ratio of oxygen inhibition to carbon dioxide exchange rate in air containing 1% oxygen and the mesophyll resistance were greater with AT 171 grown at 30:25 °C than at 20:15 °C, particularly at high irradiances. NCE measured at 20 °C instead of 30 °C for plants grown at 30:25 °C was reduced to a much more marked extent with CC 120 than with AT 171; this difference was paralleled by a more marked increase in stomatal resistance length (rSL) for CC 120.rSL decreased with an increase in irradiance, was generally higher at 20 °C than at 30 °C, and did not differ between growth temperatures when measured at an irradiance of 116 nE cm−2 s−1 and a temperature equal to the day temperature of the growth regime. The results are discussed in relation to factors responsible for adaptability to different thermal environments.

Dark respiration rate of transgenic tomato plants expressing FeSOD1 gene under chloride and sulfate salinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye. N. Baranova ◽  
E. N. Akanov ◽  
A. A. Gulevich ◽  
L. V. Kurenina ◽  
S. A. Danilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants

Responses of a long greenhouse tomato crop to summer CO2 enrichment

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1395-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Hao ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
S. Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Marketable Fruit

While CO2 enrichment generally benefits tomato fruit production in winter its effects on summer tomato production (under high air temperature and strong ventilation) are still not clear, especially when the crop has been subjected to long-term CO2 enrichment in winter. Therefore, a study was initiated in 2005 to determine the feasibility of summer CO2 enrichment in southwestern Ontario, a major greenhouse vegetable production area in North America with very hot summers. The long tomato crop (cv. Rapsodie) was planted into rockwool slabs in six greenhouse compartments in January. From January to the middle of June, the tomato plants in all six greenhouse compartments were subjected to the same standard CO2 enrichment practice. From the end of June to August, three CO2 treatments (two compartments for each treatment) were applied: Control (ambient/no enrichment), Enrich1 (800 µL L-1 when ventilation was less than 10% and 400 µL L-1 when less than 50%) and Enrich2 (1200 µL L-1 when ventilation was less than 10% and 500 µL L-1 when less than 50%). In all treatments, CO2 enrichment ceased when ventilation requirement was more than 50%. Leaf photosynthesis, as indicated by the CO2 response curve, partially acclimated to the CO2 enrichment. Marketable fruit yield was reduced by the summer CO2 enrichment. Leaf deformation [short, thick, curled and somewhat crisp, dark grey-green leaves, so-called short leaf syndrome (SLS)] was observed in the greenhouse compartments with summer CO2 enrichment. SLS developed under high light intensity and high CO2 concentration might have limited response of the tomato crop to summer CO2 enrichment. Further investigation on the cause and mechanism of SLS is needed to improve the response of greenhouse tomatoes to summer CO2 enrichment. Key words: Photosynthesis, Lycopersicon esculentum, high temperature stress, acclimation

Differential Gas Exchange Responses of Two Biotypes of Redroot Pigweed to Atrazine

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. West ◽  
T. J. Muzik ◽  
R. E. Witters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Mesophyll Tissue ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Mesophyll Resistance

Differences were shown to exist in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and carbon dioxide leaf diffusive resistance between atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] susceptible (S) and resistant (R) plants of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] and diruon [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] were the only herbicides tested that controlled both biotypes, but all of the herbicides except norea [3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea] controlled the S biotype. Although photosynthetic activity and transpiration were reduced in both biotypes by atrazine at 50 and 70 ppm, the decline was much greater in the S biotype than in the R biotype and persisted a longer time in the S biotype. Leaf CO2diffusive resistances of the biotypes were increased by atrazine applications. Mesophyll resistance was increased to a greater extent than stomatal resistance suggesting that reduction of photosynthesis is due to a greater effect of atrazine on the mesophyll tissue than on the guard cells.

scholarly journals LeNRT1.1 Improves Nitrate Uptake in Grafted Tomato Plants under High Nitrogen Demand

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Albornoz ◽  
Marlene Gebauer ◽  
Carlos Ponce ◽  
Ricardo Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Assimilation Capacity ◽  
N Demand ◽  
Root Plasma Membrane

Grafting has become a common practice among tomato growers to obtain vigorous plants. These plants present a substantial increase in nitrogen (N) uptake from the root zone. However, the mechanisms involved in this higher uptake capacity have not been investigated. To elucidate whether the increase in N uptake in grafted tomato plants under high N demand conditions is related to the functioning of low- (high capacity) or high-affinity (low capacity) root plasma membrane transporters, a series of experiments were conducted. Plants grafted onto a vigorous rootstock, as well as ungrafted and homograft plants, were exposed to two radiation levels (400 and 800 µmol m−2 s−1). We assessed root plasma membrane nitrate transporters (LeNRT1.1, LeNRT1.2, LeNRT2.1, LeNRT2.2 and LeNRT2.3) expression, Michaelis‒Menten kinetics parameters (Vmax and Km), root and leaf nitrate reductase activity, and root respiration rates. The majority of nitrate uptake is mediated by LeNRT1.1 and LeNRT1.2 in grafted and ungrafted plants. Under high N demand conditions, vigorous rootstocks show similar levels of expression for LeNRT1.1 and LeNRT1.2, whereas ungrafted plants present a higher expression of LeNRT1.2. No differences in the uptake capacity (evaluated as Vmax), root respiration rates, or root nitrate assimilation capacity were found among treatments.

Photosynthesis and respiration decline with light intensity in dominant and suppressed Eucalyptus globulus canopies

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. O'Grady ◽  
D. Worledge ◽  
A. Wilkinson ◽  
M. Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Within canopy gradients in light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax), foliar nitrogen ([N]area) and leaf dark respiration (R15) were studied in the canopies of dominant and suppressed trees within an even-aged (4-year-old) Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) stand in southern Tasmania. Despite being an even-aged stand growing in a relatively uniform environment with respect to nutrient and water availability, the stand exhibited considerable structural complexity. Diameter at 1.3 m ranged between 3 cm and 21 cm, trees average 12 m height and stand leaf area index was ~6 m2 m–2 leading to strong gradients in light availability. We were interested in understanding the processes governing canopy production in trees of contrasting dominance classes. Vertical gradients in photosynthesis and foliar respiration were studied within the canopies of dominant and suppressed trees during 2006 and 2007. Amax varied from ~18 μmol m–2 s–1 in the upper canopy to 3 μmol m–2 s–1 at lower canopy positions. On average, Amax were higher in the dominant trees than in the suppressed trees. However, at any given height, Amax were similar in suppressed and dominant trees and were strongly related to leaf nitrogen content. Dark respiration varied from ~1.4 μmol m–2 s–1 in the upper canopy to 0.2 μmol m–2 s–1 in the lower canopy positions. In contrast to the patterns for Amax, dark respiration rates in the suppressed trees were higher than dominant trees at similar canopy positions. Respiration rates were also strongly related to [N]area and to Amax.

Observations of the Photosynthetic Physiology of Tree Species within the C3 Monocotyledon Genus Pandanus, and Comparison with Dicotyledon C3 Tree Species

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Lovelock
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
Resource Levels

Photosynthetic characteristics of tree species from the tropical C3 monocotyledon genus Pandanus were compared with C3 dicotyledon species growing in similar environments. The Pandanus species had similar maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax) to dicotyledon tree species in leaves from both sun and shaded environments when Amax was expressed on an area basis. Because of the low specific leaf area of the schlerophyllous leaves of the Pandanus compared to the dicotyledon species, the similarity in Amax was no longer evident when Amax was expressed on a dry-weight basis. Leaf dark respiration rates of the Pandanus on a leaf area and weight basis were generally lower than the shade-intolerant dicotyledons and similar to the shade-tolerant dicotyledon species. Low dark respiration rates and low specific leaf area of the Pandanus may be important characteristics for growth and survival in environments where resource levels are low and the likelihood of tissue damage is high.

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