EFFECTS OF RHIZOBIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND GROWTH OF FIELD PEAS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. SOSULSKI ◽  
J. A. BUCHAN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Nitrogenase activities of single and multistrains of Rhizobium during the growing season were low and the inoculation treatments failed to increase yields or nitrogen contents of Century field peas. Nitrogen fertilization at seeding severely depressed nitrogenase activity but markedly increased forage and seed yields as well as protein contents.

scholarly journals Potential of Phototrophic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Fix Nitrogen in Rice Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Isamu Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities ◽  
Plant Available Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation catalyzed by Mo-nitrogenase of symbiotic diazotrophs has attracted interest because its potential to supply plant-available nitrogen offers an alternative way of using chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) diazotrophically grow under light anaerobic conditions and can be isolated from photic and microaerobic zones of rice fields. Therefore, PNSB as asymbiotic diazotrophs contribute to nitrogen fixation in rice fields. An attempt to measure nitrogen in the oxidized surface layer of paddy soil estimates that approximately 6–8 kg N/ha/year might be accumulated by phototrophic microorganisms. Species of PNSB possess one of or both alternative nitrogenases, V-nitrogenase and Fe-nitrogenase, which are found in asymbiotic diazotrophs, in addition to Mo-nitrogenase. The regulatory networks control nitrogenase activity in response to ammonium, molecular oxygen, and light irradiation. Laboratory and field studies have revealed effectiveness of PNSB inoculation to rice cultures on increases of nitrogen gain, plant growth, and/or grain yield. In this review, properties of the nitrogenase isozymes and regulation of nitrogenase activities in PNSB are described, and research challenges and potential of PNSB inoculation to rice cultures are discussed from a viewpoint of their applications as nitrogen biofertilizer.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Peanut Cultivar-Bradyrhizobium Specificities1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Phillips ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Host Strain ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
High Level

Abstract The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) generally is considered promiscuous since it forms symbioses with a diverse group of Bradyrhizobium. However, specific cultivar-strain combinations like Robut 33–1 and strain NC92 have resulted in significant yield increases, suggesting that host-strain combinations may be selected for superior nitrogen fixation and yield. The objectives of this study were to measure nitrogen fixation-related traits during the growing season and evaluate the interactions between host peanut genotypes and Bradyrhizobium strains under field conditions in North Carolina. A factorial experiment with four cultivars and five inoculants was conducted in two years at two locations (Clayton and Lewiston) in North Carolina. Traits measured during the growing season were nodule number and weight, root weight (1983 only), shoot weight, pod weight, nitrogenase activity and specific nitrogenase activity. In 1984, fruit yield was measured at harvest. Results indicated that cultivars and strains were different for most traits in 1983 at Clayton but significant host-strain interactions occurred only for nodule weight at 60 days after planting (DAP) and root weight at 132 DAP. In 1984, Clayton results indicated cultivar-strain interactions for all traits at 73 DAP and for several traits at 109 DAP. At Lewiston only cultivar differences were important. The Clayton fields had low populations of native Bradyrhizobium while Lewiston had a high level of the bacteria. Inoculation produced substantial yield increases at Clayton but not at Lewiston. Robut 33–1 inoculated with strain NC92 did not yield more than with other strains. Further study is needed to explain why repeated increases in yield were obtained with Robut 33–1/NC92 in tropical studies but not in North Carolina. The possibility still exists that superior cultivar-strain combinations can be identified.

Nitrogen Fixation (Acetylene Reduction) Associated with Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) Feeding on Seaweeds and Eelgrass

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Guerinot ◽  
W. Fong ◽  
D. G. Patriquin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities

Sea urchins feeding in different macrophyte zones in St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, in November and December 1975 were examined for nitrogenase activity using the acetylene reduction technique. For sea urchins feeding on Laminaria digitata and L. longicruris, the average rate of acetylene reduction was equivalent to N2 fixation of 55 μg N2 per sea urchin per day assuming a 3:1 molar ratio of C2H2 reduction to N2 fixation. Lower nitrogenase activities were observed for sea urchins feeding on Agarum cribrosum and Zostera marina, and no nitrogenase activity was observed for sea urchins taken from bare rock substrate on which kelp had been absent for 4 yr. Samples of separated digestive tracts but not the degutted bodies of sea urchins exhibited nitrogenase activity, suggesting that the digestive tract is the site of nitrogen fixation in whole sea urchins.

Effect of nitrogen and cobalt application on herbage and seed yields of serradella and subterranean clover

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 588 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Seed Yields

The response of serradella and subterranean clover to soil applications of cobalt in the absence and presence of regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer was measured in a field experiment on a nitrogen-deficient soil near Esperance, Western Australia. In an ancillary experiment, also sited near Esperance on a nitrogen-deficient soil, the responses of three serradella species and two cultivars of subterranean clover to regular applications of nitrogen were measured. Yields of herbage and seed were used to measure the response to the fertilizer treatments. Neither serradella, nor subterranean clover responded to cobalt application. However, in winter, herbage yields of serradella were markedly improved by regular applications of fertilizer nitrogen. Yield increases were three- to eight-fold, depending on the species. However, by springtime, there was no herbage response of serradella to fertilizer nitrogen. Seed yields of serradella and yields of subterranean clover at any harvest were unaffected by regular applications of nitrogen. It is concluded that low winter temperatures limit the rate of symbiotic nitrogen fixation for serradella which in turn limits dry matter production.

scholarly journals An experimental workflow identifies nitrogenase proteins ready for expression in plant mitochondria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Okada ◽  
C. M. Gregg ◽  
R. S. Allen ◽  
A. Menon ◽  
D. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Plant Mitochondria ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Mitochondrial Targeting ◽  
Targeting Peptide ◽  
Nif Proteins

AbstractIndustrial nitrogen fertilizer is intrinsic to modern agriculture yet expensive and environmentally harmful. We aim to reconstitute bacterial nitrogenase function within plant mitochondria to reduce nitrogen fertilizer usage. Many nitrogen fixation (Nif) proteins are required for biosynthesis and function of the mature nitrogenase enzyme, and these will need to be correctly processed and soluble within mitochondria as a pre-requisite for function. Here we present our workflow that assessed processing, solubility and relative abundance of 16 Klebsiella oxytoca Nif proteins targeted to the plant mitochondrial matrix using an Arabidopsis mitochondrial targeting peptide (MTP). The functional consequence of the N-terminal modifications required for mitochondrial targeting of Nif proteins was tested using bacterial nitrogenase assays. We found that despite the use of the same constitutive promoter and MTP, MTP::Nif processing and relative abundance in plant leaf varied considerably. Assessment of solubility for all MTP::Nif proteins found NifF, M, N, S, U, W, X, Y and Z were soluble, while NifB, E, H, J, K, Q and V were mostly insoluble. Although most Nif proteins tolerated the N-terminal extension as a consequence of mitochondrial processing, this extension in NifM reduced nitrogenase activity to 10% of controls. Using proteomics, we detected a ∼50-fold increase in the abundance of NifM when it contained the N-terminal MTP extension, which may account for this reduction seen in nitrogenase activity. Based on plant mitochondrial processing and solubility, and retention of function in a bacterial assay, our workflow has identified that NifF, N, S, U, W, Y and Z satisfied all these criteria. Future work can now focus on improving these parameters for the remaining Nif components to assemble a complete set of plant-ready Nif proteins for reconstituting nitrogen fixation in plant mitochondria.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Rate and Method of Seeding on Grass Seed Yields in Pennsylvania 1

1955 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderic E. Duller ◽  
J. S. Bubar ◽  
H. R. Fortmann ◽  
H. L. Carnahan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

scholarly journals High Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Morpho-Physiological Responses, Yield, and Water Productivity of Lowland Rice under Deficit Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Nasr M. Abdou ◽  
Mohamed A. Abdel-Razek ◽  
Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed ◽  
Wael M. Semida ◽  
Ahmed A. A. Leilah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers

Sustainability of rice production under flooding conditions has been challenged by water shortage and food demand. Applying higher nitrogen fertilization could be a practical solution to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during the summer of 2017 and 2018 seasons. These trials were conducted as split-split based on randomized complete blocks design with soil moisture regimes at three levels (120, 100 and 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), nitrogen fertilizers at two levels (N1—165 and N2—200 kg N ha−1) and three lowland Egyptian rice varieties [V1 (Giza178), V2 (Giza177) and V3 (Sakha104)] using three replications. For all varieties, growth (plant height, tillers No, effective tillers no), water status ((relative water content RWC, and membrane stability index, MSI), physiological responses (chlorophyll fluorescence, Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield were significantly increased with higher addition of nitrogen fertilizer under all water regimes. Variety V1 produced the highest grain yield compared to other varieties and the increases were 38% and 15% compared with V2 and V3, respectively. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha−1 (N2) resulted in an increase in grain and straw yields by 12.7 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with N1. The highest irrigation water productivity (IWP) was recorded under I2 (0.89 kg m−3) compared to (0.83 kg m−3) and (0.82 kg m−3) for I1 and I3, respectively. Therefore, the new applied agro-management practice (deficit irrigation and higher nitrogen fertilizer) effectively saved irrigation water input by 50–60% when compared with the traditional cultivation method (flooding system). Hence, the new proposed innovative method for rice cultivation could be a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of rice production under water shortage conditions.

Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high-temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotypes at two moisture levels in calcareous soil

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai ◽  
V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Rhizobium Strains

SUMMARYRhizobium strains adapted to high temperature, and genotypes of green gram, were used to study the symbiotic N2-fixation in a summer season at two moisture levels in calcareous soil. Different interactions between strains and genotypes were observedatthe two moisture levels. At both moisture levels, strain S4 with the green gram genotype S8 showed the greatest grain yield, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin and ethanolsoluble carbohydrate of nodules.

High-temperature-adaptedAzospirillum brasilensestrains: growth and interaction response on associative nitrogen fixation, mineral uptake and yield of cheena (Panicum miliaceumL.) genotypes in calcareous soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Associative Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

SummaryHigh-temperature-adapted strains RAU 1, RAU 2 and RAU 3 ofAzospirillum brasilenseC 7 were isolated from stepwise transfer to higher temperature (30 to 42 °C). One of the strains (RAU 1) showed more growth, greater nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities at 30 and 42 °C than parental and other temperature-adapted strains. This strain also showed growth and more nitrogenase activity from pH 6·5 to 8·0. Strain RAU 1 showed cross-resistance to penicillin (300/µg/ml) but not to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin and polymixin B at 30 and 42 °C. It was demonstrated in field plots in calcareous soil that seed inoculation with RAU 1 enhanced mineral uptake of cheena. Inoculation with RAU 1 led to a significant increase in associative nitrogen fixation, dry weight of roots, grain and straw yield of cheena compared with the uninoculated control with or without applied N, but the effect of seed inoculation with high-temperature-adapted strains was variable with different genotypes of cheena.

Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Wood ◽  
R. V. Klucas ◽  
R. C. Shearman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Acetylene Reducing Activity

Turfs of 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass reestablished in the greenhouse and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W6) showed significantly increased nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) compared with control turfs. Mean ethylene production rates per pot were 368 nmol h−1 for K. pneumoniae treated turfs, 55 nmol h−1 for heat-killed K. pneumoniae treated turfs, and 44 nmol h−1 for untreated turfs. Calculated lag periods before activity was observed were generally very short (less than 1 h).When 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass was grown from seed on soil-less medium of Turface, a fired aggregate clay, inoculation with K. pneumoniae (W6) resulted in 9 of 11 turfs showing nitrogenase activity (mean ethylene producion rate per pot was 195 nmol h−1). Only 3 of 11 turfs treated with heat-killed K. pneumoniae showed any activity and their mean rate of ethylene production (40 nmol h−1 per pot) was significantly lower than that for turfs treated with K. pneumoniae.Using the 'Park'–Turface soil-less model system it was shown that acetylene reducing activity was (i) root associated, (ii) generally highest at a depth of 1–4 cm below the surface, (iii) enhanced by washing excised roots, and (iv) inhibited by surface sterilization of excised roots. Klebsiella pneumoniae was recovered from Turface and roots showing acetylene reducing activity.

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