STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF WILD OATS. II. GROWTH.

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. SHARMA ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN ◽  
D. K. MCBEATH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wild Oats

Dry matter accumulation by wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in a growth cabinet, after an initial lag period, took place rapidly until 8 wk after emergence. Plant height and the number of leaves per plant increased at a nearly linear rate until 6 wk after emergence. Tillering occurred mainly during the period 2–4 wk after emergence. Low light intensity and short photoperiod severely restricted growth, and delayed heading and maturity. Plants grew best at day–night temperatures of 20–12 C, though initial growth was faster at higher temperature (28–20 C). In a black loam soil, plants responded to added nitrogen and phosphorus only under high light intensity. Both soil moisture and soil pH greatly influenced the growth of wild oats. Greatest dry matter accumulation was attained when soil pH was 7.5 or 8.5 and soil moisture was maintained above 75% field capacity. Hull color of the seed had no effect on the growth of wild oat plants. Plants produced from large seeds had higher dry weights than plants produced from small seeds. Implications of these findings for the control of wild oats are discussed.

Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: III. Competition in maize and its practical implications for forage maize production

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Early Stages

SUMMARYCompetition among maize plants in the vegetative stage of growth was postponed by application of nitrogen to the seed bed and by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity. The amount of available nitrogen was a critical factor in determining the effect of the competitive balance between nitrogen and light on maize yield. The supply of either affected the capacity of the crop to utilize the other, but ultimately light became the dominant factor.Soil moisture deficits of up to 1.0 in from field capacity, in the early stages of vegetative growth, did not reduce dry-matter accumulation and uptake of nitrogen, but in the absence of weed competition and post-planting cultivation soil moisture losses in the early stages of crop growth may be small.In 1966, maize responded quicker to surface applied than to deep-placed nitrogen and utilized the surface applied nitrogen for dry-matter accumulation more effectively.Provided that there was initially an adequate supply of nitrogen in the seed bed, there appeared to be no advantage to total yield from application of nitrogen top dressings to maize. In the West Midlands, under conditions of adequate nutrient and soil moisture supply, the optimum plant population for commercial production of forage maize was about 40000 per acre.

Effects of partial rootzone drying and rootstock vigour on dry matter partitioning of apple trees (Malus domesticacvar Pink Lady)

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LO BIANCO ◽  
G. TALLUTO ◽  
V. FARINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
Conventional Irrigation

SUMMARYThe effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and rootstock vigour on dry matter accumulation and partitioning among leaves, shoots, fruits, frame and roots of apple trees (Malus domesticaBorkh. cvar Pink Lady) were investigated in 2005 near Caltavuturo, in Sicily. In a first field trial, trees on MM.106 rootstock were subjected to: conventional irrigation (CI), maintaining soil moisture above 0·80 of field capacity; PRD irrigation, where alternating sides of the rootzone received 0·50 of the CI irrigation water; and continuous deficit irrigation (DI), where 0·50 of the CI water was equally applied to both sides of the rootzone. In a second trial, trees on M.9 or MM.106 were subjected to CI and PRD irrigation. In trial 1, dry matter accumulation was markedly reduced by DI irrigation and to a lesser extent by PRD; PRD trees partitioned 20% less to leaves, 31% less to fruits and 24% more to woody components than CI trees; DI trees partitioned 14% less to current shoots and 18% more to fruits than CI and had the highest fruit:leaf ratio. In trial 2, there was no interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatments. MM.106 induced greater leaf, shoot, frame and root dry weights (DWs) than M.9, resulting in more vegetative growth and larger trees. PRD reduced leaf, shoot, frame and fruit DWs, while root DWs were similar to CI, and thus PRD trees were 18% smaller than CI trees. Neither rootstock nor irrigation affected dry matter partitioning among organs or root:canopy ratio, whereas PRD trees or trees on MM.106 showed better water use efficiency than CI and M.9, respectively. The results show that PRD trees did not activate drought tolerance strategies in terms of dry matter allocation that could improve acquisition of water resources, regardless of rootstock. PRD irrigation increased above-ground dry matter partitioning towards woody components at the expense of leaves and fruits.

Growth of Amaranthus Hybridus (African Spinach) under diffferent Daylight Intensities in the Dry Season in Southern Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. O. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Reduced Light

SummaryThe growth of Amaranthus hybridus under different daylight intensities was assessed in terms of physical, morphological and biochemical parameters. Maximum growth in many respects was achieved at about 70% of full daylight. However, full daylight favoured chlorophyll stability and maximum accumulation of total dry matter, carbohydrate, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. The leaf area ratio increased uniformly with decrease in light intensity. Ageing was accelerated by full daylight. Reduced light intensity reduced dry matter accumulation in the roots more than in the stems or leaves.

Water-Fertilizer Coupling Effects and Efficient Utilization under Peanut-Millet Interplanting Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this study, the results showed that water is the most important factor to affect crop yields and optimum soil moisture is lower under the conditions of peanut-and-millet interplanting. Thus, peanut-and-millet interplanting is generally able to fit most of the semi-arid region. In the interaction of various factors, the coupling effect of water and phosphorus was stronger than the coupling effect of fertilizers, following by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. Among peanuts factors of water, nitrogen, and multi-factorial interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, water and nitrogen showed a negative effect, whereas the two-factor interactions had a positive effect. There were some differences between peanut and millet in the need for water and fertilizer, in which peanut required more nitrogen and millet needed slightly higher soil moisture and phosphorus. When other factors were in rich level, both of the optimal value for single factors of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the optimal value for two-factor interactions of water-nitrogen, water-phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus, were higher than the optimal value for the interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The tiny demand difference on moisture in peanut-millet interplanting could be compromised by configuring a reasonable interplanting population structure and the corresponding demand difference on fertilizer could be resolved by uneven crop planting strips. Under the condition of water-nitrogen-phosphorus interaction, the soil moisture content optimal for peanut accounted for 57.3% of the field capacity, and the related appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.98 g/pot (81.18 kg/hm2) and 0.39g/pot (32.18 kg/hm2), respectively. Likewise, the soil moisture content optimal for millet was 59.1% of the field capacity, and the counterpart appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.57 g/pot (47.03 kg/hm2) and 0.45g / pot (37.13 kg/hm2), respectively.

scholarly journals ÁGUA SALINA E SUBSTRATOS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MELOEIRO

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ângela Casimiro Lopes ◽  
Rafael Vitor da Silveira Muniz ◽  
Samara Sibelle Vieira Alves ◽  
Aline Costa Ferreira ◽  
Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

ÁGUA SALINA E SUBSTRATOS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MELOEIRO   MARIA ÂNGELA CASIMIRO LOPES1; RAFAEL VITOR DA SILVEIRA MUNIZ1; SAMARA SIBELLE VIEIRA ALVES2; ALINE COSTA FERREIRA1; FRANCISCO VANIES DA SILVA SÁ3 E LUDERLÂNDIO DE ANDRADE SILVA3 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Pombal, PB, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural do Pernambuco, UFRPE, Garanhuns, PE, Brasil, [email protected] Centro de Ciências e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected]  1 RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar a produção de mudas de meloeiro em função de diferentes substratos irrigados com água salina. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação no município de Pombal, Paraíba PB, no período de abril a maio de 2015. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 2 constituído de quatro níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5 dS m-1) e três substratos [S1= solo; S2= solo + composto orgânico (2:1); e S3 = solo + esterco bovino (2:1)], e duas variedades de melão (V1= Melão Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho; V2= Hales Best Jumbo), com quatro repetições e três plantas úteis por repetição. As plantas foram conduzidas em recipientes com capacidade de 0,5 dm3 durante 32 dias após a semeadura, quando foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento e acúmulo de matéria seca. O crescimento e o acúmulo de matéria seca de ambas as variedades foram reduzidos com o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação. O crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca da variedade Hales Best Jumbo no substrato constituído de solo com composto orgânico foi menos afetado pelo estresse salino. A variedade Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho é a mais sensível ao estresse salino independente do substrato utilizado. Palavras-chave: Cucumis melo L.; estresse salino, composto orgânico.  LOPES, M. A. C.; MUNIZ, R. V. S.; ALVES, S. S. V.; FERREIRA, A. C.; SÁ, F. V. S.; ANDRADE SILVA, L. A.SALINE WATER AND SUBSTRATES ON INITIAL GROWTH IN MELON  2 ABSTRACT The aim was to study the production of melon seedlings for different substrates irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the city of Pombal, Paraíba, PB, in the period April-May 2015. We adopted a completely randomized design in a factorial 4 x 3 x 2 design, consisting of four levels of irrigation water salinity (0.3, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dS m-1) and three substrates [S1= ground; S2= soil + organic compound (2:1); and S3= soil + manure (2:1)] , and two varieties of melon (V1 = Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho; V2 = Hales Best Jumbo), with four replications and three plants per repetition. Plants were kept in containers with a capacity of 0.5 dm3 for 32 days after sowing, when they were evaluated for growth and accumulation of dry matter. Growth and dry matter accumulation of both varieties were reduced with increasing irrigation water salinity. The growth and accumulation of dry mass of the Hales Best Jumbo variety in the substrate composed of soil with organic compost was less affected by salt stress. The Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho variety is the most sensitive to salt stress regardless of the substrate used. Keywords: Cucumis melo L., salt stress, organic compound

scholarly journals Changes in Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Lycium barbarum Fruits from Three Typical Growing Areas of China as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Liang ◽  
Yuekun Li ◽  
Yunfang Fan ◽  
Yanlong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Widely Targeted Metabolomics

This study aimed at assessing the climatic factors influencing the wolfberry fruit morphology, and the composition of its nutritious metabolites. The cultivar Ningqi1, widely grown in Northwest China was collected from three typical ecological growing counties with contrasting climatic conditions: Ningxia Zhongning (NF), Xinjiang Jinghe (XF) and Qinghai Nomuhong (QF). During the ripening period, 45 fruits from different plantations at each location were sampled. A total of 393 metabolites were detected in all samples through the widely targeted metabolomics approach and grouped into 19 known classes. Fruits from QF were the biggest followed by those from XF and NF. The altitude, relative humidity and light intensity had negative and strong correlations with most of the metabolites, suggesting that growing wolfberry in very high altitudes and under high light intensity is detrimental for the fruit nutritional quality. Soil moisture content is highly and negatively correlated with vitamins, organic acids and carbohydrates while moderately and positively correlated with other classes of metabolites. In contrast, air and soil temperatures exhibited positive correlation with majority of the metabolites. Overall, our results suggest high soil and air temperatures, low altitude and light intensity and moderate soil moisture, as the suitable conditions to produce Lycium fruits with high content of nutritious metabolites.

VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Long ◽  
H. Eiszner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Deep Soil

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.

Environmental pH influences growth and tissue chemistry of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria americana

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Grisé ◽  
John E. Titus ◽  
Daniel J. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Vallisneria Americana ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tissue Calcium ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen ◽  
Freshwater Macrophyte ◽  
Phosphorus Levels ◽  
Tissue Chemistry

Wild celery (Vallisneria americana, Hydrocharitaceae) is a common submersed freshwater macrophyte rarely reported from lakes with pH below 6. Plants grown in a greenhouse on a uniform sediment within pH-controlled tanks all survived 60 days at pH 5 but showed reduced dry matter accumulation (by 76%), leaf area (by 79%), and rosette and winter bud production (by 44 and 63%, respectively) compared with plants grown at pH 7.5. The sensitivity of this plant to only moderate acidity did not differ for plants in water acidified to pH 5 by a combination of H2SO4 and HNO3 or by HCl, indicating that the former acids exerted no fertilizing effects to counter the detrimental influence of acidification. Tissue nitrogen and phosphorus levels were well above the critical concentrations previously reported for this species. Tissue calcium and manganese concentrations showed no clear relationship to treatment pH. Both aluminum and iron levels in tissues were twofold to threefold higher for the smaller plants grown at pH 5 (means of 1970 and 3090 μg/g, respectively), suggesting that metal toxicity may have caused growth reduction at low pH.

Environmental Effects on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Epicuticular Wax Deposition and Herbicide Absorption

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hatterman-Valenti ◽  
A. Pitty ◽  
M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
High Light ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Stress Regime

Controlled environment experiments showed that velvetleaf plants grown under drought stress or low temperature (LT) treatments had greater leaf epicuticular wax (ECW) deposition compared to plants grown in soil with moisture at field capacity (FC) or a high temperature (HT) regime. Light intensity did not affect ECW deposition; however, increasing light intensity decreased the leaf ECW ester content and increased the secondary alcohol content. Plants grown at an LT regime or under FC had leaf ECW with fewer hydrocarbons and more esters than those grown at an HT or drought stress regime. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen increased as light intensity decreased for plants grown in adequate soil water content, while the opposite was true for drought-stressed plants. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was approximately 3 and 10 times greater, respectively, with the addition of 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) in comparison to crop oil concentrate (COC) or no adjuvant, regardless of the environmental treatments. Plants absorbed more acifluorfen when subjected to the LT regime in comparison to the HT regime when UAN was the adjuvant, while the opposite was true when COC was the adjuvant. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was not affected by drought stress when COC or no adjuvant was used and varied between studies when UAN was used. Velvetleaf absorption of bentazon was greatest for plants grown under HT/FC or high light/FC treatments and least with plants grown under HT/drought stress or low light/drought stress treatments, regardless of the adjuvant. However, bentazon absorption was higher with the addition of an adjuvant and for plants grown at a high light intensity or FC condition compared with medium to low light intensity or drought stress treatments.

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