THE ROLE OF TRITICUM CARTHLICUM IN THE ORIGIN OF BREAD WHEAT BASED ON COMPARATIVE MILLING AND BAKING PROPERTIES

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. KERBER ◽  
V. M. BENDELOW
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Wheat Hybrid ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids

To determine whether Triticum carthlicum Nevski (2n = 28 = AABB) could have been the donor of the AABB tetraploid component to hexaploid wheat (2n = 42 = AABBDD), several milling and baking properties of this tetraploid were compared with those of Tetra Canthatch, the AABB tetraploid extracted from the high quality bread wheat cv. Canthatch. The same comparisons were also made between synthetic hexaploids produced from T. carthlicum and Aegilops squarrosa L. (2n = 14 = DD) and synthetics produced from Tetra Canthatch and the same strains of Ae. squarrosa. Overall, the milling and baking properties of T. carthlicum were similar to those of Tetra Canthatch. The range of variability of each quality characteristic among synthetic hexpaloids derived from T. carthlicum was similar to that among those produced from Tetra Canthatch. These comparative results indicate that T. carthlicum adequately substitutes for Tetra Canthatch with respect to the milling and baking properties evaluated in this study. Consequently, from this standpoint, T. carthlicum cannot be rejected as a possible source of the AABB component of common bread wheat, nor does the evidence exclude the hypothesis that this tetraploid is merely a segregate from a common hexaploid wheat — tetraploid wheat hybrid.

THE ROLE OF TRITICUM CARTHLICUM IN THE ORIGIN OF BREAD WHEAT BASED ON GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. BUSHUK ◽  
E. R. KERBER
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids ◽  
Genotypic Characteristic

Gliadin electrophoregrams (a genotypic characteristic) of five strains of Triticum carthlicum (2n − 28 = AABB) were compared with those of Tetra Canthatch, the AABB component extracted from Canthatch (2n = 42 = AABBDD) common bread wheat and T. durum cv. Stewart to determine if T. carthlicum could have been the donor of the AABB component of hexaploid wheat. Similar comparisons were made among electrophoregrams of synthetic hexaploids (2n = 42 = AABBDD) produced from T. carthlicum and Aegilops squarrosa (2n = 14 = DD) and Tetra Canthatch and the same strains of Ae. Squarrosa. The five strains of T. carthlicum could be classified into two distinct groups on the basis of the electrophoregrams. One was more like that of Tetra Canthatch than the other. Synthetic hexaploids derived from one of three strains of Ae. squarrosa (strangulata varietal group) investigated, produced electrophoregrams similar to those of the natural hexaploid cultivars. The electrophoregrams of six synthetic hexaploids from three strains of Ae. squarrosa and Tetra Canthatch, and three strains of T. carthlicum did not have any bands not present in the diploid and tetraploid parents. On the basis of the gliadin electrophoregrams of three of the T. carthlicum strains examined and the synthetic hexaploids produced from them, T. carthlicum cannot be excluded as a possible progenitor of the AABB component of common hexaploid wheat.

scholarly journals Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Zheng ◽  
Jingchen Lin ◽  
Xingbei Liu ◽  
Wei Chu ◽  
Jinpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Signal Specificity ◽  
H3 Acetylation

Abstract Polyploidy occurs prevalently and plays an important role during plant speciation and evolution. This phenomenon suggests polyploidy could develop novel features that enable them to adapt wider range of environmental conditions compared with diploid progenitors. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., BBAADD) is a typical allohexaploid species and generally exhibits greater salt tolerance than its tetraploid wheat progenitor (BBAA). However, little is known about the underlying molecular basis and the regulatory pathway of this trait. Here, we show that the histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Salinity-induced TaHAG1 expression was associated with tolerance variation in polyploidy wheat. Overexpression, silencing and CRISPR-mediated knockout of TaHAG1 validated the role of TaHAG1 in salinity tolerance of wheat. TaHAG1 contributed to salt tolerance by modulating ROS production and signal specificity. Moreover, TaHAG1 directly targeted a subset of genes that are responsible for hydrogen peroxide production, and enrichment of TaHAG1 triggered increased H3 acetylation and transcriptional upregulation of these loci under salt stress. In addition, we found the salinity-induced TaHAG1-mediated ROS production pathway is involved in salt tolerance difference of wheat accessions with varying ploidy. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of how an epigenetic regulatory factor facilitates adaptability of polyploidy wheat and highlights this epigenetic modulator as a strategy for salt tolerance breeding in bread wheat.

ORIGIN OF THE FREE THRESHING CHARACTER IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Kerber ◽  
G. G. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Common Wheat Cultivar ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa ◽  
Chromosome 5A ◽  
The Common ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids ◽  
Free Threshing

All 15 hexaploid wheats (2n = 42 = AABBDD) synthesized from various combinations of nine tetraploid wheats (2n = 28 = AABB) and seven forms of Aegilops squarrosa L. (2n = 14 = DD) were non-free-threshing, regardless of the presence or absence of the Q factor. Monosomic and telosomic analysis of synthetic hexaploids RL 5404 and RL 5406, produced from crosses of Tetra Canthatch (the AABB component extracted from the common wheat cultivar Canthatch) with two forms of Ae. squarrosa, revealed the presence of a partially dominant gene for tenacious glumes, Tg, on chromosome 2Dα. This gene, derived from the squarrosa parent, inhibited the expression of Q located on chromosome 5A. The recessive allele tg as well as Q must be present for the expression of the free-threshing character in hexaploid wheat. On the assumption that Ae. squarrosa of the past possessed Tg, as apparently do all extant forms, it is hypothesized that the primitive hexaploid progenitor of free-threshing hexaploid wheat also carried this gene and, therefore, was non-free-threshing. The mutation from Tg to tg is presumed to have occurred at the hexaploid level.

EFFECTS OF THE D GENOME ON MILLING AND BAKING PROPERTIES OF WHEAT

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Kerber ◽  
K. H. Tipples
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Quality ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa ◽  
The Common ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids ◽  
Baking Performance

The common hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell. ssp. vulgare MacKey cv. Canthatch (2n = 42 = AABBDD), the tetraploid component (2n = 28 = AABB) extracted from it, Triticum durum Desf., cv. Stewart 63 (2n = 28 = AABB) and five synthetic hexaploids (2n = 42 = AABBDD) produced by combining the extracted tetraploid with Aegilops squarrosa (2n = 14 = DD) were tested for several milling and baking properties. Compared with Canthatch, a bread wheat of high quality, the extracted tetraploid had extremely poor baking characteristics; it was very similar to Stewart 63. The baking performance of the synthetic hexaploids was much superior to that of the extracted tetraploid but considerably inferior to that of Canthatch. The results substantiated the supposition that the D genome derived from Ae. squarrosa has contributed the desirable milling and baking properties which distinguish hexaploid bread wheats from those of the tetraploid group.

Making Movies and Community of Talent

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Hirasawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shop Floor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Staff Members

Staff members at a movie company Daiei, known for presumably the world’s best film technology, continued to produce movies for several months even after the company went bankrupt. It was because they desired to make outstanding films. A director can create a high-quality film by combining the skills and ideas of such staff. Akira Kurosawa named the group that could produce excellent works the “Community of Talents”. By using research on a community as a clue, this paper aims to highlight how the “Community of Talents” is organized. First I point out that a “Community of Talents” is formulated primarily by the labor of the staff based on Kumazawa’s “Community on the Shop Floor”. The paper subsequently refers to research by Heinrich Nicklish, a representative researcher on the study of community in Germany, in an attempt to verify that the community is a group of people established on functions. Lastly, the paper explores Guido Fisher’s research to reveal the role of democratic leadership centered on the director who transforms the objectified staff in the organization into an independently-minded presence and help them prove their abilities. The paper continues to emphasize the significance of leadership in the formation of the “Community of Talents”.

When Do Auditors Use Specialists' Work to Improve Problem Representations of and Judgments about Complex Estimates?

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Audit ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Epistemic Motivation ◽  
Specific Expertise ◽  
Problem Representations

ABSTRACT Auditors are more likely to identify misstatements in complex estimates if they recognize problematic patterns among an estimate's underlying assumptions. Rich problem representations aid pattern recognition, but auditors likely have difficulty developing them given auditors' limited domain-specific expertise in this area. In two experiments, I predict and find that a relational cue in a specialist's work highlighting aggressive assumptions improves auditors' problem representations and subsequent judgments about estimates. However, this improvement only occurs when a situational factor (e.g., risk) increases auditors' epistemic motivation to incorporate the cue into their problem representations. These results suggest that auditors do not always respond to cues in specialists' work. More generally, this study highlights the role of situational factors in increasing auditors' epistemic motivation to develop rich problem representations, which contribute to high-quality audit judgments in this and other domains where pattern recognition is important.

scholarly journals Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Katrin Kuhlmann ◽  
Bhramar Dey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Regulatory Flexibility

Seed rules and regulations determine who can produce and sell seeds, which varieties will be available in the market, the quality of seed for sale, and where seed can be bought and sold. The legal and regulatory environment for seed impacts all stakeholders, including those in the informal sector, through shaping who can participate in the market and the quality and diversity of seed available. This paper addresses a gap in the current literature regarding the role of law and regulation in linking the informal and formal seed sectors and creating more inclusive and better governed seed systems. Drawing upon insights from the literature, global case studies, key expert consultations, and a methodology on the design and implementation of law and regulation, we present a framework that evaluates how regulatory flexibility can be built into seed systems to address farmers’ needs and engage stakeholders of all sizes. Our study focuses on two key dimensions: extending market frontiers and liberalizing seed quality control mechanisms. We find that flexible regulatory approaches and practices play a central role in building bridges between formal and informal seed systems, guaranteeing quality seed in the market, and encouraging market entry for high-quality traditional and farmer-preferred varieties.

scholarly journals Determining the influence of intervention characteristics on implementation success requires reliable and valid measures: Results from a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 263348952199419
Author(s):  
Cara C Lewis ◽  
Kayne Mettert ◽  
Aaron R Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Measure Development ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Evidence Strength

Background: Despite their inclusion in Rogers’ seminal diffusion of innovations theory, few implementation studies empirically evaluate the role of intervention characteristics. Now, with growing evidence on the role of adaptation in implementation, high-quality measures of characteristics such as adaptability, trialability, and complexity are needed. Only two systematic reviews of implementation measures captured those related to the intervention or innovation and their assessment of psychometric properties was limited. This manuscript reports on the results of eight systematic reviews of measures of intervention characteristics with nuanced data regarding a broad range of psychometric properties. Methods: The systematic review proceeded in three phases. Phase I, data collection, involved search string generation, title and abstract screening, full text review, construct assignment, and citation searches. Phase II, data extraction, involved coding psychometric information. Phase III, data analysis, involved two trained specialists independently rating each measure using PAPERS (Psychometric And Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scales). Results: Searches identified 16 measures or scales: zero for intervention source, one for evidence strength and quality, nine for relative advantage, five for adaptability, six for trialability, nine for complexity, and two for design quality and packaging. Information about internal consistency and norms was available for most measures, whereas information about other psychometric properties was most often not available. Ratings for psychometric properties fell in the range of “poor” to “good.” Conclusion: The results of this review confirm that few implementation scholars are examining the role of intervention characteristics in behavioral health studies. Significant work is needed to both develop new measures (e.g., for intervention source) and build psychometric evidence for existing measures in this forgotten domain. Plain Language Summary Intervention characteristics have long been perceived as critical factors that directly influence the rate of adopting an innovation. It remains unclear the extent to which intervention characteristics including relative advantage, complexity, trialability, intervention source, design quality and packaging, evidence strength and quality, adaptability, and cost impact implementation of evidence-based practices in behavioral health settings. To unpack the differential influence of these factors, high quality measures are needed. Systematic reviews can identify measures and synthesize the data regarding their quality to identify gaps in the field and inform measure development and testing efforts. Two previous reviews identified measures of intervention characteristics, but they did not provide information about the extent of the existing evidence nor did they evaluate the host of evidence available for identified measures. This manuscript summarizes the results of nine systematic reviews (i.e., one for each of the factors listed above) for which 16 unique measures or scales were identified. The nuanced findings will help direct measure development work in this forgotten domain.

scholarly journals Lyell, the Geikies and Croll's observations on terrestrial glacial sediments and landforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
James ROSE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Glacial Landforms

ABSTRACT Within the context of the work and achievements of James Croll, this paper reviews the records of direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments made by Charles Lyell, Archibald and James Geikie and James Croll himself, in order to evaluate their contributions to the sciences of glacial geology and Quaternary environmental change. The paper outlines the social and physical environment of Croll's youth and contrasts this with the status and experiences of Lyell and the Geikies. It also outlines the character and role of the ‘Glasgow School’ of geologists, who stimulated Croll's interest into the causes of climate change and directed his focus to the glacial and ‘interglacial’ deposits of central Scotland. Contributions are outlined in chronological order, drawing attention to: (i) Lyell's high-quality observations and interpretations of glacial features in Glen Clova and Strathmore and his subsequent rejection of the glacial theory in favour of processes attributed to floating icebergs; (ii) the significant impact of Archibald Geikie's 1863 paper on the ‘glacial drift of Scotland’, which firmly established the land-ice theory; (iii) the fact that, despite James Croll's inherent dislike of geology and fieldwork, he provided high-quality descriptions and interpretations of the landforms and sediments of central Scotland in order to test his theory of climate change; and (iv) the great communication skills of James Geikie, enhanced by contacts and evidence from around the world. It is concluded that whilst direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments were critical to the long-term development of the study of glaciation, the acceptance of this theory was dependent also upon the skills, personality and status of the Geikies and Croll, who developed and promoted the concepts. Sadly, the subsequent rejection of the land-ice concept by Lyell resulted in the same factors challenging the acceptance of the glacial theory.

scholarly journals Role of Dietary Habits in the Prevention of Diverticular Disease Complications: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1288
Author(s):  
Marilia Carabotti ◽  
Francesca Falangone ◽  
Rosario Cuomo ◽  
Bruno Annibale
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Diverticular Disease ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Diverticular Bleeding ◽  
Recurrent Diverticulitis ◽  
Increased Risk

Recent evidence showed that dietary habits play a role as risk factors for the development of diverticular complications. This systematic review aims to assess the effect of dietary habits in the prevention of diverticula complications (i.e., acute diverticulitis and diverticula bleeding) in patients with diverticula disease. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to 19 January 2021, 330 records were identified, and 8 articles met the eligibility criteria and were subjected to data extraction. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment form. No study meets the criteria for being a high-quality study. A high intake of fiber was associated to a decreased risk of diverticulitis or hospitalization due to diverticular disease, with a protective effect for fruits and cereal fiber, but not for vegetable fiber; whereas, a high red meat consumption and a generally Western dietary pattern were associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis. Alcohol use seemed to be associated to diverticular bleeding, but not to recurrent diverticulitis or diverticular complications. Further high-quality studies are needed to better define these associations. It is mandatory to ascertain the role of dietary habits for the development of recurrent acute diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding.

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