EFFECTS OF CERTAIN NEMATICIDES ON SOIL NITROGEN, SOIL NITRIFIERS, AND POPULATIONS OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. ELLIOT ◽  
C. F. MARKS ◽  
C. M. TU
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Untreated Soil

Field experiments were conducted in 1973 and 1974 on Fox loamy sand to study the effects of Telone (1,3-dichloropropene and related C3 hydrocarbons), Telone C (1,3-dichloropropene and related C3 hydrocarbons 85%, and chloropicrin 15%), Vorlex (1,3-dichloropropene and related C3 hydrocarbons 80%, and methyl isothiocyanate 20%), and the non-fumigant nematicide oxamyl (methyl N′,N′-dimethyl-N-[(methyl-carbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate) on soil nitrifying bacteria, soil nitrogen, and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip, and Stek. 1941 in flue-cured tobacco. Chloropicrin and triazophos (1-phenyl-3-(0-0-diethylthionophosphoryl)-1, 2, 4-triazole), a non-fumigant, were also included in 1974. Soil treated with fumigant nematicides was higher in NH4+-N than untreated soil or soil treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Lower levels of NO3−-N were found in the soil 37 days after fumigation with Telone or Telone C and 28 days with Vorlex. Fumigant nematicides increased total mineralization, (NH4+ + NO3−)-N, of organic nitrogen in the soil; the effect lasted longer with Telone C and chloropicrin. Nitrosomonas spp. were higher in Telone- or Telone C-treated plots at 4 wk after fumigation and higher in all nematicide plots at 8 wk. Nitrobacter spp. were higher with Vorlex and oxamyl than in the check plots at 4, 6, and 8 wk after fumigation. Nematicides reduced the population of P. penetrans in the soil throughout the season in 1973 but control was less consistent in 1974. Oxamyl and triazophos gave good control of nematodes in roots of flue-cured tobacco. All nematicides tested gave an increase in yield of tobacco in 1973 but no significant increases were obtained in 1974.

Distribution of nitrifying bacteria in a shallow stream

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Jancarkova ◽  
Tove A. Larsen ◽  
Willi Gujer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Channel Water ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Major Floods ◽  
Shallow Stream ◽  
Stream Bed

A project investigating the dynamics of self-purification processes in a shallow stream is carried out. Effects of the concentration gradient due to the distance to the pollution source, of hydraulic conditions in the river bed and of storm floods on the distribution of nitrifying bacteria were studied with the help of laboratory and field experiments. Nitrifiers density on the surface of the stream bed increased rapidly up to a distance of 300 m from the WWTP indicating possible competition of the nitrifiers with the heterotrophic bacteria close to the WWTP. Afterwards a slight decrease in the downstream direction was observed. In vertical profiles, higher bacterial densities were found at sites with rapid infiltration of channel water to the stream bed than at sites with no exchange between channel water and stream bed water or where stream bed water exfiltrated. A major flood event scoured the nitrifiers nearly totally from the surface of the river bed. Major floods belong so to the most dominant processes controlling self-purification in shallow streams. Minor floods, however, don't scour bacteria in the depth of the stream bed that could then be important for the self-purification processes.

High-strength nitrogen removal of opto-electronic industrial wastewater in membrane bioreactor - a pilot study

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Chen ◽  
C.H. Ni ◽  
J.N. Chen ◽  
J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
The Past

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has become more and more attractive in the field of wastewater treatment. It is particularly attractive in situations where long solids retention times are required, such as nitrifying bacteria, and physical retention critical to achieving more efficiency for biological degradation of pollutant. Although it is a new technology, the MBR process has been applied for industrial wastewater treatment for only the past decade. The opto-electronic industry, developed very fast over the past decade in the world, is high technology manufacturing. The treatment of the opto-electronic industrial wastewater containing a significant quantity of organic nitrogen compounds with a ratio over 95% in organic nitrogen (Org-N) to total nitrogen (T-N) is very difficult to meet the discharge limits. This research is mainly to discuss the treatment capacity of high-strength organic nitrogen wastewater, and to investigate the capabilities of the MBR process. A 5 m3/day capacity of MBR pilot plant consisted of anoxic, aerobic and membrane bioreactor was installed for evaluation. The operation was continued for 150 days. Over the whole experimental period, a satisfactory organic removal performance was achieved. The COD could be removed with an average of over 94.5%. For TOC and BOD5 items, the average removal efficiencies were 96.3 and 97.6%, respectively. The nitrification and denitrification was also successfully achieved. Furthermore, the effluent did not contain any suspended solids. Only a small concentration of ammonia nitrogen was found in the effluent. The stable effluent quality and satisfactory removal performance mentioned above were ensured by the efficient interception performance of the membrane device incorporated within the biological reactor. The MBR system shows promise as a means of treating very high organic nitrogen wastewater without dilution. The effluent of TKN, NOx-N and COD can fall below 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L and 50 mg/L.

scholarly journals Effect of residual nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on sugar beet production in Finland

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Veikko Brummer ◽  
Erkki Aura
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Residual Nitrogen ◽  
Residual Fertilizer N

Preliminary determinations for NO3- and NH4-N in topsoil from nitrogen field experiments are discussed. The amounts of residual nitrogen as well as the dates and depth for sampling are considerd in order to investigate the need of fertilizer-N for continuous sugar beet. Tops ploughed down as manure increased the available soil nitrogen by about 50 kg/ha. In practice nitrogen from fertilizer and farmyard manure given to previous beet crops seems to accumulate in the beet soils of Finland. The concentrations of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in topsoil were low in the spring of 1972 and 1973. NO3-N increased in topsoil during the early summer, and the highest concentrations were found at the beginning of July. Starting from the middle of July the amount of NH4-N began to increase both in topsoil and in subsoil. With increasing amounts of nitrogen in the topsoil the sugar content decreases continuously. Also the α-amio N content of beets correlates with the soil nitrogen. There is experimental evidence that 150 180 kg/ha nitrate nitrogen in topsoil (residual + fertilizer N) in early July gives the best economic result. The effects of fertilizer and accumulated soil nitrogen on the sugar beet quality together with som other experimental data have been statistically analysed. Regression coefficients indicated that both forms of nitrogen affected the suger content, the α-amino N concentration and clear juice purity, in a similar way.

Estimation of Annual Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Rates using an Organic‐Nitrogen Budget Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Geisseler ◽  
Kenneth S. Miller ◽  
Brenna J. Aegerter ◽  
Nicholas E. Clark ◽  
Eugene M. Miyao
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Budget ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Mineralization

Effects of Rapeseed Meal Soil Amendments on Microsclerotia of Cylindrocladium crotalariae in Naturally-Infested Soil1

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Adamsen ◽  
D. M. Porter ◽  
D. L. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
Metham Sodium

Abstract Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut, caused by Cylindrocladium crotalariae, is most often controlled through the use of metham sodium (Vapam), a commercial soil fumigant. Several plant species, including rape, produce glucosinolates which decompose to form isothiocyanates which are closely related to methyl isothiocyanate the active ingredient of metham sodium. Such plants may be useful in CBR control strategies. This research was conducted to determine the fungicidal effect of the glucosinolate in rapeseed meal on microsclerotia of C. crotalariae. Rapeseed meal containing 13 mmol of glucosinolate kg-1 was added to a soil column 50 mm in diameter and 325 mm long. Meal was either placed at the 150 mm depth or mixed with the top 150 mm of soil. An untreated control and metham sodium at a rate equivalent to 190 L ha-1 injected 150 mm deep were included. Metham sodium was much more effective in reducing microsclerotial populations of C. crotalariae than rapeseed meal. However, the amount of glucosinolate in the metham sodium treatment was three times as great as that found in the rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal treatments usually significantly reduced the number of soilborne microsclerotia when comparisons were made with untreated soil.

DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES FOR GRASSY WEED CONTROL IN RAPESEED

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. P. CHOW
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Five substituted dinitroaniline herbicides applied as preplanting soil incorporation treatments were evaluated in six field experiments in 1971, 1973, and 1974 for controlling green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and for tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L.). In these experiments, A-820 (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroapiline) had the least activity, while dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α,-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) had the greatest activity, and in some tests injured germinating rapeseed, resulting in thinned stands and reduced yield. The activity of fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoro-methyl) aniline] and profluralin [N(cyclopropyl-methyl)-α,α,α-trifluro-2, 6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] was slightly weaker than that of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). All these herbicides gave good control of green foxtail and wild oats. In 1971, due to low populations of green foxtail, good weed control did not give rapeseed yield increases. In 1973, under normal climatic conditions, rapeseed yields were increased significantly when the application of dinitramine, fluchloralin, profluralin, and trifluralin controlled green foxtail and wild oats successfully. In 1974, under drought conditions, good weed control from four dinitroanilines and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] was not reflected in significant yield increases although profluralin gave a significant yield increase in one test. Disc soil incorporation (7.5–10 cm deep) of dinitramine and trifluralin gave slightly better weed control and higher, though not significant, yield increases than harrow soil incorporation (2.5–5 cm deep).

Application of a membrane bioreactor system for opto-electronic industrial wastewater treatment - a pilot study

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Chen ◽  
J.N. Chen ◽  
C.H. Ni ◽  
G.T. Lin ◽  
C.Y. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Industrial Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Past

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has become more and more attractive in the field of wastewater treatment. It is particularly attractive in situations where long solids retention times are required, such as nitrifying bacteria, and physical retention is critical to achieving more efficiency for biological degradation of pollutants. Although it is a new technology, the MBR process has been applied to industrial wastewater treatment for only the past decade. The opto-electronic industry, developed very fast over the past decade in the world, is a high technological manufacturing industry. The treatment of the opto-electronic industrial wastewater containing a significant quantity of organic nitrogen compounds, with a ratio over 95% in organic nitrogen (Org-N) to total nitrogen (T-N), is very difficult to meet the discharge limits. The purpose of this research is mainly to discuss the treatment capacity of high-strength organic nitrogen wastewater, and to investigate the capabilities of the MBR process. A 2 m3/day capacity MBR pilot plant consisting of anoxic and aerobic tanks and a membrane bioreactor was installed for evaluation. The operation was continued for 130 days. Over the whole experimental period, a satisfactory organic removal performance was achieved. The COD could be removed with an average of over 94.5%. For TOC and BOD5, the average removal efficiencies were 96.3 and 97.6%, respectively. The nitrification and denitrification were also successfully achieved. The effluent did not contain any suspended solids. Only a small concentration of ammonia nitrogen was found in the effluent. The stable effluent quality and satisfactory removal performance mentioned above were ensured by the efficient interception performance of the membrane device incorporated within the biological reactor. The MBR system shows promise as a means of treating very high organic nitrogen wastewater without dilution. The effluent of TKN, NOx-N and COD can fall below 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L and 50 mg/L.

Herbicidal Persistence in Soil and its Effect on Purple Nutsedge

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Waters ◽  
D. S. Burgis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Soil Toxicity ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Blue Lake ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Excellent Control

Two field experiments were conducted to determine the soil persistence, crop toxicity, and effectiveness of four herbicides in controlling purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Excellent control of purple nutsedge was obtained with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) and good control was obtained with N-hydroxy-methyl-2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide. Both 3-iert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) and 5-bromo-3-teri-butyl-6-methyluracil were effective in controlling purple nutsedge, but maximum control was not obtained until 9 to 12 months after these chemicals were incorporated in the soil. Toxicity of all chemicals to beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. humilis L., Blue Lake), corn (Zea mays var. rugosa L., Golden Security), summer squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, var. Yellow Crookneck), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., var. Flora-del), and gladiolus (Gladiolus hortulanus Bailey, var. Friendship) increased as the rates were increased and decreased with time after treatment. Infestation of purple nutsedge from escaping tubers increased as the herbicidal persistence decreased.

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