TISSUE SULFUR LEVELS AND ADDITIONAL SULFUR NEEDS FOR VARIOUS CROPS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Cereal Samples ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Sulfur deficiency symptoms in barley (Hordeum distichon L. cv. Volla) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Opal) were related to < 0.12% S in boot stage tissue (BST) and kernels. The BST and kernel S concentrations of > 0.14% in barley and wheat were in the sufficiency range. The S deficiency and sufficiency levels in the three cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) tissue were 0.15–0.23% and > 0.23%, respectively. For cauliflower, tissue S concentrations of < 0.18% and > 0.19%, respectively, were in the deficiency and sufficiency ranges. Rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill. cv. York) plant tissue S concentrations of < 0.10% were in the deficiency range, while > 0.21% were sufficient. Field survey tissue samples of rutabagas and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis L. cv. Snowball Y) were in the S sufficiency range, while most alfalfa and a few cereal samples indicated a slight S deficiency problem. The percent P in the BST and kernels of wheat and barley and alfalfa plant tissues was only slightly affected by S applications. Exceptions to this were the BST of barley from the second crop and plant tissue from third-cut alfalfa where S significantly decreased the P concentration of tissue. With added S, the P concentrations increased considerably in rutabaga tissue on both soils.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF SULFUR ON YIELD AND SULFUR CONCENTRATION OF CEREALS AND FORAGES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
J. A. MacLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Prince Edward Island to determine the effects of various sources of S (Agri-Sul, gypsum, and Urea-Sul) on S concentration of tissue and yields of forages and cereals. Gypsum was effective in increasing the S concentration in plant tissues. Agri-Sul at 10–80 kg S∙ha−1 was generally ineffective in increasing the S concentration of forages and cereals. In the absence of added S (check treatments), the plant tissue S concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) ranged from 0.18 to 0.39 and from 0.14 to 0.27%, respectively. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum distichon L.), the S concentrations varied from 0.12 to 0.26 and from 0.13 to 0.20% in the boot stage tissue and grain, respectively, in the check treatments. In general, the S concentration was higher in the boot stage tissue than in the grain. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds and vegetative material from the check treatments contained 0.19–0.24% and 0.17–0.36% S, respectively. Gypsum or Urea-Sul did not increase the yields of forages or cereals. In one instance Agri-Sul slightly increased the alfalfa yield (5–8.5%), but this was not associated with tissue S increases. Plant tissue S levels as low as 0.12–0.18% appeared to be adequate for barley, wheat, timothy, peas, and alfalfa. Key words: Sources of sulfur, tissue S, yields, cereals, forages

A New Cadmium Reduction Device for the Microplate Determination of Nitrate in Water, Soil, Plant Tissue, and Physiological Fluids

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1896-1905 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Crutchfield ◽  
John H Grove
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Soil Science Society ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
New Device ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Interlaboratory Validation

Abstract A reusable catalytic reductor consisting of 96 copperized-cadmium pins attached to a microplate lid was developed to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO3–) to nitrite (NO2–) in all wells of a standard microplate. The resulting NO2– is analyzed colorimetrically by the Griess reaction using a microplate reader. Nitrate data from groundwater samples analyzed using the new device correlated well with data obtained by ion chromatography (r2 = 0.9959). Soil and plant tissue samples previously analyzed for NO3– in an interlaboratory validation study sponsored by the Soil Science Society of America were also analyzed using the new technique. For the soil sample set, the data are shown to correlate well with the other methods used (r2 = 0.9976). Plant data correlated less well, especially for samples containing low concentrations of NO3–. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, and new techniques to increase the accuracy of the analysis are explored. In addition, a method is presented for analyzing NO3– in physiological fluids (blood serum and urine) after matrix modification with Somogyi's reagent. A protocol for statistical validation of data when analyzing samples with complex matrixes is also established. The simplicity, adaptability, and low cost of the device indicate its potential for widespread application.

Effect of stage of growth and silage additives on whole crop cereal silage nutritive and fermentation characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
T. Jenkin
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Limited Proteolysis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Silage Additives

The efficient production and subsequent utilisation of home-grown forage is seen as the cornerstone of profitability of the dairy industry as it leads to lower unit costs of milk production compared with purchased forage or grain supplements. Cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and triticale (Triticum × Triticosecale) all have the potential to produce high forage dry matter (DM) yields. These forages are not widely grown within dryland Australian dairy systems and there is a paucity of information on both the agronomic requirements and subsequent ensiling and feed-out management under these conditions. The experiment reported in this paper examines the DM yield, nutritive and ensiling characteristics of three small-grain cereals (triticale, wheat and oats) cut at various stages of development and ensiled with or without silage additives. We hypothesised that: (1) delaying harvesting until later stages of growth would result in higher DM yields, but negatively impact on both nutritive and fermentation characteristics of subsequent silages; (2) ensiling wilted material at earlier harvests would improve fermentation characteristics compared with direct ensiled material; and (3) the use of silage additives at all harvests would improve fermentation characteristics of resultant silages compared with untreated silages. Apart from winter oats, the estimated metabolisable energy of forages was highest at the boot stage of growth, declined during anthesis and then rose again during milk and soft-dough stage of growth. The crude protein content of forages declined with maturity, with final values at soft dough below 90 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre content was highest at anthesis and then declined, with lowest values observed at soft dough (497–555 g/kg DM). In the majority of cases silages were well preserved, with direct ensiled material having pH values generally below 4.5 and wilted material below 5.0, with limited proteolysis as assessed by ammonia-N contents in the range of 5–15% of total-N. The production of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid was influenced by wilting and the use of additives. Generally, wilted silages fermented less than the corresponding direct ensiled forages, whereas the use of Sil-All 4 × 4 additive resulted in a lactic acid-dominant fermentation compared with LaSil additive, which resulted in a greater proportion of acetic acid as an end product of fermentation. The findings of the present study highlight the potential of forage cereals to produce high DM yields for whole crop cereal silage. The timing of harvest directly influences nutritive characteristics of forages for ensiling. The use of silage additives can assist in controlling fermentation pathways during ensilage, ensuring the production of silages with fermentation attributes more likely to lead to higher intakes when fed to animals.

scholarly journals Comparing the phosphorus requirements of wheat, lupin, and canola

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
P Content ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Requirements

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.) are the major crop species grown in rotation on the predominantly sandy soils of south-western Australia. Comparisons among the species for yield responses to applied phosphorus (P), effects of applied P on growth rates of shoots, P response efficiency for shoot and grain production, and the pattern for accumulation of P into shoots during growth and into grain at maturity are rare, or are not known, and were quantified in the glasshouse study reported here. Size and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of sown seed were in the order canola < wheat < lupin. Therefore, yield responses to applied P were first observed at ~10 days after sowing (DAS) for canola, ~17 DAS for wheat, and ~60 DAS for lupin. Lupin shoots showed no yield response to applied P at the first harvest at 51 DAS. Otherwise all species showed large yield, P concentration, and P content responses to applied P for all harvests at 51, 78, 87, 101, 121, and 172 DAS. To produce 90% of the maximum grain yield, the relevant data for cropping, lupin required ~67% less P than wheat, canola required ~40% less P than wheat, and canola required ~75% more P than lupin. Growth rates, and P response efficiency, were generally largest for canola, followed by wheat, then lupin. For shoots, P accumulation was in the order lupin > wheat > canola at 51 DAS, canola > wheat > lupin at 78 and 87 DAS, canola > wheat = lupin at 101 DAS, and all 3 species were about similar at 121 DAS. For accumulation of P into shoots plus grain at maturity (172 DAS) the order was canola > lupin > wheat, and for grain only was canola > wheat = lupin.

No-till alfalfa stand termination strategies: Alfalfa control and wheat and barley production

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Unique Problem ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
No Till ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
The Relationship

Crop rotations involving perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) present the unique problem of terminating the alfalfa stand. Intensive tillage currently used to terminate alfalfa increases the risk of soil erosion and reduces many of the rotational benefits from alfalfa. Inadequate alfalfa termination results in severe competition to the following crop by surviving alfalfa plants. Field experiments were conducted in Manitoba between 1991 and 1993 with the following objectives: 1) to investigate no-till vs. tillage management systems for successful alfalfa termination, 2) to compare fall vs. spring alfalfa termination, 3) to compare the performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeded into alfalfa residue, and 4) to determine the relationship between alfalfa escapes and grain yield. Fall termination produced higher grain yields than spring termination, however this advantage was only achieved with the better termination treatments capable of lowering alfalfa regrowth below a critical level. The best herbicide treatment tested here was glyphosate at 1.78 kg a.i. ha−1. Successful treatments would have to reduce residual alfalfa basal crown area (a measure of alfalfa regrowth potential) after cereal grain harvest to below 2%. Alfalfa escapes reduced yield of following wheat and barley crops similarly (P > 0.05). When alfalfa termination treatment method allowed some regrowth, in-crop herbicide treatments significantly reduced alfalfa basal crown area. Results of this study indicate that it is feasible to terminate alfalfa with herbicides in the absence of tillage, however an overall cropping strategy, including adequate consideration of weeds present in alfalfa fields at time of termination, must be considered. Key words: Herbicides, competition, recropping, no-till, alfalfa regrowth, soil conservation, sustainable cropping

Effect of Differential Sulfur Nutrition on the Specific Activity of ATP Sulfurylase in Mature Grain From Five Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Archer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Atp Sulfurylase ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

Wholemeal grists of five wheat cultivars (T. aestivum L.) - Gabo, Olympic, Stockade, Insignia and Summit - grown in sand culture supplied with low (10 �M), medium (375 �M) and high (875 �M) concentrations of sulfur, were analysed for their specific activities of ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4, ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase). Under sulfur deficient conditions, residual activities were significantly higher in Gabo, Olympic and Stockade. Olympic maintained significantly higher activities at both the medium and high sulfur concentrations. All cultivars except Summit showed significantly lower activities when the sulfur deficiency was corrected. The results are discussed in relation to grain yield per plant, yield components, grain N, S, P contents and Pelshenke quality data. Grain yield per plant and ATP sulfurylase activity were positively correlated at all sulfur levels.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Reducing P Fertilizer and Adding Fish Pond Mud Waste on Growth and Yield of Soybean in Peatland

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Erina Riak Asie ◽  
Nyahu Rumbang ◽  
Sih Winarti ◽  
Soaloon Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Sludge Waste

The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of P fertilizer reduction and the addition of fish pond sludge waste on the growth and yield of soybean crop in peatland. Research used Complete Randomized Design factorial with two factors. The first factor was the reduction of P fertilizer from the dose of 150 kg.ha-1 consisting of 4 levels, namely P0: 100% (2.944 g/polybag), P1: 75% (2.208 g/polybag), P2: 50% (1.472 g/polybag), and P3: 25% (0.736 g/polybag). The second factor was the addition of fish pond mud waste (L) from the dose of 15 ton.ha-1 consisting of 4 levels, namely L0: 25% (73.595 g/polybag), L1: 50% (147.19 g/polybag), L2: 75% (220.78 g/polybag), and L3: 100% (294.38 g/polybag). Each treatment combination was replicated 3 times to obtain 48 experimental units. The results showed that (1) fish pond mud waste was effective to reduce the use of P fertilizer, (2) the reduction of P fertilizer up to 50% from recommendation dosage by addition of fish pond sludge waste at 75% dose of 15 ton/ha was the best combination due to providing the best plant growth and the highest P concentration of plant tissue. The highest number of pods and weight of seed obtained in the combination were 60.33 pods/plant and 7.30 g/plant, respectively.

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