RELATIONSHIPS OF POPULATIONS OF TRICHODERMA SPP. IN SOIL TO DISEASE IN MAIZE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. McFADDEN ◽  
J. C. SUTTON
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Glycine Max L

Several isolates of Trichoderma koningii Oud. aggr., T. harzianum Rifai aggr., and T. hamatum (Bon) Bain. aggr., recovered from maize (Zea mays L.) plants or maize field soil, produced first-internode lesions in maize seedlings. Lesions were produced in 70–100% of seedlings grown in soil containing 104 or 105 propagules of T. koningii per gram and in 0–10% of seedlings in soil with 103 propagules. The following selective medium was developed for quantitative recovery of Trichoderma spp. from soil: peptone–dextrose agar, rose bengal (17 mg/liter), streptomycin sulfate (30 mg/liter), and formalin (200 ppm). Numbers of propagules of Trichoderma spp. per gram of field soil cropped with maize under zero tillage or conventional tillage, or with soybeans (Glycine max L.) ranged from 5,300 to 15,600, 350 to 1,650, and 20 to 180, respectively, during the growing season. Populations of Trichoderma spp. in soil of maize microplots in which maize tissues were incorporated were greater than in those without added maize tissues. Emergence of maize seedlings grown in soil amended with maize tissues was 23–52% less than in soil without maize amendments, and many plants were stunted. The stunted plants shed pollen 7–10 days later, and produced 58% less grain than normal-sized plants.

Response of fodder maize to different levels of nitrogen undervarious planting methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Jassal ◽  
Avtar Singh ◽  
J. S. Kang ◽  
Thakar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Planting Method ◽  
Different Levels

The experiment was conducted to find out the planting method and nitrogen level for enhancing the seed yield of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). The treatment comprised of three planting methods as zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and bed planting (BP) and four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 125 and 150 kg N/ha). Successive increase of 25kg N/ ha has significantly increased the seed and stover yield of maize with which significantly higher values of plant height, stover yield and shelling percentage was obtained.

scholarly journals Effect of Inoculum Density of Sclerotium cepivorum on the Ability of Trichoderma koningii to Suppress White Rot of Onion

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Metcalf ◽  
J. J. C. Dennis ◽  
C. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Selective Medium ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Rhizosphere Colonization ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Onion Seed ◽  
Culture Morphology

Amendment of soil with Trichoderma koningii strain Tr5 grown on autoclaved white millet grain provided between 63 and 79% control of white rot of onion when added to soil containing 10, 25, 50, or 100 sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum per kilogram of soil at the time of onion seed sowing. There was no significant difference in the proportion of S. cepivorum infections suppressed among the different sclerotial density treatments. Rhizosphere colonization by T. koningii Tr5 was assessed by incubating onion roots sampled from plants growing in soil with the appropriate density of sclerotia, on a Trichoderma selective medium (Rose bengall-Allisan-streptomycin-Previcur agar) developed for the purpose of the study. Trichoderma spp. isolated were typed by comparison of culture morphology as well as polygalacturonase (PG) (EC 3.2.1.15) and pectinesterase (PE) (EC 3.1.1.11) isozyme profiles to the series of one PG and two PE isozymes known to be produced by T. koningii Tr5. The method was used successfully to assess rhizosphere colonization. Three rates of a millet grain formulation colonized by T. koningii Tr5 were added to soil (1,590, 3,180, and 4,770 kg/ha). At the lowest of these rates, 97% of roots were found to be colonized by isolates which could not be distinguished from T. koningii Tr5, whereas 8% of the roots from nontreated controls were colonized by such isolates. An objective of the study was to determine whether the ability of T. koningii Tr5 to suppress S. cepivorum infections was influenced by increased concentrations of both S. cepivorum sclerotia and T. koningii Tr5-colonized millet grain, and it was found that no further improvements in the percentage of disease suppression were recorded as a result of adding T. koningii Tr5-colonized millet to the soil at more than 1,590 kg/ha at any of the sclerotium concentrations tested.

IMPACT OF WHEAT ESTABLISHMENT METHODS AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WEED FLORA, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF WHEAT IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAN SINGH ◽  
OMBIR SINGH ◽  
ROHITASAV SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Weed Flora

A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar during continuous two years to study the weed flora, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different wheat establishment methods in main plots and seven weed management in sub plots. Phalaris minor was the most dominant weed at 60 DAS contributed 55.0 per cent of total weed population. Melilotusindica was the major non grassy weeds in wheat which contributed 11 per cent to total weed population during respective years. Sowing of wheat with zero tillage significantly reduced the Phalaris minor density as compared to conventionally tilled wheat after transplanted rice, 60 per cent Phalaris minor emerged from 0-3 cm in reduced and conventional tillage where as in zero tillage after transplanted rice there was 55 per cent emergence from 0-3 cm layer.The highest grain yield was obtained in two hand weedings done at 30 and 60 DAS and was at par with Isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1 + Metsulfuron methyl 4 g ha-1 at 30 DAS and Clodinafop – Propargyl 60 g ha-1 at 30 DAS fb. Metsulfuron methyl 4 g ha-1 at 37 DAS. Zero tillage resulted in significantly higher uptake of NPK by wheat plants as compared to conventional tillage, whereas reduced tillage recorded minimum NPK, which was significantly lower over the other treatments of wheat establishment methods.

Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on yield and economics of cotton

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANIL KHIPPAL ◽  
KAMINI KUMARI S. Bhadauria ◽  
JASBIR SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Method Of Planting ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Very High

In Haryana (India) cotton is generally sown with conventional tillage practices witnesses poor germination and plant establishment. Poor plant stand is attributed by burning of emerging plants due to very high temperature at the time of planting, which is further worsen by crust formation due to pre-monsoon showers. Keeping these points in view, an experiment was conducted with farmers' participatory research mode in village Hajwana of Kaithal district. Cotton sown with zero tillage technique resulted in approximately five percent higher yield i.e. 136.3 kg ha-1 over conventional tillage. Mean returns over variable cost of all the three years were 10.8 percent i.e. Rs. 11794 ha-1 more in zero tillage over conventional tillage. Benefit: cost ratio were 3.86, 3.86 and 4.61 in conventional method of planting, bed planting and zero tillage technique, respectively. Zero tillage planting of cotton reduced fuel consumption by 93.4 % and 91.7 % compared to bed planting and conventional planting respectively.

scholarly journals Effects of conservation agriculture on productivity and Economics of maize-wheat based cropping systems in midwestern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
K Pariyar ◽  
A Chaudhary ◽  
P Sapkota ◽  
S Sharma ◽  
CB Rana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Equivalent Yield

The effects of two tillage methods (zero tillage and conventional tillage), two residue managements (residue kept and residue removed) and two levels of cropping system (maize + soybean and sole maize) were studied over 3 years (2015-2017) at Dailekh district of Nepal. Arun-2 and Puja were the varieties of maize and soybean used respectively, followed by winter wheat. The results revealed that the maize + soybean system had significantly higher plant population and ear population (34.83 thousands ha-1 and 34.35 thousands ha-1, respectively), grains per row (37.1), ear length (16.6 cm) and 20.5% higher grain yield as compared to sole maize. The highest maize equivalent yield (7.92 t ha-1) was recorded in maize + soybean as compared to the lower grain yield equivalent (7.06 t ha-1) in sole maize. Zero tillage accounted relatively higher benefits (high net income and B:C ratio) as compared to conventional tillage. The residue kept plot resulted significantly higher B:C ratio (2.41) than the residue removed (2.11) and the maize + soybean recorded 82.5% greater B:C ratio compared to sole maize. Net annual income was significantly higher in zero tillage, residue kept and maize + soybean system (NRs. 223072.00, 222958.00 and 269016.00 ha-1 respectively). Such combinations are recommended for Dailekh district of Nepal to have profitable crop productivity. SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 49-63 (2019)

scholarly journals Survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in Maize Stalk Residue

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Cotten ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Continuous Maize ◽  
Maize Plants

The roles of residue size and burial depth were assessed in the survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in maize stalk residue. Stalk pieces (small or large sizes) were soaked in a spore suspension of F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, or F. subglutinans and placed in a field on the soil surface or buried at 15- or 30-cm depths. Residue pieces were recovered periodically, cultured on a selective medium, and microscopically examined for the presence of the inoculated Fusarium species. After 630 days, the inoculated Fusarium species were recovered from 0 to 50% of the inoculated stalk pieces in a long-term, continuous maize field, from 0 to 28% of the inoculated stalk pieces placed in a maize/soybean/oat rotation field, and from 0 to 25% of the noninoculated stalk pieces at both locations. Residue size and residue depth had significant effects on survival, but there were significant interactions among strain, depth, residue size, and time. Up to 343 days after placement in the field, survival of the three Fusarium species was not consistently different between buried residues and surface residues, but after 630 days, survival was greater from surface residues. Overall, fungus survival decreased more slowly in the surface residues than in the buried residues. Linear coefficients of determination ranged from 0.35 to 0.82 for the surface residues and from 0.81 to 0.98 for the buried residues. Decline in survival over time followed a more linear pattern in buried residues than in surface residues. Vegetative compatibility tests confirmed that F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans strains can survive at least 630 days in surface or buried maize residue. These results demonstrate that maize residue can act as a long-term source of inoculum for infection of maize plants by these three Fusarium species.

Tillage intensity and crop rotation affect weed community dynamics in a winter wheat cropping system

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
F. J. Larney ◽  
C. W. Lindwall ◽  
P. R. Watson ◽  
D. A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Long Term Study

Development of improved weed manage ment systems requires more knowledge on how various weed species respond to changing agronomic practices. A long-term study was conducted to determine weed population responses to various tillage intensities and crop rotations in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) dominated cropping system. Weed density and species composition differed with tillage, rotation, year, and date of sampling within years. Weed community dynamics were most affected by year-to-year differences in environmental conditions, followed by crop rotation, and then tillage intensity. Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau) and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] densities increased in years of low rainfall and above average temperatures. Winter annual weeds such as downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and flixweed [Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl], as well as the perennial weed dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers), increased in years where higher than average rainfall was received in fall or early spring. Continuous winter wheat facilitated a dense downy brome infestation to develop over time. Trifluralin is not efficacious on stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) or Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and its use in canola resulted in an increase in these species in a winter wheat-canola rotation. Total weed densities were often greater in zero tillage than in either minimum or conventional tillage. Russian thistle, downy brome, kochia, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were associated with zero tillage while wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), flixweed, and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were associated with conventional tillage. Perennials such as dandelion and perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) were associated with zero tillage but Canada thistle was associated with conventional tillage. Information will be utilized to implement more effective weed management programs in winter wheat production systems. Key words: Conservation tillage, fallow, multivariate analyses, weed populations, weed shifts, zero tillage

Soil microbial biomass and diversity respond to tillage and sulphur fertilizers

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
M. A. Monreal ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
C. A. Grant ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial

There is little information on the effects of S management strategies on soil microorganisms under zero tillage systems o n the North American Prairies. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of tillage and source and placement of S on soil microbial biomass (substrate induced respiration) and functional diversity (substrate utilization patterns) in a canola-wheat rotation under conventional and zero tillage systems at three sites in Gray Luvisolic and Black Chernozemic soils. Conventional tillage significantly reduced microbial biomass and diversity on an acidic and C-poor Luvisolic soil, but it had mostly no significant effects on the near-neutral, C-rich Luvisolic and Chernozemic soils, which underlines the importance of soil C in maintaining a healthy soil. Sulphur had no significant effects on soil microbial biomass, and its effects on microbial diversity were more frequent on the near-neutral Luvisol, which was more S-deficient, than on the acidic Luvisol or the Chernozem. Significant S effects on microbial diversity were observed both in the bulk soil (negative effects, compared with the control) and rhizosphere (positive effects) of the acidic Luvisol, but all significant effects (positive) were observed in root rhizospheres in the other soils. Sulphur by tillage interactions on acidic Luvisolic soil indicated that the negative effects of S in bulk soil occurred mostly under zero tillage, presumably because the fertilizer is concentrated in a smaller volume of soil than under conventional tillage. Sulphate S effects, either negative or positive, on microbial diversity were usually greater than elemental S effects. Therefore, S application can have direct, deleterious effects on soil microorganisms or indirect, beneficial effects through crop growth, the latter presumably due to increased root exudation in the rhizosphere of healthy crops. Key Words: Biolog, conservation tillage, microbial biodiversity, rhizosphere, soil biological quality, S fertilizer type and placement

scholarly journals Sistemas de cultivo e características do solo afetando a estabilidade de agregados

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Silva ◽  
J. Mielniczuk
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Macroptilium Atropurpureum

Em um Latossolo Roxo de Santo Ângelo (RS), e em um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro de Eldorado do Sul (RS), ambos com textura argilosa, submetidos o primeiro à exploração com cultivo convencional de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e soja (Glycine max L.) e sob setária (Setaria anceps L.), e o segundo à exploração com capim-pangola (Digitaria decumbens L.), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum L.), plantio direto com aveia (Avena bizantina L.)/milho (Zea mays L.) e área sem vegetação, foi realizado o presente trabalho durante a safra de verão (1990/1991), com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade e a agregação do solo sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo. Constatou-se, nessa avaliação, que as gramíneas perenes por meio do seu sistema radicular tiveram grande efeito na agregação e estabilidade dos agregados do solo e que os teores de carbono orgânico, de ferro e alumínio-oxalato, argila e grau de dispersão tiveram também efeitos na agregação do solo, porém insuficientes para explicar as variações entre o diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados sob os diferentes sistemas de cultivo.

Melatonin enhances thermotolerance of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) by modulating antioxidant defense, methylglyoxal detoxification, and osmoregulation systems

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Guang Li ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Li-Kang Bai ◽  
Shu-Yan Zhang ◽  
Yue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Maize Seedlings
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