SEASONAL EMERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF GREEN FOXTAIL

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. BANTING ◽  
E. S. MOLBERG ◽  
J. P. GEBHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Green Foxtail

Green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., emerged at the same time in the spring as the wheat Triticum aestivum L. This was attributed to faster growth of green foxtail when the soil warmed up and its emergence from shallower depths than the wheat. There was a flush of emergence in the spring. Subsequent emergence appeared to depend on rainfall but some seedlings emerged in every 2-wk period throughout the season and in some years as late as October. A buildup of seeds occurred with the 3-yr rotation, i.e., when wheat was sown as a second crop. Germination was primarily controlled by temperature. No germination occurred in 10 days at 4.4 C and only a limited amount at 10 C. Eleven to 26% of the seeds in the soil and 7% of those on the surface were viable after 4 yr. Persistence increased markedly with depth, which emphasizes the need for shallow tillage. Primary dormancy disappeared rapidly. Secondary dormancy was detected thereafter in as many as 24% of the seeds.

PROPANIL FOR CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES H. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Excellent Control

In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, propanil (3′, 4′-dichloropropionalide) as a postemergent herbicide provided excellent control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Although some initial chlorosis occurred, wheat and barley recovered quickly and were considered tolerant to propanil at up to 1 kg/ha applied over a growth period extending from the 2- to 8-leaf stages of the green foxtail. Propanil at rates greater than 1 kg/ha resulted in considerable chlorosis and leaf tip burn, and although grain yields were not reduced, crop tolerance was visually assessed as unsatisfactory. Control of green foxtail was satisfactory with 1 kg/ha at the 2- to 4-leaf stages but not at later stages. Control was significantly better when the spray pressure at application was 310 kPa compared to 207 kPa. Analysis indicated that at the 2 and 4 kg/ha rate of propanil the residues in wheat and barley disappeared very quickly. At harvest, wheat grain contained 0.09 ppm of propanil.

EFFECTS OF COMBINED APPLICATIONS OF TRIALLATE OR TRIFLURALIN WITH SOLUTION NITROGEN ON WHEAT, WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. MOYER ◽  
R. D. DRYDEN
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

Tank mixtures of solution nitrogen, triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropyl-thiocarbamate] and/or trifluralin [α,α,α,-trifluro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine] were evaluated for the control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and/or green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa to solution nitrogen applied alone or in combination with triallate and/or trifluralin were evaluated. Good control of wild oats and green foxtail was obtained with a tank mixture of solution nitrogen, trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha, and triallate at 1.65 kg/ha. Tank mixtures of triallate at 1.65 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats. Trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats and green foxtail. Control of green foxtail and wild oats resulted in increased wheat yields, higher nitrogen content in wheat grain, and a more efficient use of applied nitrogen fertilizer. The response of wheat to nitrogen was similar when nitrogen was applied in tank mixes with herbicides or with water to hand-weeded plots.

Tillage and rotation influences on weed community composition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southwestern Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hume ◽  
S. Tessier ◽  
F. B. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum

The effects on weed community composition of zero-, minimum-, and conventional tillage practices were examined on three soil types under both continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-fallow rotations between 1982 and 1989. Green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] became a problem on continuously cropped plots, especially on the sandy loam soil where densities reached a maximum of 2354 plants m−2 with conventional tillage. Without tillage, high densities of foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) developed since this species was not adequately controlled by herbicides. Even in a year when precipitation was only 63% of normal, perennial shoots of this species achieved a maximum density of 1222 plants m−2. A hoe seeder tended to improve foxtail barley control relative to the disc seeder used, likely due to greater soil disturbance. Wheat losses were significantly correlated to weed density, and it was concluded that, in terms of weed control in wheat, some degree of tillage may be required in southwestern Saskatchewan. Key words: Tillage, Setaria viridis, green foxtail, Hordeum jubatum, foxtail barley, wheat

Selectivity of Dichlofop Methyl Among Wheat, Barley, Wild Oat (Arena fatua) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Todd ◽  
E.H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Species Sensitivity ◽  
Methyl Propionate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Green Foxtail

The selectivity of {2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] methyl propionate}, (hereinafter referred to as dichlofop methyl), among wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’), barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza’), wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) was investigated. On an ED50basis, barley, wild oat, and green foxtail were 2, 190, and 1,090 times more sensitive, respectively, to foliar-applied dichlofop methyl at the two-leaf stage than was wheat. Selectivity decreased with increasing maturity of the plant material with the ratio of selectivity between barley and wild oat decreasing from 55 at the two-leaf stage to three at the four-leaf-plus-one-tiller stage. Greater spray retention and more rapid penetration of dichlofop methyl partially explained the susceptibility of green foxtail, but did not explain selectivity between wheat, wild oat, and barley. Root uptake of14C-dichlofop methyl by the four species was proportional to the amount of solution absorbed during the treatment period and to the concentration of dichlofop methyl in the treatment solution but was not related to species sensitivity to this herbicide.

Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Competition with Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dallas E. Peterson ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Green Foxtail

Yield reductions due to green foxtail competition with hard red spring wheat varied with environment in field experiments conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986 at Oakes, Langdon, Prosper, and Fargo, North Dakota. Wheat yield reductions ranged from 0 to 47% from 720 green foxtail plants per m2. Inclusion of early season temperature and precipitation, soil texture, and foxtail density into multiple regression analysis of wheat yield reductions significantly increased the coefficient of determination to 0.62 compared with 0.12 for regression based on green foxtail density alone. Wheat yield reduction decreased as green foxtail seeding was delayed after wheat seeding in 1986. Wheat yield generally decreased as time of diclofop application was delayed from 2 to 6 wk after wheat emergence in 1986.

YIELD LOSSES IN WHEAT DUE TO WEED COMMUNITIES DOMINATED BY GREEN FOXTAIL [Setaria viridis (L.) BEAUV.]: A MULTISPECIES APPROACH

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Multispecies Competition

A model was developed to predict wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) loss due to interference by multi-species weed communities dominated by green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], 3–4 wk after seeding. Results indicated that green foxtail-dominated weed communities averaging 427 plants m−2 over 4 yr reduced yield by about 7.8%. When plots were kept free of green foxtail, different species became important components of a second model developed to predict the yield loss. The combined effect of precipitation and growing degree days was an important component of both models. It is postulated that these environmental variables reflected the relative time of emergence of the weeds and the crop. Advantages of models based upon multispecies tests over those determined from one-weed one-crop tests are discussed as they relate to crop loss in multispecies situations.Key words: Setaria viridis, green foxtail, crop loss, multispecies competition, weed communities, modeling

MSMA for Weed Control in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Miller ◽  
J. D. Nalewaja ◽  
E. Pacholak
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Better Than

Postemergence applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) for weed control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were evaluated in the field, greenhouse, and controlled environmental chamber. MSMA controlled weeds better when applied to wheat at the four- to five-leaf stage than when applied at the two- to three-leaf stage. MSMA, tank mixed with barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) or diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}, controlled wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), green foxtail, [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] and broadleaf weeds better than did MSMA applied alone. Wild oat control with tank-mix applications of MSMA and difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) was variable. Weed control with MSMA was enhanced by 30 C air temperatures, 90% relative humidity, and adequate soil moisture. A simulated rainfall of 0.5 mm within 0.5 h or 4 mm with 4 hr after application reduced wild oat control with MSMA.

Effect of Seeding Dates and Densities of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) on the Growth and Productivity of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
E. H. Stobbe ◽  
A. R. W. Sturko
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Competition of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] was studied in a semi-dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Norquay’) and in two normal-height wheats (‘Napayo’ and ‘Sinton’) from 1975 through 1978. Green foxtail suppressed wheat growth as well as grain yield. Tiller number, leaf area, and dry weight of wheat were reduced. Green foxtail was more competitive in the semi-dwarf variety than in either normal height variety. The intensity of green foxtail competition could not be determined by density alone. In 1975, as few as 100 green foxtail plants/m2significantly reduced yield of Napayo and Norquay wheat by 21 and 44%, respectively. In 1977, however, 1600 green foxtail plants/m2did not reduce the yield of Sinton wheat significantly. The intensity of green foxtail competition was highly variable from one date of seeding to the next, but there was no correlation between the level of green foxtail competition and the date of seeding. Soil temperature and moisture at the time of seeding and early growth are thought to affect green foxtail competition in wheat critically.

Propanil Selectivity for Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte V. Eberlein ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Selectivity Factor ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Major Factors

Retention, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) in tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Era’) and susceptible green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. ♯3SETVI] were studied to determine the basis of selectivity. Green foxtail retained 7.7 times more spray on a mg/g fresh weight basis than did wheat. Absorption of14C-propanil by green foxtail was greater than by wheat during most of the 48-h uptake period, but differences in absorption were not large enough for absorption to be a major selectivity factor. Translocation of foliar-applied14C-propanil was limited in both species; after 48 h, 96.7% of absorbed14C remained in the treated wheat leaf and 99.7% remained in the treated green foxtail leaf. Limited metabolism of14C-propanil occurred in green foxtail, with only 6.4% of extractable14C-propanil metabolized to dichlorolactanilide and unknown14C-compounds during a 72-h period. Wheat metabolized 65.8% of the extractable14C-propanil to dichloroaniline and unknown14C compounds by 72 h after treatment. The results of this research indicate that spray retention and propanil metabolism are the major factors involved in wheat tolerance and green foxtail susceptibility to propanil.

Control of Green Foxtail in Wheat with Trifluralin

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rahman ◽  
R. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted to study the competitive ability of green foxtail(Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) with wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) and the feasibility of usinga,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) for the selective control of green foxtail in wheat. Rates of 0.56 to 0.84 kg/ha of trifluralin gave 90 to 100% control of foxtail when growing in competition with wheat. Wheat tolerated rates of trifluralin up to 2.24 kg/ha, the maximum rate used, without injury or reduction in crop yield, when the herbicide was applied and incorporated to a shallow depth 1 day after seeding. A semidwarf and a tall variety of wheat were not affected by trifluralin treatments. Green foxtail had a relatively low competitive ability, and wheat plants suppressed foxtail to a marked degree under normal growing conditions. However, suppressed plants still produced sufficient seed to insure a dense infestation of foxtail plants in the succeeding year. Further, when wheat was grown under less competitive situations, green foxtail resulted in significant reductions in crop yield. It was concluded that green foxtail is an “opportunist-type” weed.

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