GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF ALFALFA, SAINFOIN, AND CICER MILKVETCH

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SMOLIAK ◽  
A. JOHNSTON ◽  
M. R. HANNA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
Restricted Root System

Seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cult Roamer, sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), cult Melrose, and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), cult Oxley, were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were harvested for growth analysis. The growth rate of cicer milkvetch was not significantly different from that of alfalfa or sainfoin seedlings. Alfalfa and sainfoin produced significantly more top plant material from weeks 5 to 10 than did cicer milkvetch. In another experiment, seeds of each species were germinated and the resulting seedlings grown at root-zone temperatures, 7, 13, 18, and 27 C. When grown at four root-zone temperatures, alfalfa and cicer milkvetch developed and grew best at 27 C, whereas sainfoin grew well at 18 C and at 27 C. The slow root development of cicer milkvetch at temperatures of 7–18 C may explain the poor growth under field conditions, where young seedlings may suffer from drought because of a restricted root system.

scholarly journals Pro-poor Growth: Concepts and Measurement with Country Case Studies (Distinguished Lecture)

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4I) ◽  
pp. 417-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanak Kakwani ◽  
Hyun H. Son
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Actual Growth Rate ◽  
Actual Growth ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Increasing Function ◽  
Proportional Reduction

This paper looks into the interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty. Using the notion of pro-poor growth, we examine the extent to which the poor benefit from economic growth. First, various approaches to defining and measuring propoor growth are scrutinised using a variety of criteria. It is argued that the satisfaction of a monotonicity axiom is a key criterion for measuring pro-poor growth. The monotonicity axiom sets out a condition that the proportional reduction in poverty is a monotonically increasing function of the pro-poor growth measure. The paper proposes a pro-poor growth measure that satisfies the monotonicity criterion. This measure is called a ‘poverty equivalent growth rate’, which takes into account both the magnitude of growth and how the benefits of growth are distributed to the poor and the non-poor. As the new measure satisfies the criterion of monotonicity, it is indicative that to achieve rapid poverty reduction, the poverty equivalent growth rate—rather than the actual growth rate—ought to be maximised. The methodology developed in the paper is then applied to three Asian countries, namely, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Saboor Abdul Saboor ◽  
Zakir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Population

At the start of the 21st century, almost one-fifth of humanity-1.2 billion people-live on less than a dollar a day. Pakistan is confronted by a multifaceted dilemma. The major issues facing the country are poverty and income disparity, particularly among the rural segments of the society. And evidence indicates that both have worsened. The impact of poverty is particularly acute on the most vulnerable sections of the society. In the year 1990-91, 39.42 percent of the total 31.81 percent of the population below the poverty line were termed as absolute poor including 34 percent chronically and 61 percent extremely poor. During the last decade or so, nearly 2 million people are added to the clusters of extremely poor, 5 million to chronically poor, 7 million to transient poor. Thus bringing nearly 59.11 percent of the poor population out of poverty is to a certain extent easier than bringing the remaining 40.89 percent out of the poverty trap. Pakistan has witnessed a decline in the growth rate from 6.1 per cent during the 1980s to 4.2 percent during the 1990s. However, the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) analysis reported in this paper indicates that the pro-poor growth scenario is improving in rural Pakistan. If growth remains pro-poor in the subsequent years as it was in the year 2000-01, there is a likelihood that the growth will trickle down to the poor more than the non-poor.

The Study of Pro-poor Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan (1999–2006)

Social Change ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Muhammad Mushtaq Khan ◽  
Mehboob Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Shabir
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
The Poor

The aim of this study is to examine different approaches to measuring pro-poor growth rate in the context of Pakistan’s sub-sectors, that is, agriculture, manufacturing, commodity producing and services sectors. This research is extended within the phenomenon of Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI) and Poverty Equivalent Growth Rates (PEGR) which is anticipated by Kakwani and Pernia (2000) and Kakwani and Son (2004) in the literature. The present article examines as to what extent the poor have benefited from growth while taking into account the magnitude of growth and the benefits of growth achieved by the poor between 1999 and 2006. The research concludes that growth is classified anti-poor in the overall Pakistan’s sub-sectors due to pro-rich federal policies.

scholarly journals Key soil parameters affecting the survival of Panax notoginseng under continuous cropping

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wumei Xu ◽  
Fengyun Wu ◽  
Haoji Wang ◽  
Linyan Zhao ◽  
Xue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Available N ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Replant Problem

AbstractNegative plant-soil feedbacks lead to the poor growth of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi), a well-known herb in Asia and has been used worldwide, under continuous cropping. However, the key soil parameters causing the replant problem are still unclear. Here we conducted a field experiment after 5-year continuous cropping. Sanqi seedlings were cultivated in 7 plots (1.5 m × 2 m), which were randomly assigned along a survival gradient. In total, 13 important soil parameters were measured to understand their relationship with Sanqi’s survival. Pearson correlation analysis showed that 6 soil parameters, including phosphatase, urease, cellulase, bacteria/fungi ratio, available N, and pH, were all correlated with Sanqi’s survival rate (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that they explained 61% of the variances based on the first component, with soil pH being closely correlated with other parameters affecting Sanqi’s survival. The optimum pH for Sanqi growth is about 6.5, but the mean soil pH in the study area is 5.27 (4.86–5.68), therefore it is possible to ameliorate the poor growth of Sanqi by increasing soil pH. This study may also help to reduce the replant problem of other crops under continuous cropping since it is widespread in agricultural production.

scholarly journals Effect of co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing fungi on nutrient uptake and photosynthesis of beach palm under salt stress environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Ming Zai ◽  
Jun-Jun Fan ◽  
Zhen-Ping Hao ◽  
Xing-Man Liu ◽  
Wang-Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Stress Environment ◽  
Beach Plum ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

AbstractBeach plum (Prunus maritima) is an ornamental plant, famous for its strong salt and drought stress tolerance. However, the poor growth rate of transplanted seedlings has seriously restricted its application in salinized soil. This study investigated the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, and phosphate-solubilizing fungus (PSF), Apophysomyces spartima, on the growth, nutrient (N, P, and K) uptake, and photosynthesis of beach plum under saline (170 mM NaCl) and non-saline (0 mM NaCl) conditions. We aimed to find measures to increase the growth rate of beach plum in saline-alkali land and to understand the reasons for this increase. The results showed that salinization adversely affected colonization by AMF but positively increased PSF populations (increased by 33.9–93.3% over non-NaCl treatment). The dual application of AMF and PSF mitigated the effects of salt stress on all growth parameters and nutrient uptake, significantly for roots (dry weight and P and N contents increased by 91.0%, 68.9%, and 40%, respectively, over non-NaCl treatment). Salinization caused significant reductions in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) value, while inoculation with AMF and PSF inoculations significantly abated such reductions. The maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), and the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) values were affected little by inoculation with AMF, PSF, or both under non-NaCl treatments. However, plants inoculated with AMF and/or PSF had higher Fv/Fm, qP, and ФPSII values (increased by 72.5–188.1%) than the control under NaCl treatment, but not a higher NPQ value. We concluded that inoculation with AMF or PSF increased nutrient uptake and improved the gas-exchange and Chl fluorescence parameters of beach plum under salt stress environment. These effects could be strengthened by the combination of AMF and PSF, especially for nutrient uptake, root growth, and Pn, thereby alleviating the deleterious effects of NaCl stress on beach plum growth.

The Effects of Reduced Salinity on the Shell Growth of Small Mytilus Edulis

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Almada-Villela
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Term Response ◽  
Better Than

The shell growth of small coastal Mytilus edulis L. was measured at three different constant low salinities over short periods of time. Growth was significantly depressed in 6·4 and 16‰ S but not in 22·4‰ S. Fluctuating salinities between 0 and 32‰ S depressed growth whether the fluctuations were of sinusoidal or abrupt form. After 1 week of preconditioning to constant 32‰ S the growth of coastal (Bangor) mussels was better than estuarine (Conwy) mussels. However, after two weeks’ preconditioning to 32‰ S the estuarine mussels displayed the best growth. In the fluctuating regime, both coastal and estuarine mussels exhibited poor growth rates. The long-term response of the shell growth of coastal M. edulis was followed over a period of 44 days. Salinities in the range 1·8–9·6‰ S were lethal to the mussels within 10 days. In 12·8 and 16‰ S growth was initially delayed but recovered eventually. There was a gradual decline in the growth rate of the mussels exposed to the higher salinities (19·2–32‰) and an improvement in the growth of the mussels living in lower salinities (12·8 and 16‰) to levels nearly matching that of the high salinity animals by day 37. This suggests that acclimation of the shell growth of M. edulis to salinities in the 12·8–28·8‰ S range was achieved by the mussels during the experimental period.

scholarly journals Potato Importance for Development Focusing on Prices

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Olli Salmensuu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Potato Price ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Inferior Good ◽  
Developed World

This paper studies potato prices and consumption in the progress of economic development. Potato status tends to evolve from a luxury to a normal and, lastly, to an inferior good. In the developed world, where the potato thrived and became a food for the poor, prices of the inferior potato attract little interest due to general welfare, which further complicates discerning economic effects by computation. Contrarily, in many developing countries, due to supply constraints the potato is a relative expensive, non-staple, normal good, with little social significance. Whereas it is a common misconception that tastes in developing countries differ from advanced economies, low incomes, together with relatively high potato prices, present a real and obvious hindrance to wider potato use among the poor in the underdeveloped world. Local regressions on FAO data reveal empirical advantages favoring potato price system research in developing countries, more likely yielding predictable, statistically significant, unbiased results. Correct policies could increase potato importance in developing countries and stimulate sustainable and pro-poor growth where consumers receive affordable potatoes, while also producer incentives for greater productivity improve. Furthermore, potato-led research presents widening potential into also understanding general social structures of underdevelopment as similar factors explain both cross-border incomes and potato prices.

scholarly journals Host Specificity In The Root Hair "Curling Factor" of Rhizobium Spp.

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phaik Y Yao ◽  
JM Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Degree Of Deformation ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Rhizobium Spp ◽  
Hair Curling ◽  
Root Hair Curling

Thirty-eight cultures of rhizobia and 10 non-rhizobia growing in the root zone of clover (Trifolium glomeratum L.), 5 rhizobia and 3 non-rhizobia in that of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and 8 rhizobia in that ofSiratro (Phaseolus atropurpureus DO.) revealed a specific relationship between bacteria and host that determined the kind and degree of deformation of the root hairs.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Watermelon Plants Grown with Mulches and Rowcovers

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
J. LaMar Anderson ◽  
Alvin R. Hamson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index

`Crimson Sweet' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] plants were grown with various mulches and rowcovers and analyzed for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR). Spunbonded polyester fabric (SB-PF) and perforated polyethylene film (PCP) rowcovers generally showed greater mean RGR, SLA and CGR than spunbonded polypropylene polyamide net (SB-PP), black plus clear combination plastic mulch and black plastic mulch alone. Plants on mulches and under rowcovers showed significant increases in RGR, NAR, and SLA over plants grown in bare soil. Carbon dioxide concentration inside the transplanting mulch holes was nearly twice the ambient CO, concentration. Growth analysis of sampled watermelon plants during early stages of development under various treatments was predictive of crop yield. Plants under SB-PF and PCP rowcovers produced the earliest fruit and the greatest total yield. An asymmetrical curvilinear model for watermelon growth and development based on cardinal temperatures was developed. The model uses hourly averaged temperatures to predict growth and phenological development of `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants grown with and without rowcovers. Early vegetative growth correlated well with accumulated heat units. Results indicate a consistent heat unit requirement for the `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants to reach first male flower, first female flower and first harvest in uncovered plants and plants under rowcovers. Greater variability was observed in predicting date of first harvest than first bloom.

scholarly journals Azolla a Boon for the Growth of Gift Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEENA GRACE BESLIN ◽  
MONISHA RAJAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Gift Tilapia

Abstract Appreciative dietary desires and fabrication of fish nourishment is vital to the progress, sustainability of aquaculture and for the advanced feed mill rehearsal. Organizing fish feed includes choosing the exact feed, using an acceptable feeding technique, work out the feed charge and ensuring the cost efficiency of fish farm. The purpose of our present study was to feed the fishes with four different feeds and assessment of growth performance by length weight relationships. The growth analysis was executed by measuring FCR and related indices in gift tilapia oreochromis niloticus. Four feed composition was selected without any chemical contamination. In the present study fishes were collected from the golden farm, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram district, South India. Fishes were introduced into four different tanks of well oxygenated good quality water. In each experimental tank, 20 fishes were introduced. For each experimental container a specific feed was fixed from 4 different diets. Every day feed was given to the fishes. They were fed two times for the period of 3 months. They were maintained to assess their growth performance. Four types of feeds used for the present study were control diet, diet 1, diet 2 and diet 3. Length and weight were measured on every 15 days interval for growth estimation. Based on the length-weight data, growth analysis was carried out by calculating relative growth (RG), relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the Fulton’s condition factor. The results of mean length in diet3proved the highest length of 6.455±0.46cm and diet one contain lowest length of 5.03±0.68cm. Highest weight of 96.8 ± 0.37g was recorded in diet3 and lowest weight obtained for the control diet (3.645 ± 0.306 g). In growth analysis the relative growth of fish was estimated in diet 3 having high relative growth (11.91). Relative growth rate was elevated in diet 3(1.5597). The upper limit of specific growth rate was 1.9146% noticed in diet 3. The feed conversion ratio was maximum in diet 3 (58.06) and minimum in control diet (36). The highest k value in Fulton's condition factor was noticed in diet 3(88.32).All experimental results proved that live Azolla [D3] was a superior feed for the present trials.

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