DISTRIBUTION OF SETARIA VIRIDIS IN WESTERN CANADA

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. ALEX ◽  
J. D. BANTING ◽  
J. P. GEBHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Cropping Practices

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail) was present in 84, 32, and 28% of the 406 fields surveyed in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, S. viridis occurred more frequently on moderately coarse- to coarse-textured soils than on finer soils. Densities and the extent of infestation in each field was greater on coarse-textured soils than on fine-textured soils in these two provinces. However, in Manitoba, the presence of this species was not related to soil texture, since the frequency of occurrence in fields, the extent to which each field was infested, and the maximum densities recorded in each infestation were uniformly high for all soil textural groups. In Manitoba, 43% of the infestations included densities of 1000 or more plants per m2 and the highest density recorded was 10,000/m2. This weed is more widespread than was reported in previous surveys and infests nearly 28% of the cultivated acreage in Western Canada. In laboratory tests, emergence was similar in clay, loam, or sandy loam soils kept at field capacity or at higher moisture levels within a temperature range of 10–24 C. Emergence was reduced by planting at depths below 5 or 7.6 cm, depending upon soil moisture. Germination increased with temperature, and it is suggested that coarse-textured soils are invaded most readily because they warm up faster than fine-textured soils. Cropping practices may also affect distribution since the buildup of S. viridis is believed to be checked by summer-fallowing. The frequency of summer-fallowing in Manitoba is lower than in Saskatchewan. This may account for the high populations of S. viridis in Manitoba.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY AND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS OF FALL- AND SPRING-APPLIED TRIFLURALIN IN FLAX

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. PCHAJEK ◽  
I. N. MORRISON ◽  
G. R. B. WEBSTER
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fall Application

The efficacy of fall and spring treatments of trifluralin (α,α-trifluoro-2,6- dinitro-N, N-diproply-p-toluidine) applied to a sandy loam soil seeded to flax and the residual soil concentrations of trifluralin during the growing season were compared over 2 yr. Fall application of trifluralin at 1.12 kg/ha caused less crop injury and resulted in better green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) control than a spring application at 0.84 kg/ha. Initial soil concentrations were higher in plots treated in the fall at 1.12 kg/ha than in plots treated in the spring at 0.84 kg/ha. Six weeks after the experiments were seeded to flax and after harvest, more trifluralin persisted in the fall-treated plots. Calculated on the basis of the amount detected at the time of seeding, an average of 31 and 30% of the trifluralin persisted until after harvest in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In controlled environment studies in which yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L. Beauv.) was seeded into soil collected six weeks after seeding, growth of the weed was reduced more in soil that was treated in the fall compared to the spring. In soil samples taken after harvest, growth of yellow foxtail was significantly reduced only in soil that had been treated the previous fall, with about a 50% reduction resulting from the 1.12-kg/ha rate and a 90% reduction occurring from the 2.24-kg/ha rate.Key words: Setaria viridis, flax tolerance, green foxtail control, trifluralin residues

scholarly journals Impact of water deficit on the development and senescence of tomato roots grown under various soil textures of Shaanxi, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Husain Ahmad ◽  
Jianming Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Element Abundance ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Defence Enzymes

Abstract Purpose Water scarcity is expected to extend to more regions of the world and represents an alarming threat to food security worldwide. Under such circumstances, water holding capacity is an important agronomic trait, which is primarily controlled by soil texture. Methods Our work examined three different soil textures from three cities of Shaanxi Province in China, i.e., silt-sandy loam from Yulin (north of Shaanxi), loam—clay loam from Yangling (middle and western part of Shaanxi), and clay loam-clay from Hanzhong soil (south of Shaanxi), at two moisture levels, i.e., field capacity of 70–75% (well-watered) and 50–55% (water deficit). Results The differences in soil particle sizes altered the soil physiochemical properties and soil enzymatic activities. Soil urease and ß-glucosidase activities were significantly higher in the Yangling soil under the well-watered treatment, while the differences were nonsignificant under the water deficit conditions. The leaf photosynthesis rate and total chlorophyll content were significantly higher in Hanzhong soil after 15 days of treatment; however, the overall highest plant length, root cortex diameter, and xylem element abundance were significantly higher in Yangling soil under the water deficit conditions. Furthermore, comparable differences were observed in antioxidant defence enzymes and endogenous hormones after every 15 days of treatments. The auxin, gibberellic acid and cytokinin concentrations in leaves and roots were comparably high in Yangling soil, while the abscisic acid concentrations were higher in Hanzhong soil under the water deficit conditions. Conclusions Our findings concluded that soil compaction has a significant role not only in root morphology, growth, and development but also in the soil physicochemical properties and nutrient cycle, which are useful for the growth and development of tomato plants.

Longevity of Barnyardgrass, Green Foxtail, and Yellow Foxtail Seeds in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Dawson ◽  
V. F. Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail

Seeds of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], and yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.] were buried 2.5, 10, and 20 cm deep in irrigated and nonirrigated sandy loam. Samples were exhumed periodically for 15 yr to determine viability. Viability declined with time. Three percent or less of the seeds of each species remained viable 13 yr after burial, and none were viable after 15 yr. Survival of seeds under apparently uniform conditions varied extremely. Thus, subtle differences in environmental conditions profoundly affect longevity of seeds.

Tillage and rotation influences on weed community composition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southwestern Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hume ◽  
S. Tessier ◽  
F. B. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum

The effects on weed community composition of zero-, minimum-, and conventional tillage practices were examined on three soil types under both continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-fallow rotations between 1982 and 1989. Green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] became a problem on continuously cropped plots, especially on the sandy loam soil where densities reached a maximum of 2354 plants m−2 with conventional tillage. Without tillage, high densities of foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) developed since this species was not adequately controlled by herbicides. Even in a year when precipitation was only 63% of normal, perennial shoots of this species achieved a maximum density of 1222 plants m−2. A hoe seeder tended to improve foxtail barley control relative to the disc seeder used, likely due to greater soil disturbance. Wheat losses were significantly correlated to weed density, and it was concluded that, in terms of weed control in wheat, some degree of tillage may be required in southwestern Saskatchewan. Key words: Tillage, Setaria viridis, green foxtail, Hordeum jubatum, foxtail barley, wheat

WILD OATS, GREEN FOXTAIL, AND BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS: CONTROL AND EFFECT ON CORN YIELD AT BRANDON, MANITOBA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. MOYER ◽  
R. D. DRYDEN
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Weeds Control ◽  
Methods Of Application

Twelve weed control treatments recommended for corn (Zea mays L.) in the dryland areas of Western Canada were compared over a 3-yr period from 1975 to 1977. Corn yields were similar after treatment with atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) alone, plus cultivation, or plus butylate (S-ethyl di-diisobutylthiocarbamate), or EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) plus R25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide). Wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were consistently controlled by atrazine or by EPTC plus R25788 applied and incorporated before seeding. Postemergence applications of atrazine plus oil also effectively controlled wild oats. Butylate was not as effective as atrazine or EPTC plus R25788 in the control of wild oats. EPTC plus R25788 and butylate consistently controlled green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) while atrazine effectively controlled green foxtail only in 1976 when rainfall was above normal during the period of green foxtail emergence and initial growth. Broad-leaved weeds were controlled by atrazine with all methods of application. The preplant incorporation of atrazine plus butylate and the postemergence application of atrazine plus oil in a band over the row followed by interrow cultivation consistently controlled all weeds. Wild oats and broad-leaved weeds greatly reduced corn yields whereas green foxtail did not compete strongly with corn. Green foxtail was present only in the unweeded and atrazine treatments and, in those treatments, its ability to compete with corn may have been reduced by either wild oats or atrazine, respectively.

Biological and Non-Biological Dissipation of Trifluralin from Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Messersmith ◽  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
T. L. Lavy
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam

Phytotoxicity of α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), incubated for 10 months in Sharpsburg silty clay loam at 0.8 field capacity, remained a 6.4, 0, and 1.6 ppmw of the original 8 ppmw at 15, 25, and 35 C, respectively. In Anselmo sandy loam after 10-months incubation, trifluralin phytotoxicity remained at 3.0, 3.2, and 0.6 ppmw of the original 4 ppmw at 15, 25, and 35 C, respectively. Breakdown of 14C-trifluralin to 14CO2 in both soils was more rapid at 1.6 field capacity than at 0.8 field capacity, and at 1 ppmw than at 100 ppmw of trifluralin. Breakdown of 14C-trifluralin to 14CO2 accounted for 5 and 3% of the decrease of 14C-activity in Sharpsburg silty clay loam and Anselmo sandy loam, respectively.

CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN CEREALS WITH AC 206,784, ALONE AND IN MIXTURES WITH TRIALLATE FOR WILD OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
P. N. P. CHOW ◽  
J. H. HUNTER ◽  
K. J. KIRKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Green Foxtail

Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) with AC 206,784 (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-2′,3′-acetoxylidide) was evaluated at four locations in western Canada. With soil applications, control was good at Lacombe in 1978 but poor at Lacombe and Regina during 1979. Control was good at Brandon and Scott in 1979. At two locations in 1979, soil surface (PE) applications were less effective for control of green foxtail than preplant-incorporated (PPI) treatments. PPI treatments to a depth of 5 cm were more effective than PPI to 10 cm. Soil applications of AC 206,784 did not control wild oats (Avena fatua L.) or injure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions but did provide suppression of these species under greenhouse conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to AC 206,784 was good. Treating the soil zone containing the emerging coleoptiles of green foxtail and wheat caused more injury that treating the root zone. Application of AC 206,784 as a tank-mixture with triallate did not affect its activity on green foxtail or influence triallate activity on wild oats. In field and greenhouse experiments, control of green foxtail with AC 206,784 applied at the two-leaf stage was variable; at the four-leaf stage it was poor.

Effect of temperature and moisture on kinetics of urea hydrolysis and nitrification

Soil Research ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Yadav ◽  
V Kumar ◽  
M Singh ◽  
PS Relan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Activation Entropy ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effects of temperature and moisture regimes on kinetics of urea hydrolysis in soils of Hisar (Typic Camborthids) and Hansi (Typic Ustochrepts) were studied. The rate constant (K) for first-order reaction increased with temperature from 10 to 35�C. Energy of activation (Ea), activation free energy (�F*) and activation entropy (�S*) between 10 and 35�C were 33.8, 81.8 kJ mol-1 and -176.55 K-1I in a sandy loam soil, and 29.2, 81 -6 kJ mol-I and - 155.3 J K-I in a clay loam soil, respectively. The hydrolysis rate was not a linear function of moisture content but increased with field capacity (F.C.). The rate of hydrolysis in both the soils followed the order: 20% F.C. < 40% F.C. < 80% F.C. = 100% F.C. The rate for flooded soil was between those for 20% and 40% F.C. for sandy loam, and between 40 and 80% F.C. for the clay loam. The added urea was completely hydrolysed in 3 days at all moisture regimes except 20% F.C.; maximum NH4+-N was found at the third day, then decreased thereafter. The time at which NO2- first appeared varied with treatments, but then it persisted throughout the 24-day incubation in all treatments.

scholarly journals Irrigation Scheduling Based on Wireless Sensors Output and Soil-Water Characteristic Curve in Two Soils

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Jabro ◽  
W.B. Stevens ◽  
W.M. Iversen ◽  
B.L. Allen ◽  
U.M. Sainju
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Water Characteristic Curve

Data-driven irrigation planning can optimize crop yield and reduce adverse impacts on surface and ground water quality. We evaluated an irrigation scheduling strategy based on soil matric potentials recorded by wireless Watermark (WM) sensors installed in sandy loam and clay loam soils and soil-water characteristic curve data. Five wireless WM nodes (IRROmesh) were installed at each location, where each node consisted of three WM sensors that were installed at 15, 30, and 60 cm depths in the crop rows. Soil moisture contents, at field capacity and permanent wilting points, were determined from soil-water characteristic curves and were approximately 23% and 11% for a sandy loam, and 35% and 17% for a clay loam, respectively. The field capacity level which occurs shortly after an irrigation event was considered the upper point of soil moisture content, and the lower point was the maximum soil water depletion level at 50% of plant available water capacity in the root zone, depending on crop type, root depth, growth stage and soil type. The lower thresholds of soil moisture content to trigger an irrigation event were 17% and 26% in the sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. The corresponding soil water potential readings from the WM sensors to initiate irrigation events were approximately 60 kPa and 105 kPa for sandy loam, and clay loam soils, respectively. Watermark sensors can be successfully used for irrigation scheduling by simply setting two levels of moisture content using soil-water characteristic curve data. Further, the wireless system can help farmers and irrigators monitor real-time moisture content in the soil root zone of their crops and determine irrigation scheduling remotely without time consuming, manual data logging and frequent visits to the field.

LONGEVITY OF GREEN FOXTAIL SEEDS IN A CANADIAN PRAIRIE SOIL

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. THOMAS ◽  
J. D. BANTING ◽  
G. BOWES
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Prairie Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Seeds of green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., were placed on the surface or buried at four depths from 1.0 to 15.0 cm in a fine sandy loam soil in 1966 and 1967. At regular intervals, packets of seed were exhumed and the viability of the seeds was tested. After 6 yr, less than 1% of the seed placed on the surface remained viable and none of the buried seeds survived longer than 17 yr.Key words: Green foxtail, Setaria viridis, seeds, longevity

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