EFFECTS OF ROOT TEMPERATURE AND A SUSPECTED PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCE ON THE GROWTH OF ALFALFA

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. McELGUNN ◽  
D. H. HEINRICHS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Suitable Temperature ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Phytotoxic Substance

Two alfalfa cultivars, Rambler and Alfa, were grown at two soil fertility levels to assess a phytotoxic effect of two soils on the growth of alfalfa in a growth chamber at three root-zone temperatures. Different root-zone temperatures (10, 15, and 20 C) produced no differential effect on the characteristic unthrifty growth of alfalfa and therefore cannot be recommended as a tool to aid in the assessment of the condition. However, best growth of herbage and roots occurred al 15 C, which appears to be the most suitable temperature for growth of alfalfa in growth chambers. Addition of fertilizer did not amend the phytotoxic soil effect and the two cultivars reacted in a near-equal manner to the condition.

Relative cost to soil fertility of long-term crop production without fertilization

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
J. T. Harapiak ◽  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Rotation Phase ◽  
N Fertility

An earlier analysis of yield trends of stubble-wheat in six cropping systems, over 35 yr, in a thin Black Chernozemic soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, showed that fertilizer improved soil quality, while absence of fertilizer, combined with frequent fallowing, led to soil degradation. The inclusion of a legume green manure crop in the rotation failed to maintain soil fertility, apparently because legumes do not supply P. Because the fertility and stored moisture effects were confounded, we conducted a growth chamber experiment to quantify soil responses to N and P in these six cropping systems. Soil from the top 15-cm of the rotation phase that had just grown two successive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops was used. Various factorial combinations of ammonium nitrate-N and triple superphosphate-P were applied at N/P2O5 rates up to 200/200 kg ha−1. Soil moisture was maintained in the available range. Regression analysis showed that the fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) and continuous wheat (Cont W) systems that had not been fertilized in 35 yr, and which had moderate amounts of NaHCO3-P, only responded to N. In contrast, the green manure (GM)- and hay (H)- containing systems, which had also not been fertilized before had low levels of NaHCO3-P and responded to both N and P. In the field, the yields of wheat grown on stubble in 1991 rated: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > Cont W > GM-W-W > F-W-W. However, in the growth chamber the rating was: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > GM-W-W > Cont W > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W. We suggest that the growth chamber results more accurately reflect the present fertility status of these soils, because fertility is no longer confounded with soil moisture. Grain yields in the growth chamber were directly proportional to the previously measured initial potential rate of N mineralization, indicating the value of the latter parameter as a useful index of soil N fertility. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, soil degradation, legumes, fertilizers

scholarly journals Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
John Havlin ◽  
Ron Heiniger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
Fertility Management

Increasing crop productivity per unit of land area to meet future food and fiber demand increases both soil nutrient removal and the importance of replenishing soil fertility through efficient nutrient management practices. Significant progress in enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in production agriculture requires improved estimates of plant-available nutrients in the root zone, enhanced crop response to applied nutrients, and reduced offsite nutrient transport. This special issue, Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production, presents 15 manuscripts that advance our knowledge of interrelated soil, plant, and management factors important to increasing the nutrient availability and crop recovery of applied nutrients.

Soil fertility after logging in the northern Rocky Mountains

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Time Of Harvest ◽  
Whole Tree

Measurements of dry biomass, the concentration of 10 biologically essential ions and other data from compartments of a Douglas-fir – western larch (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco – Larixoccidentalis Nutt.) forest were used to study the nutrient impacts of various harvest treatments. Precipitation additions about equalled leaching losses as has been shown elsewhere. Any ions lost in harvest must be replaced by available ions in the soil root zone and ions recycled from decay above and below ground. Conventional harvest of wood >7.6 cm removes about 1% of the total ecosystem cations. Data show that decay and available and accessible soil ions could easily replace the ions lost in a single rotation with conventional harvest. Total aboveground harvest would reduce the decomposer populations and remove the supporting substrate, resulting in possible ion deficiencies during the next rotation (excluding weathering additions). Whole-tree harvest would leave marginal amounts of Mn available or recyclable in the ecosystem on these young soils to support the next rotation. Two guidelines for harvest and nutrient cycling in the Rocky Mountains were developed: (i) The growth of a forest within a rotation should not be subsidized by ions released through weathering during that rotation because the soil will not mature in fertility. (ii) There should be enough biologically essential ions on site at the time of harvest to grow the next three to four forest rotations to maintain a healthy ecosystem.

scholarly journals 077 Modeling Nitrogen Status of Chrysanthemum in a Growing Container

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 439b-439
Author(s):  
Mark V. Yelanich ◽  
John A. Biernbaum
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Rate Processes ◽  
The Media ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Zone Water ◽  
Mass Accumulation

A model was constructed to dynamically simulate how the nitrogen concentration changes in the root zone of a pot grown chrysanthemum. The root zone concentration of nitrogen is predicted at any time during the crop by predicting the root zone contents of nitrogen and water. The root zone content of nitrogen is predicted by integrating the rates of nitrogen applied, taken up by the plant and entering the top layer of the pot. The root zone water content is predicted by integrating the rates of water applied, evaporated from the media surface and transpired by the plant. Simple models were constructed to predict the various rate processes. For example the rate of nitrogen uptake was modeled as a function of the dry mass accumulation and was broken down into demands of nitrogen by the plant for maintenance of the current dry mass and for support of new growth. Dry mass accumulation was modeled as a function of the amount of PPF which could be intercepted by the plant. The model was validated using plants grown in growth chambers and greenhouses at various PPF levels and fertilizer concentrations. The model will be used to test the risks involved in using various fertilizer strategies and to develop more efficient fertilization strategies.

scholarly journals The Effects of Root Temperature on Growth, Physiology, and Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds of Agastache rugosa

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Vu Phong Lam ◽  
Sung Jin Kim ◽  
Gwon Jeong Bok ◽  
Jong Won Lee ◽  
Jong Seok Park
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Agastache Rugosa ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Root Zone Temperature

Plants respond to root temperature stresses by producing antioxidants as a defense mechanism. Since a number of these are phytochemicals with enhancing effects on human health, we examined the effects of 4 root-zone temperature (RZT) treatments (10, 20, 28, and 36 °C) on plant growth and the main bioactive compound concentrations in each organ of Agastache rugosa plants. We aimed to determine the optimal RZT treatment to increase bioactive compound concentrations with no deleterious effects on plant growth. Four-week-old seedlings were grown in a plant factory for 32 days. Nine plant growth parameters, namely, shoot and root fresh weights, stem and root lengths, leaf length and leaf width, leaf area, and shoot and root dry weights were significantly decreased at 10 and 36 °C compared with other treatments. A similar pattern was observed for the chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchange parameters. Of all the RZT treatments, RZT at 28 °C produced the significantly greatest accumulation of two major bioactive compounds, namely, rosmarinic acid (RA) and tilianin contents per the A. rugosa plant, and had no adverse effects on the overall growth of A. rugosa. This supports the use of 28 °C RZT to successfully improve the bioactive compounds with no adverse influence on plant growth or yield.

Effects of Additives on the Efficacy, Uptake, and Translocation of the Methyl Ester of Thifensulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Fielding ◽  
Edward W. Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Field Efficacy

Effects of a 28% N solution containing urea and ammonium nitrate (28% UAN) on field efficacy of the methyl ester of thifensulfuron and combinations of thifensulfuron and the methyl ester of chlorimuron were investigated. Velvetleaf control and soybean injury increased as rates of thifensulfuron increased (0, 2.2, 4.4, and 5.8 g ai/ha) and as rates of chlorimuron increased (0, 4.4, and 8.8 g ai/ha). Treatments that included 28% UAN at 9 L/ha controlled velvetleaf 9% better, averaged across herbicides and rates 21 days after treatment (DAT), but also increased soybean injury. Thifensulfuron applications controlled common lambsquarters well, but control was not affected by additions of 28% UAN. In studies where14C-thifensulfuron was applied without an additive to the second true leaf of growth-chamber-grown velvetleaf, less than 4% of that applied was absorbed 84 h after treatment (HAT), whereas treatments that included nonionic surfactant or 28% UAN absorbed 33 and 45%, respectively. When both nonionic surfactant and 28% UAN were added, plants absorbed 76% 84 HAT. Translocation 84 HAT was also greatest with both additives and the majority moved to tissues above treated leaves. The 28% UAN increased uptake of thiameturon regardless of soil fertility level.

SEED INCREASE OF ALFALFA IN GROWTH CHAMBERS WITH MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA F.

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Seed Increase

Megachile rotundata F. was successfully used to pollinate a 15-clone experimental alfalfa synthetic in a growth chamber. About 20 female bees pollinated 30 plants (two of each clone) during a period of one month when the alfalfa was blooming. This resulted in a yield of 320 g of seed (approximately 650 kg/ha). The 15 clones differed significantly in the amount of seed produced. The lowest-yielding clone produced only 2.7 g of seed per plant, the highest 17.8 g. The seed yield of the clones tended to follow a similar order in three consecutive tests (r = 0.77, 0.53 and 0.49 between tests).

scholarly journals Plant available moisture content in soils of Belarus under the current conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Volchak ◽  
Ivan Kirvel
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Linear Trends ◽  
Topsoil Layer

Abstract One of the soil fertility parameters is water content in the root zone; therefore the estimation of the transformation of water resources in mineral soils of Belarus is rather relevant. The analysis of plant available moisture content (PAMC) was conducted for the topsoil layer of 50 cm thickness for the period of monitoring from 1960 until 2001. Results were submitted as maps on the basis of which the spatial and time variability of the PAMC was estimated. The quantitative estimation of changes in the plant available moisture content was carried out with the help of gradients of linear trends

Effects of ultraviolet on polyphenolics of Umbilicaria americana

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Swanson ◽  
Dianne Fahselt
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
Rock Face ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Foliose Lichen

The foliose lichen Umbilicaria americana Poelt & Nash was exposed to spectrally altered radiation in three growth chamber experiments and one field experiment. After 1 week in growth chambers the phenolic content (% w/w) increased significantly under a spectral band including visible light and UV-A, and the increase was greater when intensity was higher. Under exposure to both UV-A and UV-B the concentration of phenolics was lower than with UV-A alone and, depending on dosage, approached or achieved control levels. In a population of U. americana on a vertical rock face, the interaction between filter treatments and collection dates had a highly significant effect on phenolic levels (P = 0.01). In thalli protected from UV-B, phenolic levels were higher than in those exposed to natural sunlight in June and October, but the same response was not observed in July and August. Thallus groupings covered by filters that admitted both UV-B and UV-A accumulated less phenolics than controls in August, but on other sampling dates contained the same concentrations. Key words: Umbilicaria americana, UV-A, UV-B, depsides, tridepsides.

scholarly journals Soil Salinity and Its Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthuraman Yuvaraj ◽  
Kasiviswanathan Subash Chandra Bose ◽  
Prabakaran Elavarasi ◽  
Eman Tawfik
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Negative Effect

Soil salinity is a growing threat all over the world due to its toxic effect to reduce soil fertility and water uptake in the crops. An average of 418 million ha soil is saline in nature. Various climatic, geomorphic and rainfall pattern causes which involved in saline soil formation. To reduce the toxic effect proper management of saline soil is required. Irrigation water also a major concern regarding soil salinity management. Saline irrigation water enhances and maintains the severity soil salinity. Crop production aspects root zone salinity provides a strong negative impact on soil fertility. Salinity causes the reduction in nutrient ion, and water uptake has a significant negative effect on crop yields. Soil and water salinity interactions and their influence on crop growth and management of salinity are deliberated in this chapter.

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