LIGNIFICATION AND IN VITRO CELL WALL DIGESTIBILITY OF PLANT PARTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Mowat ◽  
M. L. Kwain ◽  
J. E. Winch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cell Wall Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The in vitro cell wall digestibility and chemical composition were determined with a total of 56 forage samples. Two samples each of Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss., Medicago sativa L., and Lotus corniculatus L. were collected at three maturities. Two samples of Symphtum officinale L. were collected at two maturities. All samples were later separated into leaf and stem portions. Wide variation existed in chemical composition and digestibility. The range in cell wall constituents was 23.9 to 79.8%, in acid detergent fiber 16.9 to 52.3%, and in lignin 3.7 to 19.1%. The in vitro cell wall digestibility varied from 16.6 to 77.5%. Correlation coefficients between lignin content and cell wall digestibility were higher when lignin was expressed as a percentage of dry matter rather than as a percentage of cell walls. In grasses, the relationship between lignin in cell walls and cell wall digestibility was linear. However, cell wall digestibility of legumes and Russian comfrey was not as low as expected from the content of lignin.

scholarly journals Identifying transcription factors that reduce wood recalcitrance and improve enzymatic degradation of xylem cell wall in Populus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Hori ◽  
Naoki Takata ◽  
Pui Ying Lam ◽  
Yuki Tobimatsu ◽  
Soichiro Nagano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Xylem Cell

AbstractDeveloping an efficient deconstruction step of woody biomass for biorefinery has been drawing considerable attention since its xylem cell walls display highly recalcitrance nature. Here, we explored transcriptional factors (TFs) that reduce wood recalcitrance and improve saccharification efficiency in Populus species. First, 33 TF genes up-regulated during poplar wood formation were selected as potential regulators of xylem cell wall structure. The transgenic hybrid aspens (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) overexpressing each selected TF gene were screened for in vitro enzymatic saccharification. Of these, four transgenic seedlings overexpressing previously uncharacterized TF genes increased total glucan hydrolysis on average compared to control. The best performing lines overexpressing Pt × tERF123 and Pt × tZHD14 were further grown to form mature xylem in the greenhouse. Notably, the xylem cell walls exhibited significantly increased total xylan hydrolysis as well as initial hydrolysis rates of glucan. The increased saccharification of Pt × tERF123-overexpressing lines could reflect the improved balance of cell wall components, i.e., high cellulose and low xylan and lignin content, which could be caused by upregulation of cellulose synthase genes upon the expression of Pt × tERF123. Overall, we successfully identified Pt × tERF123 and Pt × tZHD14 as effective targets for reducing cell wall recalcitrance and improving the enzymatic degradation of woody plant biomass.

Comparison of the anatomy and degradability of straw from varieties of wheat and barley that differ in susceptibility to lodging

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Travis ◽  
S. D. Murison ◽  
D. J. Hirst ◽  
K. C. Walker ◽  
A. Chesson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Basal Internode

SUMMARYThe consequences of selection for shorter, stiffer-strawed varieties that are less susceptible to lodging on the degradability of forage and straw obtained from cereal crops were investigated with particular reference to the characteristics of the basal internode where the mechanical stress is likely to be greatest. Quantitative measurements of tissue area, mean cell wall thickness, cell wall density and cellsize were made on two wheat cultivars, Riband (strong) and Norman (weak), and on two barley cultivars, Blenheim (strong) and Tyne (weak). The cultivars were selected for comparison on the basis of their straw strength in field trials.At growth stage (GS) 59 in wheat (ear emergence complete) the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the basal internode of Riband (74·6%) was lower than Norman (86·0%), and the NDF degradability (NDFD) of Riband (34·7%) was slightly greater than Norman (32·0%). No significant differences in lignin content were found between the wheat cultivars. In barley at the same growth stage, the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (84·8%) was lower than Tyne (89·2%), and the NDFD of Blenheim (30·2%) was greater than Tyne (23·7%) but no significant differences in lignin content were associated with the difference in NDFD. At GS 32–37 (stem elongation) in barley the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (81·5%) was also lower than Tyne (86·3%), but the NDFD of Blenheim (71·7%) was much greater than Tyne (42·8%). No significant differences in lignin content were associated with this large difference in NDFD.The cultivars of wheat and barley less susceptible to lodging showed lower NDF content and higher in vitro degradability in the basal internode than the more susceptible cultivars. No evidence of differences in the extent of cross-linking by ether-bound ferulic acid was found in wheat, but stems of Blenheim barley showed evidence of a greater degree of cross-linking than in Tyne. The anatomical features of Norman wheat were consistent with stem weakness caused by thinner, smaller cells than the stronger Riband. However, in contrast, the anatomy of Tyne barley indicated that the straw may be too stiff, resulting in failure due to root lodging or brackling while the thinner more cross-linked cell walls of Blenheim may allow the stem to bend under load.The relationship between the anatomical features, chemical composition and in vitro degradability of the stems was investigated using stepwise multiple regression. Thickness of sclerenchyma, thickness of epidermis and density of epidermis (area fraction of cell wall) were selected by the method of ‘backward elimination’ from an initial regression model to predict NDFD using all the anatomical features measured. Thickness of sclerenchyma was ranked first when the selected anatomical features were incorporated into a regression model with NDF and lignin content using the method of ‘forward selection’. Anatomical differences between varieties had an effect on degradability distinct from that due to the overall chemical composition. The results emphasise the contribution made by anatomical features to the stem degradability and lodging characteristics of cereals.

Influence of growth temperature on anatomy and in vitro digestibility of maize tissues

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Cone ◽  
F. M. Engels
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cell Wall Digestibility ◽  
Temperature Regimes

SUMMARYTissues of maize grown under different temperature regimes showed remarkable differences in anatomical and chemical properties and in vitro digestibility. A high temperature regime (12 h at 30 °C and 12 h at 24 °C) resulted in decreased cell wall thickness, cell diameter and cell wall yield, doubled lignin content and decreased in vitro digestibility, compared with plants grown under a low temperature regime (12 h at 18 °C and 12 h at 12 °C). A reduction in intensity of staining for lignin was observed in plants grown at 30/24 °C. Cell wall digestibility was thought to be limited by an indigestible cell wall layer between the secondary walls of adjacent cells. The use of lignin staining was of limited value for predicting cell wall digestibility. High temperatures probably affect physiological processes leading to lignin formation and deposition.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

scholarly journals Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

1974 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jones ◽  
Alex. H. Gordon ◽  
John S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

scholarly journals A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

scholarly journals Melanin Externalization in Candida albicans Depends on Cell Wall Chitin Structures

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1329-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Walker ◽  
Beatriz L. Gómez ◽  
Héctor M. Mora-Montes ◽  
Kevin S. Mackenzie ◽  
Carol A. Munro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Melanin Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Chitinase Genes

ABSTRACT The fungal pathogen Candida albicans produces dark-pigmented melanin after 3 to 4 days of incubation in medium containing l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) as a substrate. Expression profiling of C. albicans revealed very few genes significantly up- or downregulated by growth in l-DOPA. We were unable to determine a possible role for melanin in the virulence of C. albicans. However, we showed that melanin was externalized from the fungal cells in the form of electron-dense melanosomes that were free or often loosely bound to the cell wall exterior. Melanin production was boosted by the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to the medium, indicating a possible association between melanin production and chitin synthesis. Melanin externalization was blocked in a mutant specifically disrupted in the chitin synthase-encoding gene CHS2. Melanosomes remained within the outermost cell wall layers in chs3Δ and chs2Δ chs3Δ mutants but were fully externalized in chs8Δ and chs2Δ chs8Δ mutants. All the CHS mutants synthesized dark pigment at equivalent rates from mixed membrane fractions in vitro, suggesting it was the form of chitin structure produced by the enzymes, not the enzymes themselves, that was involved in the melanin externalization process. Mutants with single and double disruptions of the chitinase genes CHT2 and CHT3 and the chitin pathway regulator ECM33 also showed impaired melanin externalization. We hypothesize that the chitin product of Chs3 forms a scaffold essential for normal externalization of melanosomes, while the Chs8 chitin product, probably produced in cell walls in greater quantity in the absence of CHS2, impedes externalization.

Cell wall architecture as well as chemical composition determines fermentation of wheat cell walls by a faecal inoculum

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 105858
Author(s):  
Shiyi Lu ◽  
Bernadine M. Flanagan ◽  
Barbara A. Williams ◽  
Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽  
Michael J. Gidley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

scholarly journals Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Beatriz Ligoski ◽  
Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves ◽  
Flavio Lopes Claudio ◽  
Estenio Moreira Alves ◽  
Ana Maria Krüger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.

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