EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPATIBILITY OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND STARTER SOLUTIONS APPLIED JOINTLY TO CAULIFLOWER

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Finlayson

Insecticides alone or combined with fungicides and acidic or basic starter solutions were applied to cauliflower in the transplant water to determine their compatibility for control of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Effects were assessed by periodic counts to determine phytotoxicity, by uprooting wilted plants to determine maggot damage or wire stem (R. solani), by counting marketable and unmarketable heads, and by uprooting the plants at harvest and grading the maggot damage and incidence by clubroot (P. brassicae). Maggot damage was severe in plots without insecticides. Mercuric chloride gave some protection from maggot damage but retarded early growth and was incompatible with the organophosphorus insecticides Birlane, Dasanic, diazînon and Zinophos. Clubroot was more severe in peat soil than in sandy loam, but was unevenly distributed. Many plants that had clubroot and were attacked by maggots still produced marketable heads if they survived for 6 weeks immediately after transplanting. Acidic starter solution with mercuric chloride reduced the percentage head production. Diazinon was the least effective insecticide. The organocarbamate, Furadan, had systemic properties.

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Finlayson ◽  
M. D. Noble

Various rates and methods of applying organophosphorus and organocarbamate insecticides were compared in peat soil and sandy loam, against cyclodiene-resistant cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), in rutabaga. Phototoxicity and lack of persistence of single applications of the compounds at seeding caused initial problems. Granules applied at reduced rates in the furrow or as bands at seeding or a drench over young seedlings overcame the phytotoxicity. Three supplementary drenches during the growing season counteracted the lack of persistence of the pesticides. NIA.10242, an organocarbamate, was the most effective insecticide in sandy loam, and Zinophos, an organophosphorus compound, in peat soil. The best interval for the three supplementary drenches, starting 28 days after seeding, was 3 weeks.


2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robak ◽  
A. Dobrzański

The herbicides Treflan EC 2 (24% trifluralin) and Devrinol 50 (50% napropamid) applied separately decreased efficiently the incidence of club-root on cabbage seedlings in pot experiments. If these herbicides were applied together with the fungicide Bavistin {50% carbendazim) the control of the disease was in some cases more efficient, as compared with Bavistin used alone. The higher the organic matter content in the soil, the lower the phytotoxicity and dub-root controlling activity of herbicides. Thus, on peat soil the 'herbicides could be applied in much higher rates than on pseudopodsolic soil.


Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Timila ◽  
J. C. Correll ◽  
V. R. Duwadi

Cultivation of brassica vegetables has the highest potential for generating income among more traditional rice and maize farmers in Nepal. Among brassica vegetables, the most important are cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata L.). Although clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, has been observed in Nepal since 1993, severe and widespread epidemics have been observed since 2004 in the Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Palung Valley production areas. Typical disease symptoms (1) are widespread, and disease severity has been particularly severe in the Kathmandu Valley and Palung/Daman area of the Makwanpur District. Many cauliflower fields in these areas have had as much as 100% yield loss between 2004 and 2006 with an estimated 40% overall loss from clubroot. Estimates from interviews with growers in the Palung production area during an intensive farmers' interaction program indicated that cauliflower production was reduced from 5 to 6 metric tons per household (1,500 m2) prior to 2004 to <300 kg per household in 2004 and beyond. The economic loss in this area alone was estimated at $1.4 million in 2004 and 2005. Examination of transplant nurseries indicated that frequently >80% of the seedlings have symptoms of clubroot at the time of transplanting. Soil samples from throughout the production areas indicated that the sandy loam soils were predominately acidic (pH range of 4.2 to 7.2 with >90% below 6.0). Several management practices are being employed to reduce disease severity, including the use of clubroot resistant cultivars, raising the soil pH to >7.0 by using dolomitic lime, testing of the fungicide flusulfamide (Nebijin) and biopesticide Sanjeevani (Trichoderma viride), and biofumigation and solarization of the nursery beds in an effort to reduce disease pressure on transplant material. References: (1) G. R. Dixon. Compendium of Brassica Diseases. S. R. Rimmer et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 2007.


1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Herr

Persistence of Rhizoctonia solani in the field was investigated by ascertaining survival (competitive saprophytic activity) in soil and survival in diseased plants. Except for one instance, low levels of R. solani survived overwinter in artificially and naturally infested soils. In a sandy loam soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density increased throughout the growing season from low early spring levels to high levels in July and August. In a silty clay soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density remained low with only a slight increase throughout the growing season. Survival of R. solani in diseased sugarbeets placed on the soil surface was greater than survival in diseased beets buried in soil. Little reduction in percentages of beets yielding R. solani colonies took place from November to April in either buried or unburied beets. The major reduction in survival of R. solani in buried beets occurred during the 6-week interval from April to June.


2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Giovanna GILARDI ◽  
Massimo PUGLIESE ◽  
Maria Lodovica GULLINO ◽  
Angelo GARIBALDI

Effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) on Rhizoctonia solani basal rot of lettuce were assessed considering: two soil types; different C-sources; different temperature regimes; two treatment durations; and two lettuce crop cycles, in the presence of a high disease incidence from artificial infestation with the pathogen. C-source, temperature, and incubation period, and their interaction, affected the efficacy of the ASD treatment for the lettuce–R. solani pathosystem, with differences depending on the soil type. Brassica carinata pellets, used as a C-source, reduced incidence of Rhizoctonia basal rot in the first crop cycle by 50 to 69% in a peat soil after 3 weeks of treatment at 21°C, and by 52 to 60% after 3 weeks of treatment at 26 or 31°C, compared to the inoculated and untreated experimental controls without anaerobic conditions. The best disease reduction was provided by B. carinata pellets applied, under anaerobic conditions, to peat soil (79% efficacy) and a sandy loam soil (100% efficacy) kept at 31°C for 6 weeks. Generally, ASD based on B. carinata pellets provided greater disease reduction in the first crop cycle than the second, with the only exception being for results achieved in both soils incubated for 6 weeks at 21, 26 and 31°C. Wild rocket used as a C-source provided the greatest disease reduction (78–83%) on plants grown in peat soil at the first crop cycle after 6 weeks of the ASD treatment at 31°C, while wild rocket provided disease reduction of 29 and 50% when mixed with the sandy-loam soil under the same conditions for 6 weeks. The efficacy of the ASD treatment with compost was improved in the second crop cycle, compared to the first, resulting in the greatest disease reduction (52 and 66% efficacy) reached in the sandy-loam soil incubated for 3 weeks at 21°C, and 63% efficacy in peat soil previously treated for 6 weeks at 26 and 31°C. However, slight reductions in lettuce plant development was generally evident in the first crop cycle, which could be due to differences in efficacy of the tested ASD treatments and to phytotoxicity. The greatest yield from sandy loam soil was obtained for the B. carinata pellets and wild rocket at 26 and 31°C in the second cultivation cycle. Partial efficacy of ASD does not justify the adoption of this method against R. solani on lettuce under intensive crop systems. However, ASD based on Brassicaceae and compost as carbon source applied in a sandy-loam soil may be valuable for reducing R. solani incidence, at lower temperatures than those required for soil solarisation or biosolarisation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
TITIEK YULIANTI ◽  
NURUL HIDAYAH

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Lahan kapas di Indonesia umumnya tegalan tadah hujan yangkesuburannya rendah-sedang. Penambahan pupuk hijau sebagai cara untukmeningkatkan kesuburan tanah sekaligus menahan air perlu memper-timbangkan kondisi biologis tanah, terutama patogen tanah sepertiRhizoctonia solani yang akan terpacu pertumbuhannya. Jamur ini sulitdikendalikan karena mampu bertahan hidup pada sisa-sisa tanaman.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupukhijau (Crotalaria sp.) ke dalam tanah terhadap populasi mikroorganismedan R. solani pada pertanaman tumpangsari kapas-kacang hijau. Penelitiandilakukan di dua tipe tanah, yaitu tanah lempung berpasir di Pasirian,Lumajang dan tanah liat di Sumberrejo, Bojonegoro (Jawa Timur).Kacang hijau varietas Perkutut ditanam di antara barisan kapas Kanesia 8.Perlakuan yang diuji adalah dua cara pemberian Crotalaria segar (dicacah10-15 cm), yaitu dibenamkan ke dalam tanah (seminggu sebelum tanambenih kapas) dan disebarkan (dimulsakan) di atas tanah bersamaan denganwaktu tanam kapas dan kacang hijau. Cacahan Crotalaria (20 ton/ha atau216 kg/petak berukuran 12 m x 9 m) diaplikasikan pada lajur di sekitartanaman kapas. Perlakuan disusun secara kelompok dan diulang tiga kali.Sampel tanah diambil pada saat tanaman kapas berumur 30, 60, dan 90hari setelah tanam (hst) untuk dihitung populasi mikroba non patogen,yaitu aktinomisetes, bakteri, dan jamur menggunakan media selektif,sedangkan R. solani dihitung dengan metode bioasay menggunakan tusukgigi steril. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa populasi mikroorga-nisme di dalam tanah meningkat secara nyata setelah diberi Crotalaria,baik dengan cara dimulsakan maupun dibenamkan, sementara populasimikroorganisme di dalam tanah yang tidak diberi mulsa relatif stabil.Secara umum terjadi peningkatan populasi mikroorganisme tanah(aktinomisetes, bakteri, dan jamur) pada tanah yang diberi Crotalariadengan cara dibenamkan dibandingkan yang dimulsakan, 30 hst. Pada 90hst populasi mikroba menurun, namun total populasi mikroorganismedalam tanah yang diberi Crotalaria masih lebih tinggi daripada tanah yangtidak diberi Crotalaria. Populasi R. solani pada tanah lempung berpasiratau tanah liat yang diberi perlakuan Crotalaria, baik yang dimulsakanmaupun dibenamkan, relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol.Pada pengamatan 30 hst, populasi R. solani dalam tanah berpasir naik 82-140% dari kontrol, sedangkan di dalam tanah liat naik 47-58%. Sejalandengan proses dekomposisi Crotalaria, persediaan bahan organik yangbelum terdekomposisi menipis ditambah dengan meningkatnya populasimikrorganisme saprofitik lain di dalam tanah, maka pada 90 hst populasiR. solani menurun dan tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan kontrol.Dengan demikian, penambahan pupuk hijau Crotalaria segar pada lahanyang sudah tercemar jamur R. solani berrisiko meningkatkan kematiantanaman kapas sehingga pupuk hijau harus didekomposisikan terlebihdahulu sebelum diaplikasikan.</p><p>Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, Vigna sinensis, dinamika populasi,mikroba tanah, Rhizoctonia solani, mulsa Crotalaria</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Population Dynamic of Rhizoctonia solani on Cotton-Mungbean Cropping System Enriched with Crotalaria</p><p>Cotton in Indonesia is usually cultivated on rain fed areas with low-medium soil fertility. Amendment of green manure to improve soilproperties should consider soil biological conditions, particularly soilbornepathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani which could be stimulated. Thisinvestigation aimed to determine the effect of amendment of Crotalariasp. on population of R. solani and non pathogenic soil microorganisms inthe soil cultivated with cotton intercropped with mungbean plants. Theinvestigation was conducted in two soil types i.e. sandy loam in Pasirian,Lumajang and clay soil in Sumberrejo, Bojonegoro (East Java). Mungbean(var. Perkutut) was planted within the cotton row (var. Kanesia 8). FreshCrotalaria plants were cut into 10-15 cm long. The treatments wereincorporation of Crotalaria into the soil a week before planting andmulching the Crotalaria on the soil surface. Crotalaria was applied at arate of 20 t/ha or 216 kg/plot (12 m x 9m). Control treatment was plotwithout Crotalaria amendment. The experiment was arranged using arandomized block design with three replicates. The soil was sampled whenthe cotton plants were 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing (das) to estimatethe population of non pathogenic soil microbes (actinomycetes, bacteria,and fungi) using selective media. It was also to estimate population of R.solani using sterile toothpick bait bioassay. The study showed that popu-lation of soil microbes significantly increased following amendment ofCrotalaria at 30 das, both in the incorporated and mulched treatments.Generally, the population was higher in the incorporated treatment than inthe mulched one. At 90 das the microbial population decreased, however,those in the crotalaria amendments were still higher compared to thecontrol. Population of R. solani increased significantly both in the sandyloam and clay soils amended with Crotalaria. Population of R. solaniincreased 82-140% in the sandy loam soil on 30 das, whilst in the clay soilit increased 47-58%. As the decomposition of Crotalaria occurred, theavailable organic matter diminished as the result the population of R.solani declined. For example, at 90 das the number of R. solani was notsignificantly different compared with the control. This study concludedthat addition of fresh green manure (Crotalaria) soon prior to planting ofcotton in the soil infested with R. solani is highly risk to damping offdisease incidence. Therefore, green manure plant should be decomposedbefore application.</p><p>Key words : Gossypium hirsutum, Vigna sinensis, population dynamic,soil microbes, Rhizoctonia solani, plant residues</p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Astrauskas ◽  
Raimondas Grubliauskas

Ground-borne vibrations induced by road transport is common source of environmental problem for residents living near roads where large flow of vehicles is. Any irregular unevenness of road surface increase the transport induced ground borne vibrations. The ground-borne vibrations travel through soil, different types of soil have different properties and transmission loss of vibrations is different. In this paper the spread of ground borne vibration is modelled using numerical modelling and represented using Surfer software. In this research is considered most common soil types in Lithuania: Peat, clay, sandy loam and loam. Calculated soil particle acceleration near vibration source was highest in Clay soil (34,3 mm/s2). The calculations show that in peat soil vibration travel further than in other soils.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasnawi Hasnawi ◽  
Akhmad Mustafa

Kabupaten Luwu Utara (Lutra) memiliki lahan potensial untuk tambak dan produktivitas tambaknya untuk budidaya udang dan ikan relatif rendah. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan survai untuk mengetahui karakteristik lahan dalam upaya menentukan kesesuaian dan pengelolaan lahan untuk budidaya tambak demi peningkatan produktivitas tambak di Kabupaten Lutra. Faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam mengetahui karakteristik lahan adalah: tanah, topografi, hidrologi, vegetasi, dan iklim. Analisis spasial dalam Sistem Informasi Geografis digunakan untuk penentuan kesesuaian lahan budidaya tambak. Pengelolaan lahan ditentukan berdasarkan karakteristik lahan yang disesuaikan dengan teknologi dan komoditas yang dapat diaplikasikan di tambak. Kawasan pesisir Kabupaten Lutra didominasi oleh tanah bermasalah yaitu tanah sulfat masam, tanah gambut, dan tanah sulfat masam yang berasosiasi dengan tanah gambut. Tanah sulfat masam adalah jenis tanah dominan di Kabupaten Lutra yang memiliki potensi kemasaman dan unsur-unsur toksik yang tinggi dan sebaliknya unsur hara makro yang rendah dengan tekstur tanah yang  tergolong pasir berlempung dan lempung berpasir. Topografi lahan umumnya relatif datar dan elevasi yang tergolong rendah yang didominasi oleh vegetasi Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora sp., dan Nypa fruticans. Curah hujan yang rendah pada bulan September sampai Februari berdampak pada kondisi kualitas air yang lebih baik terutama pada salinitas, pH, Ca, dan Mg yang lebih tinggi daripada musim hujan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lahan tambak di Kabupaten Lutra yang tergolong sangat sesuai (kelas S1) seluas 1.821,9 ha; tergolong cukup sesuai (kelas S2) seluas 368,2 ha; dan tergolong sesuai marjinal (kelas S3) seluas 3.268,1 ha. Untuk perbaikan tanah bermasalah tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui remediasi maupun dengan pemupukan.Coastal area of North Luwu Regency has suitable areas for brackishwater ponds, however many of those areas are low in productivity for shrimp and fish culture. Hence, a survey was conducted to study the characteristics of the area as an effort to determine land suitability and land management for increasing the productivity of brackishwater ponds in North Luwu Regency. Factors that were taken into acount to determine the characteristics of land were soil, topography, hydrology, vegetation and climate condition. Spatial analysis using Geographical Information System software was used to determine land suitability for brackishwater ponds. Land management was determined based on the characteristics of land that are adaptable to the types of technology and commodity applied in the brackishwater ponds. The coastal area of North Luwu Regency was dominated by types of infertile soils, i.e., acid sulfate soil, peat soil and acid sulfate soil associated with peat soil, Acid sulfate soil in North Luwu Regency has high potential acidity and high level toxic element. On the other hand, the area has low level macro elements and soil textures are dominated by loamy sand and sandy loam. In general, the land topography is flat and the elevation is classified as low. The areas are dominated by Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora sp., and Nypa fruticans. Low rainfall level is occurred in September to February and directly affects the coastal water quality, causing higher salinity, pH, Ca, and Mg than in rainy season. Results of analysis show that brackishwater ponds in North Luwu Regency were classified as highly suitable (1,821.9 ha), moderately suitable (368.2 ha) and marginally suitable (3,268.1 ha). Remediation and fertilization are highly recommended in order to improve the soil quality for optimum culture production.


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