VARIABILITY IN HERBAGE YIELDS FROM CAGED AREAS IN A PASTURE EXPERIMENT

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forage Mixtures

The variability in herbage yields measured on 3- × 6-ft caged areas in a pasture with various forage mixtures, rotationally grazed paddocks, and fertilizer treatments was examined. The mean coefficient of variability (C.V.) between individual samples from within a [Formula: see text] paddock was 37% but ranged from 24 to 78% depending on the mixture, fertilizer treatment, and year. When sampling data taken during four or five successive grazing periods were accumulated into annual yields the mean C.V. was 25% and the range from 10 to 58%. Almost the same estimate of yield was obtained by sampling only half of the rotation paddocks within a plot as by sampling all of them, provided the total number of cages per plot was the same. When only a portion of the paddocks in a plot was sampled it was better to sample alternate ones than adjacent ones.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT VERSIONS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF GILTS OF THEIR TRAITS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY CONSOLIDATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
M. V. Tserenyuk ◽  
O. M. Tserenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Mean Square Deviation ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
Current Instruction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

In addition to assessing the absolute performance of animals, the impact of certain technological approaches, breeding influence and other external organized factors on the consolidation of pigs groups on certain grounds should be evaluated. Breeding consolidation is a desirable breeding process that is realized through more motivated consolidation of intra-breeding structural units for maintaining a significant level of intergroup differentiation and variability. If the issue relates to the rearing young animals that are introduced into the herd, this is the most urgent issue that needs to be monitored. The purpose of the research is to determine the consociality of the main signs of reproductive ability of the gilts, which are checked at different rates of artificial insemination of sows of the main herd. The research was carried out at the Shubs`ke farm in the Bogoduhivsky District of Kharkiv Oblast at the pig farm for the pure breeding of the Welsh breed pigs (breeding reproductive status from 2014). In order to evaluate the optimal multiplicity (from single to triple), a gilts with a total of 30 heads was selected. The main indicators of reproductive ability of gilts (multiplicity, weight of nest at birth and excommunication and keeping piglets before weaning on day 28) were evaluated. Recalculation on the weight of the litter at weaning at the weight of the nest at extermination in 60 days was carried out in accordance with the current instruction on the boning of pigs. The results of researches were worked out according to traditional methods by the method of variation statistics. Consolidation of individual indicators of reproductive capacity of gilts was calculated to the total number of evaluated animals. In the previous stage of the research, it was found that the use of multiple insemination of gilts compared to single insemination is positively reflected at the level of their reproductive ability. A decrease in the percentage of non-productive inseminants in animal groups has been established. Triple insemination of gilts allows for 1.14 piglets to be obtained more compared to single insemination of the same pigs (p < 0.01). Also, for three times insemination of gilts, in comparison with single insemination, larger nest for weaning were obtained (by 14.24 kg, converted to 60th day p < 0.01). At the same time, the reduction in the keeping of piglets to weaning for increase frequency of insemination of gilts. According to the multiplicity of gilts, the most consolidated level of symptoms per group was obtained for single insemination. Increasing the multiplicity of insemination negatively affected the consolidation of the multiplicity of the piglets (as for determining the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation due to the mean square deviation, so, and for determining the coefficient of variability). The least consolidated in terms of multiplicity were uterus for double insemination. It should also be noted that there is little difference, in general, on the indicators of the theonotypical consolidation of the multiplicity of piglets between different groups of animals. So this difference between the most contrasting groups was 0.447 points for determining the coefficients due to the mean square deviation and 0.397 points for the determination due to the coefficient of variability, respectively. By weight of the same litters at birth, the most consolidated group was gilts, which was inseminated twice. The least consolidated are trimmed three times, respectively. The difference as a whole, according to the indicators of the theonotype consolidation of the mass of the litter’s piglets at birth, between different groups of pigs was even smaller. The difference between the most contrasting groups was 0.270 points for determining the coefficients due to the mean square deviation and 0.260 points for the determination due to the coefficient of variability, respectively. On the basis of the mass of the litter at weaning, the most consolidated level of symptoms was obtained in the group of gilts for triple insemination. The least consolidated group, respectively, was gilts for single insemination. At the same time, on the basis of the weight of the litter at weaning, the slightest differences were obtained after the consolidation of the signs between different groups of pigs. The difference between the most contrasting groups was 0.173 points for determining the coefficients due to the mean square deviation and 0.248 points for the determination due to the coefficient of variation, respectively. At different rates of insemination of gilts, there are no significant differences between the groups between the groups in terms of the consolidation of signs of reproductive ability. Also, there was no clear effect on increasing the multiplicity of insemination of gilts to the consolidation of their signs of reproductive qualities.

Karyotypes and morphological variation in the sessile-flowered trilliums of North Carolina

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Ann Serota
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Flower Scent ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
The Mean

Six populations of apparently morphologically similar sessile-flowered Trillium (known taxonomically as T. cuneatum Raf. and T. luteum (Muhl.) Harb.) observed growing at elevations between 800 and 1700 ft in the Appalachians of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee exhibit a wide range of variability by observation. The extent of variability was assessed by using statistical and karyotypic methods of analysis and by intraspecific cross-pollination. A correlation exists between the mean coefficient of variability and (1) the size of the population and (2) the degree of geographic isolation. The number of types of each kind of chromosome (A–E), as resolved by cold treatment, varies by one type from population to population. The homozygosity for the six populations is 85.8%, and the distribution of euchromatin is not complex. Intraspecific cross-pollination was effective among 76% of the test crosses. A review of the statistics and other morphological data indicates that the presence or absence of anthocyanins, flower scent, and the degree of geographic isolation are the three major variants among the six populations. These kinds of Trillium grow sympatrically with T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb., T. simile Gleason, T. erectum var. album (Michx.) Pursh, T. flexipes Raf. (T. gleasoni Fern.), and T. erectum L. The cumulative karyotype for the six stands indicates that these plants have not hybridized with any of the above species and varieties. Although these plants have been classified as T. cuneatum Raf. in some stands and as T. luteum (Muhl.) Harb. in others the data demonstrate that these six stands represent one discontinuous population of a sessile-flowered Trillium. Trillium discolor Wray, although relatively rare in western North Carolina, also grows here. Although T. discolor is not directly involved in this problem, its description and distinctive karyotype are included.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF Coptotermes sp. POPULATION FROM TWO DIFFERENT NESTS

PERENNIAL ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Astuti Arif ◽  
Ira Taskirawati ◽  
. Affandi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Tarsus Length ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Product Engineering ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tibia Length

The aim of this research is to study morphmetric variation of external anatomy of subterranean termite (Coptotermes sp.). The samples were collected from two different nests, i.e. Laboratory of Forest Product Engineering and Diversification, Hasanuddin University (site A) and Kompleks Perumahan Dosen Unhas, Tamalanrea (site B). Resulted data were statistically analyzed for mean, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient of variability. The mean values of the different population samples were compared by using student‘t’ test according to SPSS Ver.12. For each individual soldier and worker, 54 variables of external characters were measured. The result showed that some external characters of soldier and worker casts were significantly different with different locations. In soldier casts, eleven of 54 variables were found to be significant different in length and width of caput, length and width metathorax, mesothorax length, length and width of abdomens, scape length, flagellum width, femur width, and width tibia. Whilst, in worker casts, 11 of 54 variables were found to be significant different in mesothorax length, scape length, flagellum width, trochanter width, tibia length, tarsus length, and claw width. However, morph metric of external characters of Coptotermes sp. at two locations was generally relative same in terms of coefficient of variability. Key words: Morphometric analysis, Coptotermes sp.

Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ahenkorah ◽  
B. J. Halm ◽  
M. R. Appiah ◽  
G. S. Akrofi ◽  
J. E. K. Yirenkyi
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
N Application ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Yields

SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while the available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV) disease of cocoa. SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana cannot maintain high yields (above 1000 kg dry cocoa ha−1) beyond 15 years of intensive cropping.

scholarly journals Influence of fertilizer treatment of grassland on the incidence of hypomagnesaemia and hypomagnesaemia tetany (grass tetany) in milking cows.

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences

In grazing experiments with 16 milking cows during 1956 and 1957 heavy K dressings lowered Mg levels of the blood serum, particularly in spring and autumn. Heavy N dressings had similar but less marked effects. The greatest differences were between light and heavy NK dressings. The mean differences were 0.82 mg per 100 ml serum over the whole growing season and >1.20 mg in spring and autumn. Heavy P dressings in autumn were accompanied by a slight drop in serum Mg. In 1957 grass tetany occurred in 6 cows on the heavy-K plots; the Mg level of these animals was 0.2-0.7 mg/100 ml serum. In an experiment on 23 farms the serum-Mg level of 90 milking cows decreased when they were released on pastures occupied the previous day by cows showing tetany; 60 % of them had an Mg level of

VARIABILITY IN EXPERIMENTAL BAKING: I. THE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL MOULDING

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-448
Author(s):  
W. F. Geddes ◽  
C. H. Goulden ◽  
S. T. Hadley ◽  
H. N. Bergsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Personal Factor ◽  
Entire Series ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Appreciable Reduction

In two series of experiments with two different adjustments of the mechanical moulder, 50 hand-moulded and 50 machine-moulded loaves were baked in pairs for each of nine flours of various baking characteristics, using simple and bromate formulas. The data for loaf volume were analyzed statistically. With the first adjustment, machine moulding gave, for the entire series of flours, no significant reduction in variability of loaf volume when an experienced baker conducted the hand moulding. The machine-moulded loaves were significantly lower in loaf volume and exhibited less break and shred, greener crust characteristics, superior grain but inferior texture, and duller crumb color. The mean difference in loaf volume between the hand- and machine-moulded loaves baked from the different flours varied from 28 to 77 cc. or from 4.2 to 9.5% of the corresponding values for hand moulding, the difference increasing with increasing loaf volume. Machine moulding, therefore, reduced the differences between flours and between results for the simple and bromate formulas. Bakers varying m experience secured widely different mean loaf volumes by both hand and machine moulding and there was no evidence of an appreciable reduction in the variability between bakers due to machine moulding. With inexperienced operators, the variability of replicate bakings was slightly lower with machine moulding although greater than for an experienced operator moulding by hand. In general, the less the experience of the baker the lower the loaf volumes obtained. The first adjustment of the moulder did not properly seal doughs made from certain of the flours, and further experiments were undertaken to ascertain the best setting of the machine. Variations in the setting of the sheeting rolls were found to have a more pronounced effect on volume and texture than variations in the adjustment of the compression or former plate. The new setting selected was used in further comparative studies of hand and machine moulding. Replicate tests by an experienced baker using five flours baked by the simple and bromate formulas gave a slight but significant reduction in variability of loaf volume in favor of machine moulding, the coefficient of variability being 2.57% as compared with 2.88% for hand moulding. Replicate bakings of one flour on five consecutive days gave highly significant differences in mean loaf volume for the different days—the range being 18.4 and 27.2 cc. for hand and machine moulding respectively. Arranging the days in order of increasing mean loaf volume the two moulding methods gave a similar arrangement indicating that some factor or factors were operating which affected both the hand and machine results. Significant trends in loaf volume for the baking intervals within any one day were observed. These trends were not similar for the different days with the exception that the last loaves baked were uniformly lower in volume. Machine moulding did not reduce the day differences nor the trends within days, and until the cause of these secular variations is elucidated, they should be taken into account in the planning of baking tests. Experiments conducted by bakers of varying experience gave results which indicated that inexperience in moulding is not an important factor contributing to variability between replicates. The personal factor in both punching and moulding however contributes to the variability between bakers, the data indicating that moulding personality has the greater effect. Using one flour a range of 61.3 cc. was obtained between the mean loaf volumes for three bakers by hand moulding. When these bakers used doughs which were punched by an experienced operator the range was reduced to 40.1 and 8.7 cc. or hand and machine moulding respectively. From these data it is concluded that machine moulding may reduce but not eliminate the large differences in mean loaf volume which different operators secure in baking the same flour. With an experienced experimental baker, the variability of replicates for different flours was found to increase as the mean volume increased. These data are applied to a consideration of reasonable limits for agreement between duplicates and the number of replicate bakings necessary to differentiate between flours.

Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ahenkorah ◽  
B. J. Halm ◽  
M. R. Appiah ◽  
G. S. Akrofi ◽  
J. E. K. Yirenkyi
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
N Application ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Yields

SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while the available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV) disease of cocoa. SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana cannot maintain high yields (above 1000 kg dry cocoa ha−1) beyond 15 years of intensive cropping.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Diversity of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from Benue River and a Tributary in North East Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 09-018
Author(s):  
Mamndeyati Ndekimbe Uruku ◽  
Innocent Agbo Adikwu ◽  
Oyediran Olusegun Oyebola ◽  
Timothy E. Uchendu
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
North East ◽  
Fishing Gears ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
The Mean

Phenotypic Variability of Sampled Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Population were assessed. 30 matured samples of Clarias gariepinus of different sizes were bought from artisanal fisherfolks using various fishing gears, morphometric and meristic attributes and other adaptive traits were characterized. Phenotypic heterogeneity (Coefficient of Variability > 10%) and multiple modes in Meristic and morphometric Values were assessed to imply plasticity and taxonomic complications respectively. Twenty morphometric and nine meristic attributes were measured in all the collected individuals and measured to the nearest 0.01cm, using Vernier calipers. The mean value of meristic attributes varied from 6.20±0.93 in PELFR-R to 71.40±5.64 in DFR. Coefficient of variability of the population varied from 7.89 in DFR to 54.02 in PESES-L. Heterogeneity occurred in 77.8% of meristic attributes except DFR and CFR. Multiple modal was recorded in PESES-L, while the mean value of the morphometric attributes varied from 5.20±0.82 in OPD to 64.52±5.00 in DFL. Coefficient of variability of the population varied from 7.76 in DFL to 18.07 in CFW. Heterogeneity occurred in 82.4% of morphometric attributes. Five components accounted for 78.65% of the total variation using Principal Component Analysis on morphometric attributes. Two of the extracted components had CV > 10 (41.70%, and 15.02%). However, the scree plot shows the slope of the variation to favors the five component with Eigenvalue greater than one. The studied C. gariepinus population was characterized by heterogeneity of phenotypic values and the population can be taxonomically discriminated by meristic and morpho types.

scholarly journals Inversion heterozygosity and selection for wing length in Drosophila subobscura

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Prevosti
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Drosophila Subobscura ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Coefficient Of Variability ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For

1. Selection for long or short wings was carried out in three pairs of lines of which two were started from the same basic population. At the end of the selection experiment the frequencies of the chromosomal arrangements were determined in each line and compared with the corresponding original frequencies to see if the chromosomal polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura is related to the genetic variation of size in a regular way.2. The three pairs of lines show an asymmetrical response to selection. Selection for long wings is less effective in changing the mean of the population than selection for short wings.3. Heritability is lower in the lines selected for long wings, especially in the later generations of selection.4. Viability shows a very small decrease during selection in most selected lines.5. In no case does the coefficient of variability show statistically significant changes, but there is a general tendency for it to decrease.6. Selection for long wings favours combinations heterozygous for the standard chromosome orders and specific complex inversion orders. Selection for short wings generally fixes in homozygous combination specific complex inversion orders.7. The heterozygous combinations of the standard chromosomal orders, which are most frequent in northern populations, when combined with the complex inversion orders which are most frequent in southern populations, have a heterotic effect on size.8. The complex inversion orders usually fixed in homozygous combinations in the lines selected for short wings are those most frequent in southern populations which have a smaller mean size than northern populations.9. The blocks of genes integrated in ‘supergenes’ in the inverted segments of the chromosomes of D. subobscura differ in genetic composition with respect to the control of wing length.

Photo-electric Hβ and uvby photometry

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
D. L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Relative Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Stars ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Filter Photometry ◽  
The Continuum

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).

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