CONTROL OF VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE AND MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES BY SOIL FUMIGATION

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. McKeen ◽  
R. M. Sayre
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Greenhouse Soils ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Fumigation of greenhouse soils with Vorlex and Morton Chemical Company proprietary chemical EP-201 gave excellent control of root-knot nematode and reduced the incidence of Verticillium wilt to a low level. Both fumigants gave highly significant increases in yield of fruit. From a soil-suspension plating method it was found that the survival of Fusarium spp. could be used as an index of the destruction of Verticillium dahliae in fumigated soils.

Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and Verticillium dahliae, and the chemical control of wilt in strawberry

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

In a field experiment with strawberries, pre-plant treatments with broad-spectrum fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (450 kg/ha) or methyl isothiocyanate-dichloropropene (500 l/ha) (and 300 l/ha) controlled wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and resulted in increased yields. Soil fumigation with the nematicide ethylene dibromidz (105 l/ha) also improved yields. It controlled the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), delayed the onset of wilt symptoms and reduced the severity of disease. This indicated a nematode-fungus interaction and is the first report of a Meloidogyne-Verticillium interaction in strawberry.

scholarly journals Interlaboratory Comparison of Methods To Quantify Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3846-3853 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Termorshuizen ◽  
J. R. Davis ◽  
G. Gort ◽  
D. C. Harris ◽  
O. C. Huisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Interlaboratory Comparison ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Blinded Fashion ◽  
Dry Soil

ABSTRACT In a comparison of different methods for estimatingVerticillium dahliae in soil, 14 soil samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion by 13 research groups in seven countries, using their preferred methods. One group analyzed only four samples. Twelve soil samples were naturally infested, and two had known numbers of microsclerotia of V. dahliae added to them. In addition, a control was included to determine whether transport had an effect on the results. Results differed considerably among the research groups. There was a 118-fold difference between the groups with the lowest and highest mean estimates. Results of the other groups were evenly distributed between these extremes. In general, methods based on plating dry soil samples gave higher numbers of V. dahliae than did plating of an aqueous soil suspension. Recovery of V. dahliae from samples with added microsclerotia varied from 0 to 59%. Most of the variability within each analysis was at the petri dish level. The results indicate the necessity to check the performance of detection assays regularly by comparing recoveries with other laboratories, using a common set of soil samples. We conclude that wet plating assays are less accurate than dry plating assays.

Meloidogyne ethiopica (Root-knot nematode).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes Carneiro ◽  
Marina Dechechi Gomes Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Meloidogyne Ethiopica

Abstract M. ethiopica is a polyphagous pest and classed as a tropical and temperate root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Strajnar et al., 2011). M. ethiopica is considered a damaging species as it can multiply on many different types of plants (including both dicotyledons and monocotyledons). Originally considered a tropical species, it has been shown to survive outdoors in temperate areas also. The distribution in Africa is unknown. Only in Chile is it considered an invasive nematode. In Chile it occurs over a range of ca 1000 km and has been detected from the Copiapó valley, ca 800 km north of Santiago, to Talca, ca 250 km south of Santiago and it is found on grapevine (Vitis vinifera), kiwi (Actinida deliciosa C.) and potatoes in 80% of samples (Carneiro et al., 2007) collected in this area. It was introduced in Brazil from Chile on kiwi seedlings, and despite not being invasive in Brazil it has caused serious economic problems to grapevine in Chile (Carneiro et al., 2007). Recently, this species has also been recorded on asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in Peru (Murga-Gutierrezet al., 2012). In Europe it has been detected only in Slovenia, on greenhouse tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (Širca et al., 2004). It was added to the EPPO Alert List in 2011.

Method for estimating inoculum of the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae in Australian cotton soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
S. Young ◽  
K. Kirkby ◽  
S. Roser ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Sampling Protocol ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
The Ideal

The ability to quantify inoculum levels of the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae in field soil is essential for understanding potential disease pressure of Verticillium wilt in cotton and for making informed management decisions. Several semi-selective media and techniques for pathogen isolation have been developed for determining the inoculum levels of V. dahliae present in soil. The objective of this study was to gather data on soil plating techniques, media, sampling depths, and times of sampling for the detection and quantification of V. dahliae in field soils, in order to develop a V. dahliae isolation protocol for Australian cotton-growing soils. Two soil plating techniques (dilution plating or ‘wet plating’, and direct spreading by hand or ‘dry plating’) on four semi-selective media (Sorenson’s NP-10, potato dextrose agar, and acidified versions of each) were compared for their efficacy in quantifying soil inoculum as germinated microsclerotia propagules per gram soil. Soil was sampled from three depths to examine the vertical distribution of the fungus and so determine the ideal sampling depth. Field soil sampling was conducted pre-planting and post-harvest to examine differences in inoculum with sampling time. Based on the results of this study, a soil sampling protocol has been developed for Australian cotton farms that includes sampling soil before planting, at a depth of 2–24 cm, and using the direct dry plating method on Sorenson’s NP-10 media.

Options for controlling needle nematode (Paralongidorus australis) and preventing damage to rice in northern Queensland

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Stirling ◽  
LL Vawdrey ◽  
EL Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Good Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Sulfur Containing Compounds

Options for the control of Paralongidorus australis on paddy rice in northern Queensland were evaluated in a series of field and pot experiments. Soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene at 220 and 358 kglha gave excellent control in the field and increased grain yields by more than 40%. In pots, carbofuran (5, 10 and 20 kg a.i./ha) applied to soil prior to sowing or in water at the time of permanent flooding gave good control but fenamiphos and CuSO4 did not. These results suggested that the amounts of 1,3-dichloropropene or carbofuran needed to control the nematode were too high for annual treatment with nematicides to be economic. Carbofuran and oxamyl applied as seed dressings at 0.75% and 0.36% a.i. respectively were much cheaper treatments, but failed to control P. australis or reduce nematode damage to root tips. P. australis was eliminated from moist soil by air-drying, but this effect could not be reproduced in the field by deep ripping followed by cultivation to break up clods. Amendment of nematode-infested soil with straw and various sulfur-containing compounds and flooding for 6 or 12 weeks, failed to reduce nematode numbers in the subsequent rice crop, indicating that products of anaerobic decomposition did not control the nematode. However, there was a marked reduction in the percentage of root tips damaged by the nematode in the straw + sulphur treatment. Additional pot experiments investigated practices that reduced losses from P. australis but did not necessarily control the nematode. When rice was flooded 1, 2, 3, 5 or 7 weeks after sowing, the degree of nematode damage was reduced as flooding was delayed, possibly because P. australis remained inactive during the period prior to flooding. Of the 14 rice cultivars and breeding lines tested for tolerance to P. australis, several cultivars were more tolerant than Starbonnet and Lemont, the cultivars currently being grown commercially in northern Queensland. Both delayed flooding and the use of tolerant varieties showed enough promise to warrant further testing in the field.

Control of Canada Thistle by Soil Fumigation without Tarpaulins

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Three years of field experiments showed that Canada thistle. [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] could be controlled with deeply injected soil fumigants without covering the soil with a tarpaulin. The degree of control depended on the kind of fumigant, the rate of application, and the depth of injection. Weed control with fumigants usually improved as the rate of application and depth of injection increased. The most effective treatment was 1,3-dichloropropene at 560 kg/ha injected to a depth of 46 cm. Good to excellent control of Canada thistle was also obtained with 1,3-dichloropropene at 280 kg/ha injected either 23 or 46 cm and ethylene dibromide at 160 kg/ha and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide at 20 + 55 kg/ha injected at 46 cm. Results with ethylene dibromide and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide were more erratic than with 1,3-dichloropropene. Increasing the percentage of chloropicrin in the combination reduced the control of Canada thistle.

scholarly journals Soil Disinfestation Efficacy against Soil Fungal Pathogens in Strawberry Crops in Spain: An Overview

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Berta de los Santos ◽  
Juan Jesús Medina ◽  
Luis Miranda ◽  
José Antonio Gómez ◽  
Miguel Talavera
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Pathogen

(1) Background: Strawberry cultivation is highly dependent on soil disinfestation for proper development. Since the definitive methyl bromide phase-out, other chemicals have been used as alternatives. This research provides an overview on the efficacies of soil disinfestation methods on controlling soil fungal diseases of strawberry. (2) Methods: The efficacy of several soil disinfestation methods on soil fungal pathogens (SFP: Fusarium spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina) was analyzed in experimental field trials during eleven growing seasons. (3) Results: Average efficiencies in reducing soil pathogen inocula for soil disinfestation techniques are given. Soil disinfestations with chloropicrin, allyl isothiocyanate, dazomet, 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin, methyl iodide:chloropicrin, and dimethyl disulfide reduced Fusarium spp. and M. phaseolina soil inocula by more than 90%. Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced Fusarium spp. soil populations by 80% and M. phaseolina by 79%. Reductions in plant mortality and increases in fruit yields over the untreated controls did not differ between chemically fumigated and biosolarized plots. (4) Conclusions: Soil fungal pathogens are effectively controlled by chemical fumigation of soils in intensive strawberry crops in Spain. In the case of mixed infestations of SFP with nematodes, the most efficient treatment in suppressing soil-borne diseases was soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin, but other alternative chemicals, such as allyl isothiocyanate, dazomet, and dimethyl disulfide, provided high efficacies in reducing the SFP inocula. Soil biosolarization is proposed as an effective alternative to chemical soil fumigation for strawberry cultivation in Southern Spain when SFP inocula is not remarkably high.

scholarly journals Verticillium Wilt Incited by Verticillium dahliae in Eggplant Grafted on Solanum torvum in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garibaldi ◽  
A. Minuto ◽  
M. L. Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Solanum Torvum ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Resistant Rootstock ◽  
Low Incidence

Eggplant cultivars grafted on rootstocks resistant to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are increasingly grown in Italy to reduce nematode infection. During the winter of 2003-2004, eggplants (cv Black Bell and Mirabell) grafted on the nematode-resistant rootstock Solanum torvum were observed with symptoms of a wilt disease in several greenhouses in Sicily (southern Italy). The vascular tissue in stems of affected plants appeared brown. These plants were stunted and developed yellow leaves with brown or black streaks in the vascular tissue. The wilt appeared in several greenhouses at a very low incidence (0.01 to 0.05%). Later, during the fall of 2004, disease incidence was approximately ten times greater in the same greenhouses on new crops. Verticillium dahliae was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue of the rootstock (S. torvum) and the scion (cv Black bell) when cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (1). Healthy, 50-day-old plants of S. torvum and eggplant (cv. Black Bell) were separately inoculated by root dip with a conidial suspension (1 × 107 CFU/ml) of two isolates of V. dahliae obtained from the rootstock and the scion of the infected grafted plants and with a known pathogenic isolate of V. dahliae from nongrafted eggplant. Noninoculated S. torvum and eggplant served as control treatments. Plants (30 per treatment) were grown in a glasshouse at temperatures ranging between 12 and 41°C (weekly average 15 to 36°C) and relative humidity ranging between 36 and 99% (weekly average 54 to 95%). The first wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration in the roots, crowns, and veins developed 26 and 21 days after inoculation on S. torvum and eggplant, respectively. Seventy-two days after inoculation, 20, 26, and 27% of S. torvum plants and 97, 100, and 87% of the eggplants showed symptoms caused by V. dahliae isolates obtained from the scion of diseased grafted plants, the rootstock of diseased grafted plants, and nongrafted eggplants, respectively. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. To our knowledge, this is the first report in Italy of Verticillium wilt on eggplant grafted on S. torvum rootstocks under commercial conditions. Use of eggplant grafted on the nematode-resistant rootstock of S. torvum presents an interesting opportunity to control the root-knot nematode but has to be carefully considered when dealing with soils severely infested by V. dahliae. Reference: (1) G. F. Pegg and B. L. Brady. Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2002.

A SOIL SUSPENSION - PLATING METHOD OF ESTIMATING POPULATIONS OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. MELONIS IN MUSKMELON WILT SOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Wensley ◽  
C. D. McKeen
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Plating Method

A soil suspension – plating method, applicable to the estimation of populations of Fusarium oxysporum and the muskmelon wilt pathogen, F. oxysporum f. melonis, in wilt-infested soils has been evaluated. By this method populations of F. oxysporum f. melonis varying from 20 to 1000 propagules per gram of soil have been obtained. The problem of identifying the muskmelon wilt fungus among morphologically similar formae of F. oxysporum is dealt with.

SOIL FUMIGATION FOR CONTROL OF VERTICILLIUM WILT OF EGGPLANT

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. McKeen ◽  
W. B. Mountain
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Lesion Nematode

Fumigation of Fox sandy loam field soils naturally infested with Verticillium dahliae delayed the onset and reduced the final incidence of Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Fumigation resulted in greater plant growth and concomitant increases in yield. Vorlex and EP-201 applied at 561.6 l./ha gave similar control of wilt and yield increases. Fumigation with Vorlex gave best control of wilt in 1964 and 1965, years in which the upper 15 cm of soil contained uniformly high moisture at the time of treatment. Vorlex applied at 561.6 l./ha reduced root populations of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans to considerably lower levels than Telone at 449.3 l./ha. Vapam was not as effective in controlling wilt as either Vorlex or EP-300, though like EP-300 it caused no early retardation of growth of eggplant. Yield increases from fumigation varied from year to year and ranged from 5 to more than 100 times yields from untreated soils. Soil fumigation in eggplant culture promises to be practical in southwestern Ontario where Verticillium wilt is serious.

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