Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
E. Bremer ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
B. Beres ◽  
C. Yoder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Middleton, A. B., Beres, B., Yoder, C., Hietamaa, C., Pfiffner, P., Kereliuk, G., Pauly, D. and Henriquez, B. 2014. Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 15–22. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is an attractive crop for biofuel production due to its high grain yield potential, weed competitiveness, and drought tolerance. Field plot studies were conducted at seven locations across Alberta from 2008 to 2010 to determine optimum agronomic practices (seeding date, seeding rate and N fertilizer rate) for grain and starch production of spring triticale. The yield penalty from delayed seeding was variable, with an average yield decline of only 0.1% per day. Significant yield benefits from increasing seeding rates from 100 to 500 viable seeds m−2 were obtained at site-years with more than 200 mm of growing season precipitation, but were inconsistent or negligible at site-years with less than 200 mm of growing season precipitation. Optimum N fertilizer rates for grain production increased with growing season precipitation, but were not correlated with pre-seeding soil extractable NO3-N levels. Starch concentrations were either unaffected or only slightly affected by seeding date, seeding rate or N fertilizer rate. Thus, agronomic practices that were optimum for triticale grain production were also optimum for starch production. Under good growing conditions, grain production of spring triticale was optimum when seeded at 350 to 450 seeds m−2 and N fertilizer rates of 90 to 150 kg N ha−1.

Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

May, W. E., Fernandez, M. R., Selles, F. and Lafond G. P. 2014. Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 141–152. Fusarium head blight (FHB) has become an important disease of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn] in the humid and sub-humid regions of the prairies along with leaf spots, black point and red smudge. Together, they contribute to lower grain yields and grain quality. The study objective was to determine the effect of seeding rate, nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate, fungicidal treatment, and cultivar on disease severity, crop development, grain yield and quality in durum. A four-way factorial design was used with two seeding rates (150 and 300 viable seeds m−2), two N rates (75 and 100% of recommended rate), three cultivars (AC Avonlea, AC Morse and AC Navigator), four fungicide treatments (no application, propiconazole at flag leaf, tebuconazole at anthesis, and propiconazole at flag leaf followed by tebuconazole at anthesis) and three locations (two in Saskatchewan and one in Manitoba) from 2001 to 2003. There were no interactions among fungicide, seeding rate, N fertilizer and cultivar for all measured variables. Foliar fungicide treatments resulted in greater kernel weight, grain yield and test weight than the no-fungicide treatment. The application of tebuconazole at anthesis did not reduce the amount of FDK in the harvested grain. The application of a fungicide increased the percentage of kernels infected by black point from 0.38% to over 0.50% and red smudge from 0.54 to 0.61%. Two fungicide applications increased red smudge to 0.85%. Grain yield increased by 2.4% when the seeding rate was increased from 150 to 300 plants m−2. Increasing N fertilizer rate increased grain yield by 5.2%, protein concentration by 5.4% and hard vitreous kernels (HVK) by 2.6%, but decreased test weight by 0.5%. Cultivar selection had the largest effect on FDK. In conclusion, effects of a fungicide application on durum wheat did not interact with selection of seeding rates, cultivars or N rates used in this study.

Petiole sap NO3-N testing as a method for monitoring nitrogen nutrition of potato crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Waterer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Potato Crops ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Petiole Sap ◽  
N Status

Petiole sap NO3-N concentrations were tested as a means for monitoring crop nitrogen (N) status and N fertilizer responses in potatoes. An ion specific electrode was used to monitor sap NO3-N concentrations of three varieties of potatoes grown with differing amounts of N fertilizer in 1993–1995. Plots provided with varying amounts of fertilizer N applied prior to planting or as a split application were sampled on six occasions through the growing season. Sap NO3-N levels were positively correlated with petiole dry matter NO3-N levels. Petiole sap NO3-N levels reflected rates and timing of N fertilizer application. Sap NO3-N levels in the three cultivars showed similar changes with time after planting and increasing N fertilizer rates. However, sap NO3-N levels measured under a particular set of conditions were unique for each cultivar. The correlation between yields and sap NO3-N levels varied with the sampling date and cultivar. Recommendations were developed for critical sap NO3-N concentrations at various stages in the development of the three cultivars. Key words: Ion specific electrode, nitrate, petiole, nitrogen, tissue testing, Solanum tuberosum

Fertilizer N response and canola yield in the semiarid Canadian prairies

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cutforth ◽  
B. McConkey ◽  
S. Brandt ◽  
Y. Gan ◽  
G. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Quadratic Equations ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Production Decision ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Canola is a viable crop when grown under fallow in the semiarid prairie, but is also grown in longer rotations, most often no-till seeded into standing stubble. Selecting the proper N fertilizer rate is a very challenging production decision, but most of the available nitrogen response for canola has been derived for the more subhumid parts of the Canadian prairies. We developed simple quadratic equations to describe the yield relationship for stubble-seeded open-pollinated and hybrid canola in the semiarid Canadian prairie. These relationships indicate that hybrid canola produced higher grain yields at all fertilizer rates and had optimum N fertilizer rates about 50% higher than those for open-pollinated canola. Key words: Canola, fertilizer N, grain yield, water use, semiarid prairie

scholarly journals Extreme Weather Events Affect Agronomic Practices and Their Environmental Impact in Maize Cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7352
Author(s):  
Monika Marković ◽  
Jasna Šoštarić ◽  
Marko Josipović ◽  
Atilgan Atilgan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Sustainable and profitable crop production has become a challenge due to frequent weather extremes, where unstable crop yields are often followed by the negative impacts of agronomic practices on the environment, i.e., nitrate leaching in irrigated and nitrogen (N)-fertilized crop production. To study this issue, a three-year field study was conducted during quite different growing seasons in terms of weather conditions, i.e., extremely wet, extremely dry, and average years. Over three consecutive years, the irrigation and N fertilizers rates were tested for their effect on grain yield and composition, i.e., protein, starch, and oil content of the maize hybrids; soil N level (%); and nitrate leaching. The results showed that the impact of the tested factors and their significance was year- or weather-condition-dependent. The grain yield result stood out during the extremely wet year, where the irrigation rate reduced the grain yield by 7.6% due to the stress caused by the excessive amount of water. In the remainder of the study, the irrigation rate expectedly increased the grain yield by 13.9% (a2) and 20.8% (a3) in the extremely dry year and 22.7% (a2) and 39.5% (a3) during the average year. Regardless of the weather conditions, the N fertilizer rate increased the grain yield and protein content. The soil N level showed a typical pattern, where the maximum levels were at the beginning of the study period and were higher as the N fertilizer rate was increased. Significant variations in the soil N level were found between weather conditions (r = −0.719) and N fertilizer rate (r = 0.401). Nitrate leaching losses were expectedly found for irrigation and N fertilizer treatments with the highest rates (a3b3 = 79.8 mg NO3− L).

scholarly journals Growth, Yield-Related Traits and Yield of Lowland Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties as Influenced by Inorganic NPS and N Fertilizer Rates at Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mekuannet K. Belay
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Appropriate selection of varieties based on agroecologies and application of the right amount and type of fertilizers based on crop requirements are crucially indispensable to maximize maize production. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years under main cropping seasons to evaluate the effect of blended NPS and N fertilizer rates on growth, yield components, and yield of open-pollinated maize varieties at the moisture stress area, eastern Ethiopia. The experiment was comprised of two lowland maize varieties, three blended NPS (50, 100, and 150 kg), and three N levels (43.5, 87, and 130.5 kg) ha−1 using a factorial arrangement under a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the leaf area index, thousand kernel weight, and biomass and grain yields were significantly influenced by the interaction effect of variety × NPS and N in the first growing season. The number of ears per plant, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernels per ear, and biomass yield were significantly affected due to variety in the second growing season. The maximum growth parameters and yield components were recorded from Baate and 150 kg blended NPS. Grain yield and harvest index were statistically affected by interaction effects of variety × NPS and N in both years. Therefore, the highest grain yield (9.7 t·ha−1) was produced from Baate at a combined application of 150 kg NPS and 130.5 kg N·ha−1. The partial budget analysis also confirmed that the highest net benefit (2,033.4 USD) with the highest marginal rate of return (3106.9%) was obtained at Baate variety where plants were fertilized with 150 NPS and 130.5 kg N·ha−1. In conclusion, an integrated application of 150 NPS + 130.5 kg N·ha−1 to Baate variety is agronomically optimum and economically realistic fertilizer level to get a higher grain yield in the study area.

Nitrogen management of fallow crops in Canadian prairie soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389-1401
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
D. C. James ◽  
F. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Karamanos, R. E., Selles, F., James, D. C. and Stevenson, F. C. 2012. Nitrogen management of fallow crops in Canadian prairie soils. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1389–1401. The ability of fallow to supply nitrogen (N) to crops has been questioned, particularly for crops with greater N requirements. A study was conducted to determine canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) responses to a range of N fertilizer rates (0–75 kg N ha−1 for canola and 0–50 kg N ha−1 for wheat) at 17 fallow sites across Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, from 2003 to 2005. Yield and N uptake responses to progressively greater N fertilizer rates were curvilinear for both crops. Maximum yield occurred with 76 kg N ha−1 for canola yield (2190 kg ha−1) and 47 kg N ha−1 for wheat (2910 kg ha−1). Maximum N uptake occurred at about 90 kg N ha−1 for both crops. Wheat grain yield and N uptake responses were mostly associated with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at anthesis or flag leaf, whereas canola yields and N uptake were most associated with NDVI at five-leaf or bolting, or Cardy Nitrate meter at bolting. The preceding relationships were most apparent at the highest N fertilizer rates. Canola and wheat water use were not affected by N fertilizer rate, but water use efficiency increased linearly for both crops as N fertilizer rate was increased.

SPRING SOIL WATER, PRECIPITATION, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER: EFFECT ON BARLEY YIELD

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. BOLE ◽  
U. J. PITTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Fertilizer Effect ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Results of a 5-yr field experiment were used to develop a regression model (R = 0.94) describing barley yield as a function of available soil water in the spring (Ws), growing season precipitation (GSP), and N fertilizer. Yields on independent fertility plots having Ws and GSP levels within the scope of the data used in deriving the equation were in close agreement with those predicted by the model. Equations were developed for Ws defined as soil water on either 15 May or 1 June and GSP from then until 31 July. Including rainfall received after 31 July in GSP decreased the accuracy of the model. At the levels of GSP occurring in the study, GSP and Ws affected yield to a similar degree, but with the long-term average GSP and Ws levels at Lethbridge, Ws was only about half as effective as GSP on stubble and one-third as effective on summer fallow. Growing season precipitation had a three times greater effect on barley response to N fertilizer than Ws. The model would allow a producer to base his fertilizer N rate on a gravimetrically determined Ws level at seeding and use the GSP probability as his risk level. Using the current cost:price ratio of N fertilizer and barley, he can optimize his N fertilizer level based on the measured Ws.

scholarly journals Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer applied at corn sowing in contrasting growing seasons in Paraguay

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1641-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telmo Jorge Carneiro Amado ◽  
Enrique Oswin Hahn Villalba ◽  
Rafael Pivotto Bortolotto ◽  
Antônio Luis Santi ◽  
Enrique Asterio Benítez León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

In order to select soil management practices that increase the nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in agro-ecosystems, the different indices of agronomic fertilizer efficiency must be evaluated under varied weather conditions. This study assessed the NUE indices in no-till corn in southern Paraguay. Nitrogen fertilizer rates from 0 to 180 kg ha-1 were applied in a single application at corn sowing and the crop response investigated in two growing seasons (2010 and 2011). The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. Based on the data of grain yield, dry matter, and N uptake, the following fertilizer indices were assessed: agronomic N-use efficiency (ANE), apparent N recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE), partial factor productivity (PFP), and partial nutrient balance (PNB). The weather conditions varied largely during the experimental period; the rainfall distribution was favorable for crop growth in the first season and unfavorable in the second. The PFP and ANE indices, as expected, decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. A general analysis of the N fertilizer indices in the first season showed that the maximum rate (180 kg ha-1) obtained the highest corn yield and also optimized the efficiency of NPE, NRE and ANE. In the second season, under water stress, the most efficient N fertilizer rate (60 kg ha-1) was three times lower than in the first season, indicating a strong influence of weather conditions on NUE. Considering that weather instability is typical for southern Paraguay, anticipated full N fertilization at corn sowing is not recommended due the temporal variability of the optimum N fertilizer rate needed to achieve high ANE.

scholarly journals Plant Population and Nitrogen Fertilization for Subsurface Drip-irrigated Onion

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1722-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B. G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Onion (Allium cepa L.) production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho has been based on furrow irrigation with 318 kg·ha-1 N fertilizer and average yields of 70 Mg·ha-1, but these practices have been implicated in nitrate contamination of groundwater. Drip irrigation, introduced in the early 1990s, has several advantages, including reduced leaching losses. Since onion plant populations and N fertilizer rates can affect economic returns, studies were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to determine optimum plant populations and N fertilizer rates for subsurface drip-irrigated onion. Long-day onion (`Vision') was subjected to a combination of seven nitrogen fertilization rates (0 to 336 kg·ha-1 in 56-kg increments applied between late May and early July) and four plant populations (185, 250, 300, and 370 thousand plants/ha). Onion was grown on silt loam in two double rows spaced 0.56 m apart on 1.1 m beds with a drip tape buried 13 cm deep in the bed center. Soil water potential was maintained nearly constant at -20 kPa by automated irrigations based on soil water potential measurements at a 0.2-m depth. Onion bulbs were evaluated for yield and grade after 70 days of storage. Onion yield and grade were highly responsive to plant population. Onion marketable yield increased, and bulb diameter decreased with increasing plant population. Within the range of plant populations tested, gross returns were not always responsive to plant population. Returns were increased by the increase in marketable yield obtained with higher plant population, but higher plant population also reduced the production of the largest sized bulbs which had the highest value per weight. Onion yielded 95 Mg·ha-1 with no applied N fertilizer, averaged over plant populations and years. Onion yield and grade were not responsive to N fertilizer rate or interaction of N fertilizer rate with plant population. Preplant soil available N, N mineralization, and N in irrigation water all contributed N to the crop. Onion N uptake did not increase with increasing N fertilizer rate.

Production and quality benefits of white clover inclusion into ryegrass swards at different nitrogen fertilizer rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Enriquez-Hidalgo ◽  
T. J. Gilliland ◽  
M. Egan ◽  
D. Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

AbstractA 4-year (2010–2013) plot study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120, 196 and 240 kg N/ha/year) on seasonal responses and species persistency in frequently and tightly grazed (⩽4 cm) grass-only (GO) and grass white clover swards (GWc). Increasing N application rate increased herbage removed and pre-grazing sward height. Cows frequently grazed the GWc tighter than the GO. Increasing N rate reduced clover content, especially during the warmest months of the year, but less so up to 120 kg N/ha/year. The GWc had greater amounts of herbage removed than GO in the May–September period but the effect was less as N rate increased. Cumulative herbage removed from GWc was greater than GO swards receiving the same N rate and herbage quality was better in GWc than GO. Such effects were reduced as swards aged and with increasing N rate. It was concluded that under frequent and tight grazing management: (1) clover inclusion increased annual herbage removed; (2) herbage removed from GWc swards receiving no N was the same as the GO sward receiving 240 kg N/ha, and greater for the 240 GWc swards than the 240 GO swards; (3) clover inclusion benefits were mainly from summer onwards; (4) the management strategy applied in the current experiment may be capable of alleviating the detrimental effect of N fertilizer on clover, to a point between 60 and 120 kg N/ha.

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