Effects of salinity stress on starch morphology, composition and thermal properties during grain development in triticale

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang-Feng He ◽  
Ravinder Goyal ◽  
André Laroche ◽  
Meng-Li Zhao ◽  
Zhen-Xiang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Gelatinization Temperature ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Moderate Salinity

He, J.-F., Goyal, R., Laroche, A., Zhao, M.-L. and Lu, Z.-X. 2013. Effects of salinity stress on starch morphology, composition and thermal properties during grain development in triticale. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 765–771. Triticale is a man-made cereal crop developed from a cross between wheat and rye. It has excellent agronomic traits for starch production on arid and semi-arid lands. This study investigated the effects of salinity stress on the alterations of starch morphology, composition and physicochemical properties during triticale grain development. Three triticale varieties (AC Certa, AC Ultima and Blue Alta) were treated with three levels of NaCl solutions (50, 100 and 200 mM), termed low salinity stress (LSS), moderate salinity stress (MSS) and high salinity stress (HSS), respectively. Reduction in seed weight and starch content were observed under salinity stress; the values decreased by 9–42% under MSS and 18–51% under HSS. MSS and HSS favored an increase of amylose synthesis and accumulation in triticale starch. Triticale starch synthesized under salinity stress showed a decreased population of small granules and an increased ratio on A-type to B-type granules. MSS and HSS decreased the peak temperature and increased the starch enthalpy, and an inverse relationship between salinity stress and a range of starch gelatinization temperature was also observed. This is the first report demonstrating that starch morphology, composition and thermal properties in triticale grains can be significantly affected by salinity stress.

High Salinity Relay as a Postharvest Processing Strategy To Reduce Vibrio vulnificus Levels in Chesapeake Bay Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)†

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1902-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
CORINNE AUDEMARD ◽  
HOWARD I. KATOR ◽  
MARTHA W. RHODES ◽  
THOMAS GALLIVAN ◽  
A. J. ERSKINE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Salinity Increase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Postharvest Processing

In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to implement postharvest processing (PHP) methods to eliminate Vibrio vulnificus from oysters intended for the raw, half-shell market that are harvested from the Gulf of Mexico during warmer months. FDA-approved PHP methods can be expensive and may be associated with unfavorable responses from some consumers. A relatively unexplored PHP method that uses relaying to high salinity waters could be an alternative strategy, considering that high salinities appear to negatively affect the survival of V. vulnificus. During relay, however, oysters may be exposed to rapid and large salinity increases that could cause increased mortality. In this study, the effectiveness of high salinity relay to reduce V. vulnificus to <30 most probable number (MPN) per g and the impact on oyster mortality were assessed in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Two relay experiments were performed during the summer and fall of 2010. Oysters collected from three grow-out sites, a low salinity site (14 to 15 practical salinity units [psu]) and two moderate salinity sites (22 to 25 psu), were relayed directly to a high salinity site (≥30 psu) on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Oysters were assayed for V. vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (another Vibrio species of concern) densities at time 0 prior to relay and after 7 and 14 days of relay, using the FDA MPN enrichment method combined with detection by real-time PCR. After 14 days, both V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus densities were ≤0.8 MPN/g, and decreases of 2 to 3 log in V. vulnificus densities were observed. Oyster mortalities were low (≤<4%) even for oysters from the low salinity harvest site, which experienced a salinity increase of approximately 15 psu. Results, although preliminary and requiring formal validation and economic analysis, suggest that high salinity relay could be an effective PHP method.

The geochemical riddle of Mediterranean low-salinity gypsum deposits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Aloisi ◽  
Marcello Natalicchio ◽  
Laetitia Guibourdenche ◽  
Antonio Caruso ◽  
Francesco Dela Pierre
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Continental Runoff ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Large Deposits

<p>Large deposits of gypsum accumulated in the marginal basins of the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. These form the marginal portions of the Mediterranean Salt Giant (MSG) that also occupies the deep, central Mediterranean basins. Although the marine, evaporitic origin of the MSG is undisputed, the analysis of gypsum fluid inclusions and of gypsum-bound water (d<sup>18</sup>O<sub>H2O</sub> and dD<sub>H2O</sub>) suggest that marginal basin gypsum formed from low- to moderate-salinity water masses (5 - 60 ‰), rather than from high-salinity brines (130 - 320 ‰), as expected during the evaporation of seawater.  The formation of low-salinity gypsum poses a fundamental geochemical problem: how can gypsum saturation conditions be met in marginal basins if evaporation does not concentrate marine water to high salinity? In other words, can gypsum saturation be attained by adding Ca<sup>2+</sup> and/or SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> ions rather than by extracting water? We are exploring two geochemical scenarios to explain this phenomenon: (1) the addition of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> to marginal basins by continental runoff, and (2) the non-steady state addition of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> to marginal basins via the biogeochemical oxidation of reduced sulfur. Both scenarios may lead - at least theoretically - to the decoupling of saturation state from salinity that is suggested by gypsum geochemical signatures.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant defence systems of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Bio-Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1306-1316
Author(s):  
Lailaba Abubakar Aminu ◽  
Mukhtar Musa ◽  
Micheal Anyekema ◽  
Umar Faruk Magaji ◽  
Hassan Wara Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
Stress Oxidative ◽  
Antioxidant Markers

Osmotic stress, oxidative stress and oxidation of essential macromolecules are common consequences of salinity stress that limit plant growth and productivity. Plants are known to evolve several strategies such as upsurge of antioxidant defence systems (ADS) and accumulation of osmolytes, so as to thrive under such conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress (using irrigation method) on ADS of two cultivars (IT-99 and IT-288) of cowpea was examined. Plant samples (roots, young leaves and matured leaves) were harvested on day 21 of treatment with saline solution (100 – 400 mM NaCl). Antioxidant markers and osmolytes levels were quantified and compared with the controls (0.0 mM NaCl). The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase significantly increased (p<0.05) in the leaves, except for IT-288 where catalase activity significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to the control. On the contrary, catalase and peroxidase activities significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the roots of both cultivars. Largely, ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and tocopherols levels increased as salinity increases, except for GSH in roots of IT-99, and leaves of IT-288. The amount of flavonoids detected in the same tissue were not significantly (p>0.05) different in all the salinity levels investigated. The level of proline increased at moderate salinity levels in all samples and at high salinity in roots of IT-99 and mature leaves of IT-288. For IT-99, levels of glycinebetaine significantly increased (p<0.05) at high salinity, but significantly decreased at similar levels in IT-288. H2O2 levels significantly increased in the roots but decreased (p<0.05) in leaves samples. Malondialdehyde concentration generally increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with control. The findings of these study suggest that both cultivars were induced to express higher antioxidant activity and to a certain extent synthesis of more osmolytes.

scholarly journals Seleksi kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) lokal Bangka toleran cekaman salinitas

Jurnal Agro ◽  
10.15575/3366 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
Gigih Ibnu Prayoga ◽  
Eries Dyah Mustikarini ◽  
Novin Wandra
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Plant Breeding Program ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Main Plot

Seleksi cekaman salinitas kacang tanah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan tetua yang toleran terhadap salinitas dan memperbaiki sifat kacang tanah dalam kegiatan pemuliaan tanaman. Informasi genotip unggul kacang tanah toleran terhadap salinitas sangat diperlukan sebagai dasar pemilihan genotip tetua yang adaptif pada lahan salin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kacang tanah yang memiliki sifat toleran cekaman salinitas dan menentukan konsentrasi air laut yang dapat ditoleransi oleh tanaman. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan dan Penelitian, Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian Perikanan dan Biologi, Universitas Bangka Belitung, pada bulan Februari–April 2018. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola split plot dengan 2 ulangan. Petak utama adalah tingkat salinitas yaitu non-salin (kontrol), salinitas rendah, dan salinitas sedang. Anak petak adalah 5 genotip kacang tanah yaitu aksesi lokal (Belimbing dan Arung dalam) dan varietas nasional (Tuban, Kancil, dan Hypoma). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa varietas Hypoma memiliki karakter jumlah daun dan diameter batang yang paling baik, namun tidak toleran terhadap cekaman salinitas sedang. Aksesi Belimbing merupakan genotip toleran salinitas rendah berdasarkan nilai indeks toleransi cekaman salinitas. Selection of groundnut tolerant to salinity stress is carried out to obtain parent genotypes tolerant to salinity and improve the characteristics of groundnut in plant breeding program. The information of superior groundnut genotypes tolerant to salinity is necessary as the basic of genotypes selection adaptive in the saline area. The research aimed to obtain the groundnut tolerant to salinity stress and determine the concentration of seawater that can be tolerated by groundnut. This research was conducted at The Experiment and Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture Fisheries and Biology, University of Bangka Belitung, from February to April 2018. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) split plot with two replications. Main plot was concentrations of seawater; non-saline (control), low salinity, and moderate salinity. The subplot was groundnut genotypes of local accessions (Belimbing and Arung Dalam) and national varieties (Tuban, Kancil, and Hypoma). The results of this research indicated that Hypoma has the best result for plant height and diameter of stem, but intolerant to moderate salinity stress. Belimbing was the genotype with low salinity tolerance based on score index of tolerant salinity stress.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Low and High Salinity Tolerance of Two Strains of Pinctada fucata

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Mingqiang Chen ◽  
Zhengyi Fu ◽  
Jingru Yang ◽  
Shengjie Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Environmental Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Ldh Activity

This study compares salinity tolerance between red and black shell Pinctada fucata salinity stress of 20 and 50‰, while 35‰ was used as a control. The hemolymph osmotic pressure, inorganic ion concentration, the activities of Na+-K+ -ATPase, respiratory metabolism related enzymes and liver tissue antioxidant related enzymes were measured at 12 and 24 h after salinity stress. The osmotic pressure and inorganic ion concentration of hemolymph of two strains P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity. The activity of Na+-K+ -ATPase of red P. fucata only decreased under low salinity at 24 h, and was significantly higher than that the control under low salinity at 12 h and high salinity at 12 and 24 h. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of the P. fucata treatment groups were significantly higher than those the control at 12 h. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased significantly with salinity at 12 h. and the black P. fucata LDH activity was significantly higher than the control at 24 h, while the LDH activity of red P. fucata was significantly lower than that the control in 50‰ salinity. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of black P. fucata was significantly lower than that the control, while that of red P. fucata was significantly higher than that the control within 24. At 12 h, the catalase (CAT) activity of red P. fucata increased significantly with salinity, but decreased significantly with salinity at 24 h. The CAT activity of black P. fucata was highest at 24 h under low salinity. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities of red P. fucata were significantly higher than those the control under low or high salinity. At high salinity for 24 h, the GSH-Px activity was lowest in black P. fucata, AKP activity was highest. The present study indicates that the physical responses of P. fucata to the salinity stress vary with shell colors. The red P. fucata can quickly respond positively to the change of environmental salinity and reduce the damage caused by the change of environmental salinity.

Characterization of Nigerian Clay as Porous Ceramic Material

2013 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abubakar ◽  
A.B. Aliyu ◽  
Norhayati Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Porous Ceramics ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Compaction Method ◽  
Percentage Porosity

Porous ceramics were produced by compaction method of Nigerian clay and cassava starch. The samples were prepared by adding an amount from 5 to 30%wt of cassava starch into the clay and sintered at temperature of 900-1300°C. The influence of cassava starch content on the bulk density and apparent porosity was studied. The result of XRD and DTA/TGA shows that the optimum sintering temperature was found to be 1300°C. The percentage porosity increased from 12.87 to 43.95% while bulk density decreased from 2.16 to 1.46g/cm3 with the increase of cassava starch from 5 to 30%wt. The effect of sintering temperature and cassava starch content improved the microstructure in terms of porosity and the thermal properties of porous clay for various applications which requires a specific porosity.

Low salinity stress experienced by larvae does not affect post-metamorphic growth or survival in three calyptraeid gastropods

2011 ◽  
Vol 397 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M. Diederich ◽  
Jeremiah N. Jarrett ◽  
Oscar R. Chaparro ◽  
C.J. Segura ◽  
Shawn M. Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Low Salinity

Carbon-Isotope, Diatom, and Pollen Evidence for Late Holocene Salinity Change in a Brackish Marsh in the San Francisco Estuary

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Byrne ◽  
B. Lynn Ingram ◽  
Scott Starratt ◽  
Frances Malamud-Roam ◽  
Joshua N. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Brackish Marsh ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Freshwater Inflow ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Freshwater Flow ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Carbon Isotopic

AbstractAnalysis of diatoms, pollen, and the carbon-isotopic composition of a sediment core from a brackish marsh in the northern part of the San Francisco Estuary has provided a paleosalinity record that covers the past 3000 yr. Changes in marsh composition and diatom frequencies are assumed to represent variations in freshwater inflow to the estuary. Three periods of relatively high salinity (low freshwater inflow) are indicated, 3000 to 2500 cal yr B.P., 1700 to 730 cal yr B.P., and ca. A.D. 1930 to the present. The most recent period of high salinity is primarily due to upstream storage and water diversion within the Sacramento–San Joaquin watershed, although drought may also have been a factor. The two earlier high-salinity periods are likely the result of reduced precipitation. Low salinity (high freshwater flow) is indicated for the period 750 cal yr B.P. to A.D. 1930.

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