The effect of irrigation on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of two willow (Salixspp.) biomass energy varieties

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hangs ◽  
J. J. Schoenau ◽  
K. C. J. Van Rees ◽  
J. D. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Energy Plantations ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake ◽  
Salix Spp

Hangs, R. D., Schoenau, J. J., Van Rees, K. C. J. and Knight, J. D. 2012. The effect of irrigation on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of two willow ( Salix spp.) biomass energy varieties. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 563–575. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers historically have been applied to support increased productivity of purpose-grown willow (Salix spp.) biomass energy plantations. However, a frequently observed lack of willow growth response to added fertilizer N is often attributed to poor fertilizer use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation on the recovery of broadcast15N-labelled fertilizer, applied during the final year of a 3-yr rotation, by two willow varieties. A split-split-plot experiment was established on a fertile heavy clay soil in Saskatoon, SK, Canada, which consisted of two willow varieties (Charlie and SV1), three irrigation treatments (no irrigation, 75%, and 100% field capacity), and two fertilization treatments (1× and 2× the recommended fertilizer rate of 100:30:80:20 N:P:K:S; kg ha−1). Irrigation increased fertilizer N uptake by Charlie, but had no effect on the amount taken up by SV1, which was attributed to greater N use efficiency of SV1 compared with Charlie when irrigated. Eighty-two percent of the applied fertilizer N was accounted for in the following sinks: 43% in the soil (0–60 cm), 31% in the willow tissues (i.e., stems, leaves, stump, and roots), 7% in the LFH layer, and <1% in the non-crop vegetation; the balance (approximately 18%) was presumed lost primarily through denitrification from the poorly drained soil, but possibly some may have leached below the root zone as well. Although the willow varieties accessed only a portion of the applied fertilizer N during the year of application, the majority of the residual fertilizer N was conserved within the production system and, therefore, remained available for willow uptake in subsequent years.

Nitrogen competition using 15N between early successional plants and planted white spruce seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Staples ◽  
Ken CJ Van Rees ◽  
Chris van Kessel
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Epilobium Angustifolium ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake

The ability of noncrop plants to compete with white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings for applied fertilizer N is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of fertilizer N uptake using 15N by planted white spruce seedlings and understory vegetation. Double 15N-labeled NH4NO3 was broadcast in 1-m2plots for control, disc-trenched, and disc-trenched + manual brushing treatments. The fate of applied 15N in white spruce and noncrop plants was determined at the end of the first two growing seasons. The major competitors for fertilizer 15N were Populus tremuloides Michx. and grasses during the first growing season, and Populus tremuloides, Epilobium angustifolium L., and Achillea millefolium L. during the second growing season. Disc-trenching plus manual brushing significantly increased the fertilizer use efficiency of white spruce seedlings by limiting competition; however, <1% of the applied fertilizer 15N was utilized by the spruce seedlings after two growing seasons. The ability of competing vegetation to absorb broadcast fertilizer N suggests that alternative fertilizer types and placements be investigated to increase N uptake by white spruce seedlings planted in the boreal mixedwood forest.

EFFECT OF WHEAT, LEGUME AND LEGUME-ENRICHED WHEAT RESIDUES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM AND SOIL FERTILITY

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. SHARMA ◽  
R. PRASAD
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Available P ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Green Manuring

Field experiments were conducted for two crop years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of enriching wheat residue with legume residue on the productivity and nitrogen uptake of a rice-wheat cropping system and soil fertility. The incorporation of wheat residue had an adverse effect on the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system. When it was incorporated along with Sesbania green manure, not only did its adverse effect disappear but the response to fertilizer N was also increased. There was no response to fertilizer N when Sesbania green manure was incorporated. When wheat residue was incorporated along with Sesbania green manuring, rice responded significantly to fertilizer N up to 120 kg N ha-1 in the first year and to 60 kgN ha-1 in the second year and at these levels of N, Sesbania + wheat residue gave 0.8 to 1.2 t ha-1 more grain, 0.6-1.0 t ha-1 more straw and 8-15 kg ha-1 more N uptake of rice resulting in 0.04-0.17% more organic C, 3-8 kg ha-1 more available P and 17-25 kg ha-1 more available K content in the soil than wheat residue alone at the same rates of N application. The respective increaseas caused by Sesbania green manure + wheat residue over Sesbania green manure alone were 0.3-0.5 t ha-1 in the grain and straw yield, 1-9 kg ha-1 in the N uptake of rice, 0.02-0.10% in organic C, 1-8 kg ha-1 in available P and 35- 70 kg ha-1 in available K content in the soil. These treatments also gave higher residual effects in succeeding wheat than wheat residue alone. The incorporation of residues of both wheat and Sesbania is thus recommended to eliminate the adverse effect of wheat residue and to increase the beneficial effects of Sesbania green manuring.

The recovery of 15N from labelled urea fertilizer in crop components of sugarcane and in soil profiles

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
LS Chapman ◽  
MBC Haysom ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake ◽  
Trash Conservation

Trash conservation measures associated with burnt and green harvested cane, and minimum tillage, are being adopted by canegrowers. These new management systems pose questions about how to apply N fertilizers. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of fertilizer N uptake by the crop. Urea, labelled with 15N , was either broadcast or buried in three trash management systems: with and without trash after harvesting cane burnt, and with trash after harvesting cane green. The proportion of applied fertilizer-N recovered in a cane crop was 33% when labelled urea was buried, and 18% when broadcast. The presence of trash mulches from burnt or green harvested cane had negligible effects on the uptake of fertilizer-N. Of fertilizer-N applied, 25% was detected in soil 12 months after application, and there was no difference between burying and broadcasting urea. The fate of the lost fertilizer-N was not determined. Leaching did not appear to be a significant loss process in this gleyed podzolic soil, but ammonia volatilization probably occurred when urea was broadcast and it is suspected that denitrification accounted for the majority of the fertilizer-N losses.

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Meaning and Sources of Variation—Case Studies on Three Vegetable Crops in Central Italy

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Benincasa ◽  
Marcello Guiducci ◽  
Francesco Tei
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Application Method ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crops is examined by taking into account both plant N uptake efficiency, focusing on the recovery of fertilizer-N, and the utilization efficiency of the absorbed N. The latter is further analyzed as the overall effect of the absorbed N on crop leaf area, light absorption, photosynthesis, crop growth, biomass partitioning, and yield. The main sources of variation for the NUE of crops are considered, and several of them are discussed based on results from field experiments carried out at the University of Perugia (central Italy) between 1991 and 2008 on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). More specifically, the effects of species, cultivar, fertilizer-N rate, form and application method (mineral and organic fertilization, green manuring, fertigation frequency), and sink limitation are reported. Implications for residual N in the soil and leaching risks are also discussed. The fertilizer-N rate is the main factor affecting crop NUE for a given irrigation management and rainfall regime. Indeed, avoiding over fertilization is the first and primary means to match a high use efficiency and economic return of fertilizer-N with limited environmental risks from nitrate leaching. The form and application method of fertilizer-N also may affect the NUE, especially in the case of limiting or overabundant N supply. Particularly, high fertigation frequency increased the recovery of fertilizer-N by the crop. It is suggested that species-specific curves for critical N concentration (i.e., the minimum N concentration that allows the maximum growth) can be the reference to calibrate the quick tests used to guide dynamic fertilization management, which is essential to achieve both the optimal crop N nutritional status and the maximum NUE.

scholarly journals Yield, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Machine-harvested Cucumber

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1712-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Van Eerd ◽  
Kelsey A. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Use Efficiency

The increase in fertilizer costs as well as environmental concerns has stimulated growers to re-evaluate their fertilizer applications to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while maintaining crop yields and minimizing N losses. With these objectives, field trials were conducted at seven sites with five N rates (0 to 220 kg N/ha) of ammonium-nitrate applied preplant broadcast and incorporated as well as a split application treatment of 65 + 45 kg N/ha. In three contrasting years (i.e., cool/wet versus warm/dry versus average), N treatment had no observable effect on grade size distribution or brine quality. Based on the zero N control treatment, the limited yield response to fertilizer N was the result of sufficient plant-available N over the growing season. In the N budget, there was no difference between N treatments in crop N removal, but there was a positive linear relationship between N applied and the quantity of N in crop residue as well as in the soil after harvest. As expected, apparent fertilizer N recovery and N uptake efficiency were lower at 220 versus 110 kg N/ha applied preplant or split. The preplant and split applications of 110 kg N/ha were not different in yield, overall N budget, or NUE. Considering the short growing season, planting into warm soils, and the generally productive, nonresponsive soils in the region, growers should consider reducing or eliminating fertilizer N applications in machine-harvested cucumber.

scholarly journals Isotopic and Nonisotopic Estimation of Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Container-grown Woody Ornamentals

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Timothy L. Righetti ◽  
Anita N. Azarenko
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake

Cornus sericea L., Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC., and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb were grown outside in 3.8-L plastic containers for 345 days (1 Apr. 2001 to 11 Mar. 2002). Nitrogen (N) was applied at rates (NAR) of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg·L–1 and delivered as aqueous double-labeled 15N depleted NH4NO3 (min 99.95% atom 14N). In all species, root, shoot, and total plant dry weight increased with increasing NARs while root to shoot ratios decreased. Similarly, root, shoot, and total plant N increased with NAR for each species, and at each NAR more N was stored in the roots than in the shoots. Estimation of fertilizer N uptake determined by the total N method was higher for all species and at each NAR than estimation of N uptake determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the total N method was highest at 25 mg·L–1 and decreased as NARs increased. In contrast fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method was lowest at 25 mg·L–1 and increased or remained relatively constant as NARs increased. Differences in N uptake and N uptake efficiency can be attributed to overestimation by the total N method due to the inclusion of nonfertilizer N and underestimation by the fertilizer 15N tracer method due to pool substitution. Corrected N uptake efficiency values can be calculated by adjusting the original data (total N or 15N uptake) by the distance between the origin and the y intercept of the regression line representing the data.

scholarly journals Effect and Empirical Models of Nitrogen Uptake Under Different Nitrogen Sources in Dieffenbachia amoena

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Jiménez Becker ◽  
Maria Teresa Lao ◽  
Mari Luz Segura
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Form ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Form ◽  
N Use

Adjusting fertility programs according to peak demand periods will help prevent periodic nutrient disorders during crop growth, allowing enhanced use efficiency of water and fertilization. The objectives of this article were to investigate 1) the evolution of the changes in the concentration of nitrate and ammonium in the recycled solution with different N-NO3 –/N-NH4 + ratios; 2) the influence of the N form supply (N-NO3 – or N-NH4 +) on the nitrogen uptake, the nitrogen:water uptake ratio, and nitrogen use and uptake efficiency; and 3) the development of empirical models that would allow the prediction of nitrogen nutritional needs of Dieffenbachia amoena to increase the N use efficiency in a recycled system. To achieve these aims, N uptake has been correlated to climate parameters such as temperature, vapor pressure deficit and global radiation, and growth parameters such as leaf area index. The trial was carried out with Dieffenbachia amoena plants growing in a recycled system with expanded clay as substrate. The crop was placed in an INSOLE (Buried Solar Greenhouse), the plants being supplied with equal amounts of N, differing in the percentage of the N form applied (NO3 –:NH4 +): TA (100:0), TB (50:50), and TC (0:100). The nitrogen form generated important changes in the pH and nitrate and ammonium concentration in nutritive solution during the recirculating solution. In N-NO3 – treatment, pH increased and nitrate concentration showed a tendency to drop slightly. N-NH4 + treatment showed an abrupt N-NH4 + concentration decrease, and N-NO3 – concentration increased along with a pH drop. Also, the nitrogen form applied to the Dieffenbachia amoena crop affects nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake rates and nitrogen uptake concentration were higher in the plants supplied with N-NH4 + or NO3 –+NH4 + than in the plants provided with N-NO3 – alone. The supply of a combination of 50:50 NO3 –+NH4 + improved the N use efficiency. The study also indicated the possibility of predicting the N uptake rate and N uptake concentration using the proposed models.

scholarly journals Experimental warming reduces fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency in a double rice cropping system

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taotao Yang ◽  
Yanhua Zeng ◽  
Yanni Sun ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xueming Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Rice Season ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Double Rice ◽  
Late Rice ◽  
N Use ◽  
Early Rice

Climate warming significantly affects nitrogen (N) cycling, while its effects on the use efficiency of fertilizer N are still unclear in agroecosystems. In the present study, we examined for the first time the response of fertilizer N use efficiency to experimental warming using <sup>15</sup>N labeling with a free-air temperature increase facility (infrared heaters) in a double rice cropping system. <sup>15</sup>N-urea was applied in micro-plots to trace the uptake and loss of fertilizer N. Results showed that moderate warming (i.e. an increase of 1.4°C and 2.1°C in canopy temperature for early and late rice, respectively) did not significantly affect grain yield and biomass. Warming significantly reduced N uptake from fertilizer for both early and late rice, while increased N uptake from soil. The N recovery rate of fertilizer was reduced from 35.5% in the control and to 32.3% in the warming treatments for early rice and from 47.2% to 43.1% for late rice, respectively. Warming did not affect fertilizer N loss rate in the early rice season, whereas significantly increased it from 38.9% in the control and to 42.7% in the warming treatments in the late rice season, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that climate warming may reduce fertilizer N use efficiency and increase N losses to the environment in the rice paddy.

Effects of ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate on the growth, yield and nitrogen uptake of barley, wheat and oats

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. R. Gasser ◽  
I. G. Iordanou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Plant Samples

Barley, wheat and oats were grown in field and in glasshouse-pot experiments without fertilizer-N, and with added ammonium sulphate or calcium nitrate. In the field fertilizers supplied 50 and 100 lb N/acre, in the glasshouse 100 and 200 lb N/acre (calculated from the surface area of the pots). Plant samples were removed at various stages, dry weights were measured, percentage N determined and N uptake calculated. Those taken after the ears had emerged were divided into ear and straw. The number of coleoptiles emerging and of ears in the later samples were counted. Soil samples were taken after removing the plants grown in the glasshouse, and analysed for ammonium and nitrate.

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