Alternative nitrogen management options for winter wheat on the eastern prairies of western Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B Irvine ◽  
G P Lafond ◽  
W E May ◽  
H R Kutcher ◽  
C B Holzapfel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Seed Yields

Since fertilizer-grade ammonium nitrate is no longer available for general use in Canada, there is much discussion about the best management practices to minimize nitrogen (N) loss when fertilizing winter wheat. In two separate trials we compared several fall and spring N management options with the standard practice of spring-applied ammonium nitrate. In Study 1, the use of a coulter in fall or spring reduced seed yields, even when ammonium nitrate (AN) was broadcast in the spring, indicating crop damage. Spring broadcast applications of urea and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) produced yields equivalent to spring broadcast AN. Urea applied at the time of planting produced seed yields relative to spring application of AN. The late fall UAN treatment had lower yields than when this product was applied in the spring. Protein levels varied among site-years, but were generally lower than the marketing target of 115 g kg-1, which indicates less than optimal N levels or N uptake. In both studies, late fall surface banded UAN was inferior to other products and timings. In Study 2, seed yield and protein content were similar for all forms of urea placed at seeding, and these were similar to spring broadcast AN. We also found that under the relatively low fall and spring moisture conditions encountered in Study 2 protected N sources did not increase N use efficiency.Key words: Winter wheat, nitrogen, protein, yield

Biological and chemical assays to estimate nitrogen supplying power of soils with contrasting management histories

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
F. M. McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Mineralisation Potential ◽  
N Fertility

Nitrogen (N) mineralised from soil organic matter can be an important source of N for crop uptake, particularly following cultivation of pastures. Difficulty in predicting the contribution of mineralisation continues to be a serious obstacle to implementating best management practices for fertiliser N. We evaluated biological tests (i.e. net N mineralised in a 28-day aerobic incubation and anaerobically mineralisable N, AMN) and chemical tests (ammonium-N hydrolysis in hot 2 m KCl) as predictors of N supply to a glasshouse-grown oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. The oat plants were grown to maturity without added N on 30 soils representing a range of management histories, including soils collected from long-term pastures and intensive arable cropping sites. The majority (average 83%) of the N accumulated in grain and straw was mineralised N. Plant N derived from mineralisation (PNDM), estimated by subtracting soil mineral N at sowing from N uptake, was generally higher for long-term pasture soils (mean 82 mg/kg, n = 9) than for long-term arable soils (mean 48 mg/kg, n = 9). The 2 measures of N mineralisation were not closely related [R2 = 0.11 (0.37*** when one outlying observation was omitted)], indicating that aerobic and anaerobic assays can give quite different N fertility rankings. Aerobically mineralisable N was the best predictor of PNDM (R2 = 0.79***). The ratio of CO2-C evolved to net N mineralised in the aerobic incubation was highly variable (e.g. mean of 13.6 for pasture soils v. 7.5 for long-term arable soils), likely due to differences in N immobilisation. The correlations of AMN (R2 = 0.32**) and hot KCl N (R2 = 0.24**) with PNDM were not much better than that between total soil N and PNDM (R2 = 0.16*), suggesting that these tests would not provide reliable estimates of N mineralisation potential in soils with diverse management histories.

scholarly journals Effects of fertiliser nitrogen management on nitrate leaching risk from grazed dairy pasture

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Mark Shepherd ◽  
Gina Lucci
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Direct Leaching ◽  
Leaching Risk

Abstract Dairy farms are under pressure to increase productivity while reducing environmental impacts. Effective fertiliser management practices are critical to achieve this. We investigated the effects of N fertiliser management on pasture production and modelled N losses, either via direct leaching of fertiliser N, or indirectly through N uptake and subsequent excretion via dairy cow grazing. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was first tested with experimental data from fertiliser response experiments conducted on a well-drained soil in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The model was then used in a 20- year simulation to investigate the effect of fertiliser management on pasture response and the impacts on potential leaching losses. The risk of direct leaching from applied fertiliser was generally low, but at an annual rate of 220 kg N/ha exceeded that from urine patches in one out of 10 years. The main effect of N fertiliser on leaching risk was indirect via the urine patch by providing higher pasture yields and N concentrations. Best management practices could include identification of high risk periods based on environmental conditions (e.g. soil moisture, plant growth), avoidance of fertiliser applications in these periods and the use of duration controlled grazing (DCG) to prevent excreta deposition onto the grazing area during critical times. Keywords: Modelling, APSIM, N fertilisation rates, N fertilisation timing, direct and indirect leaching, urine patches

scholarly journals Review of Active Optical Sensors for Improving Winter Wheat Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
Lawrence Aula ◽  
Peter Omara ◽  
Eva Nambi ◽  
Fikayo B. Oyebiyi ◽  
William R. Raun
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management

Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) via active optical sensors has gained attention in recent decades, with the focus of optimizing nitrogen (N) input while simultaneously sustaining crop yields. To the authors’ knowledge, a comprehensive review of the literature on how optical sensors have impacted winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) NUE and grain yield has not yet been performed. This work reviewed and documented the extent to which the use of optical sensors has impacted winter wheat NUE and yield. Two N management approaches were evaluated; optical sensor and conventional methods. The study included 26 peer-reviewed articles with data on NUE and grain yield. In articles without NUE values but in which grain N was included, the difference method was employed to compute NUE based on grain N uptake. Using optical sensors resulted in an average NUE of 42% (±2.8% standard error). This approach improved NUE by approximately 10.4% (±2.3%) when compared to the conventional method. Grain yield was similar for both approaches of N management. Optical sensors could save as much as 53 (±16) kg N ha−1. This gain alone may not be adequate for increased adoption, and further refinement of the optical sensor robustness, possibly by including weather variables alongside sound agronomic management practices, may be necessary.

scholarly journals Ecological and Human Diet Value of Locusts in a Changing World

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1856
Author(s):  
Gabriella J. Kietzka ◽  
Michel Lecoq ◽  
Michael J. Samways
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Locust Control ◽  
Organic Pesticides

Since ancient times, locusts have been serious pests wreaking havoc on settled agriculture throughout much of the world. Numerous locust practices have been developed to control infestations. This has led to most commentaries portraying locust infestations only in a negative light while focusing on finding best management practices for suppressing locust populations and lessening crop damage caused by swarms. Yet, locusts are also of great ecological significance in being not only an extraordinary natural phenomenon but also major components of ecosystem nutrient cycling, arising long before settled agriculture. Furthermore, for humans, locusts are a nutritious food source, historically and currently being consumed directly. Locust control today should more regularly include their harvesting. This is now more feasible, as environmentally friendly biopesticides can be used to replace harmful organic pesticides. We focus here on the ecological significance of locusts by using calculations based on a 1 km2 area of swarming and breeding Desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, and show that the huge biomass of locust individuals contributes greatly to ecosystem processes while also having great potential use in human nutrition, especially where there is an urgent need for improved dietary intake and nutrition.

Experiments evaluating aqueous ammonia, aqueous urea and a solution of ammonium nitrate and urea as nitrogenous fertilizers for winter wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
A. Penny
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Aqueous Urea ◽  
Slight Advantage

SummarySix experiments on winter wheat, three in 1974 and three in 1975, evaluated aqueous ammonia, aqueous urea and a solution of ammonium nitrate and urea, using ammonium nitrate granules as the standard. Aqueous ammonia and aqueous urea were injected 8–10 cm deep in bands either 25 or 50 cm apart during April. The ammonium nitrate/urea solution was sprayed and the ammonium nitrate granules were broadcast (a) partly in April and partly in May or (6) wholly in May. All were applied at 50, 75, 100 or 125 kg N/ha. Yields and % N in grain were measured and N removed by grain calculated. In two experiments lodging diminished yield and complicated the comparisons.Elsewhere, aqueous urea and aqueous ammonia were of similar value, and each gave a larger yield when injected in bands 25 rather than 50 cm apart. Both fertilizers gave yields similar to those from broadcasting the ammonium nitrate granules, but larger yields than from spraying the ammonium nitrate/urea solution. Yields were slightly larger when divided rather than single topdressings were given, but % N in grain and the amounts of N removed were smaller. Yields and % N in the grain were smallest when the ammonium nitrate/urea solution was sprayed. The other three fertilizers were each of greater value judged by N uptake, the ammonium nitrate granules having a slight advantage.

scholarly journals Best Management Practices Enable the Coexistence of Agriculture and the Everglades Environment.

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 690d-690
Author(s):  
F.T. Izuno ◽  
R.W. Rice ◽  
L.T. Capone
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Florida Everglades ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Particulate Control

Situated at the northern end of the historical Florida Everglades is the 280,000-ha tract of land called the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). This land was diked, canalized, and drained in the early 1900s to encourage the production of primarily sugarcane, vegetables, sod, and rice on its Histosols. The phosphorus in drainage water from the EAA is believed to be causing undesirable changes to the ecosystem in areas subject to legislated environmental protection. Phosphorus (P) load reduction “Best Management Practices” (BMPs) are being developed and implemented in the EAA to reduce agricultural production impacts on the wetland areas. The BMPs can be categorized as fertilizer, water management, or particulate control related, and can be applied effectively across the EAA. Ten farms, representative of the EAA soils, rainfall, crops, farm size, geographic location, and water management practices, were used in the study. The farms were monitored under pre-BMP conditions for 1 to 3 years. By Jan. 1995, seven of the 10 farms were operating under project-designed BMP packages that included only the fertilizer and water management options. Depending on the method used for adjusting for hydrologic variability between years, calculated P load reductions ranged from 25% to 60% between 1994 and 1995.

scholarly journals Using AnnAGNPS to Simulate Runoff, Nutrient, and Sediment Loads in an Agricultural Catchment with an On-Farm Water Storage System

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Juan D. Pérez-Gutiérrez ◽  
Joel O. Paz ◽  
Mary Love M. Tagert ◽  
Lindsey M. W. Yasarer ◽  
Ronald L. Bingner
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Sediment Loads ◽  
The Individual ◽  
On Farm

On-farm water storage (OFWS) systems are best management practices that consist of a tailwater recovery (TWR) ditch used with a storage pond to provide irrigation water and improve downstream water quality. These systems have been increasingly implemented in the southeastern US, but the individual and cumulative effects of these systems on a watershed scale are unknown. In this study, the runoff, nutrient, and sediment loads entering a TWR ditch in an agricultural catchment were quantified, and contributing sources were identified using the annualized agricultural non-point source (AnnAGNPS) model. Fields with larger areas and soils with a high runoff potential produced more runoff. The volume of runoff exceeded the TWR ditch storage volume approximately 110 times, mostly during the winter and spring seasons. During years when corn and winter wheat were planted, NO3–N loads increased because these crops need nitrogen fertilization to grow. Planting winter wheat in priority subwatersheds reduced the total phosphorous (TP) and sediment loads by about 19% and 13%, respectively, at the TWR ditch inlet. Planting winter wheat can reduce runoff, TP, and sediment loads but also result in higher NO3–N loads. AnnAGNPS simulations quantified the benefits of an OFWS system to advance the understanding of their impact on water availability and quality at a watershed scale.

scholarly journals Decision-Making of LID-BMPs for Adaptive Water Management at the Boise River Watershed in a Changing Global Environment

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
JungJin Kim ◽  
Jae Hyeon Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Management Options ◽  
River Watershed

We conducted a study on water management at the Boise River Watershed in a changing global environment potentially induced by climate variability and urbanization. Environmental ‘hotspots’ associated with water quality and quantity were first identified to select suitable management options, such as Low Impact Development (LID is commonly used for urban storm water management to reduce impacts induced by flash flood in urban environment while improving water quality standard by filtering non-point source pollutants from predominant, impervious land segments in urban settings.) and Best Management Practices (BMPs) for urban and rural land segments, respectively. A decision-making process was employed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness for each management option based on multiple criteria, including water quality, financial challenges, and other environmental concerns. The results show that LID/BMPs were useful to control water quality in the watershed. The effectiveness of LID/BMPs implementation was subject to change with the placement location and consideration objectives associated with economic or environmental aspects. It appears that about 10% of the study area is required to implement water management options (LID/BMP) to improve water quality potentially driven by climate variability and urbanization. We anticipate that this study will make a case toward developing a sustainable water management plan in a changing global environment, especially for the urban–rural interface settings.

Minimizing nitrogen losses from a corn–soybean–winter wheat rotation with best management practices

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susantha Jayasundara ◽  
Claudia Wagner-Riddle ◽  
Gary Parkin ◽  
Peter von Bertoldi ◽  
Jon Warland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Losses ◽  
Best Management

scholarly journals Potential wheat yield loss due to weeds in the United States and Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Michael L. Flessner ◽  
Ian C. Burke ◽  
J. Anita Dille ◽  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The Us

Abstract Yield losses due to weeds are a major threat to wheat production and economic well-being of farmers in the United States (US) and Canada. The objective of this Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Weed Loss Committee report is to provide estimates of wheat yield and economic losses due to weeds. Weed scientists provided both weedy (best management practices but no weed control practices) and weed-free (best management practices providing >90% weed control) average yield from replicated research trials in both winter and spring wheat from 2007 to 2017. Winter wheat yield loss estimates ranged from 2.9 to 34.4%, with a weighted average (by production) of 25.6% for the US, 2.9% for Canada, and 23.4% combined. Based on these yield loss estimates and total production, the potential winter wheat loss due to weeds is 10.5, 0.09, and 10.5 billion kg with a potential loss in value of US$ 2.19, 0.19, and 2.19 billion for the US, Canada, and combined, respectively. Spring wheat yield loss estimates ranged from 7.9 to 47.0%, with a weighted average (by production) of 33.2% for the US, 8.0% for Canada, and 19.5% combined. Based on this yield loss estimate and total production, the potential spring wheat loss is 4.8, 1.6, and 6.6 billion kg with a potential loss in value of US$ 1.14, 0.37, and 1.39 billion for the US, Canada, and combined, respectively. Yield loss in this analysis is greater than some previous estimates, likely indicating an increasing threat from weeds. Climate impacts yield loss in winter wheat in the Pacific Northwest, with percent yield loss highest in wheat-fallow systems with less than 30 cm of annual precipitation. Continued investment in weed science research for wheat is critical for continued yield protection.

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