Inheritance of test weight and kernel weight in eight durum wheat crosses

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
F R Clarke ◽  
J M Clarke ◽  
C J Pozniak ◽  
R E Knox
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Environmental Interactions

High test weight and uniform kernel size are important grading factors for durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] because both are associated with semolina yield. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance and heritability of test and kernel weights to facilitate development of selection strategies. Eight durum populations were grown in replicated, multi-location, multi-year field trials. Test weight and kernel weights were determined on all plots after harvest. Both traits were affected by genotype and to a lesser extent by year or location. Genotype environmental interactions were generally minor. Trial means for test weight ranged from 72.7 to 81.0 kg hL-1 and from 31.5 to 50.9 mg for kernel weight. All populations showed bi-directional transgressive segregation for both traits, and the estimated number of effective factors controlling them ranged from 4 to 23, indicating quantitative inheritance. With the exception of one population, heritability of test weight ranged from 0.80 to 0.92 and of kernel weight from 0.83 to 0.93. Both traits generally showed positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with plant height. Also, mean test weight and kernel weight were higher for the gibberellic acid-sensitive (tall) than for the insensitive (semidwarf) group within populations segregating for gibberellic acid response.Key words: Test weight, kernel weight, inheritance, heritability

Inheritance of yellow pigment concentration in seven durum wheat crosses

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
R. E. Knox ◽  
R. M. DePauw
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Pigment Concentration ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Age Related

Yellow pigment concentration of the endosperm due to the presence of xanthophyll and other related compounds is an important processing quality characteristic in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). There is also interest in plant pigments for health reasons because lutein, a major component of durum grain pigment, may play a role in prevention of age-related macular degen eration. Selection for pigment concentration of durum wheat is thus an important breeding objective. Clarification of environmental effects and the mode of inheritance would aid planning of crosses and selection strategies to improve pigment concentration. This study evaluated seven durum wheat crosses of high by low pigment concentration parents in five field trials grown at two or more locations for 2 or more years in western Canada. Pigment concentration varied with environment. A portion of the variability could be ascribed to environmental effects on kernel weight, which tended to be negatively correlated with pigment concentration in some crosses and years (r = 0.08 to -0.49), but was not consistent. Inheritance of pigment concentration was multigenic as evidenced by bi-directional transgressive segregation and estimates of the number of effective factors controlling the trait. The number of effective factors varied with cross and environment, ranging from 3 to 27. Heritability of pigment concentration was high when measured in replicated, multi-location, multiyear trials, and ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, but lower (0.34) in an unreplicated segregating cross. The complex inheritance of pigment concentration means that other genetic tools, such as DNA markers, will be required to improve choice of parents for crossing and selection strategies in breeding programs. Key words: Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), pigment concentration, inheritance, environment

Concentration of cadmium and other elements in the grain of near-isogenic durum lines

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
W. A. Norvell ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
W. T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Grain Cadmium

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) shows genetic variation for concentration of the heavy metal cadmium in the grain. This variation is being exploited to develop cultivars with low cadmium concentration, but there is no information on the effect of incorporation of the trait on uptake of other elements or on economic traits such as yield. Five pairs of near-isogenic high/low cadmium durum wheat lines and their parents were grown in a randomized complete block trial with three replications. Trials were grown at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 1994, at Swift Current, Stewart Valley and Regina, Saskatchewan in 1995 and 1996, at Langdon and Fargo, North Dakota in 1995, and at Casselton and Langdon, North Dakota in 1996. Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight and protein concentration were determined. Grain cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel and zinc were measured by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The low cadmium trait had no significant effect on average yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, or kernel weight as indicated by comparison of the high and low cadmium isolines. Average grain cadmium concentration differed among years within locations, among locations within years, and among genotypes. The average grain cadmium concentration of the high cadmium isolines was approximately double that of the low cadmium isolines. There were significant genotypic differences in grain concentration of the other elements, but the differences were not associated with the high and low cadmium isogenic lines. The low cadmium allele seems to be specific for cadmium, lowering cadmium without altering concentrations of other elements or affecting economic traits. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. var durum; grain cadmium concentration; grain yield

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME DURUM WHEAT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SEMOLINA MILLING PROPERTIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. MATSUO ◽  
J. E. DEXTER
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Yellow Pigment Content ◽  
Weight Protein ◽  
Kernel Content ◽  
Milling Yield ◽  
Milling Properties ◽  
The Relationship

A recently developed modified milling flow for a three-stand Allis-Chalmers laboratory mill that gives a semolina yield and semolina granulation similar to that of Canadian commercial mills was used to study the relationship between durum wheat test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein content and semolina milling yield for a series of 174 durum wheat samples. All correlations except the correlation between protein content and 1000-kernel weight were significant. Maximum milling yield was obtained for samples possessing high test weight and high 1000-kernel weight. Increased protein content resulted in a tendency to lower milling yield. For a series of hand-picked samples it was found that as starchy kernel content increased, milling yield was not affected but the proportion of flour increased. Protein content and yellow pigment content decreased with increased starchy kernel content.

Breeding durum wheat in western Canada: Historical trends in yield and related variables

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Sink Demand ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

Canadian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) production is centred in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones, areas of limited rainfall. For more than 50 yr, lines have been evaluated in the multi-location Durum Cooperative Test. Data from this test, over the period 1947–1992, were analyzed with the objectives of determining the advances that have been made within the Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) wheat class and comparing yield-related variables of recently registered cultivars with those of earlier cultivars. Canadian-developed cultivars have increased yields about 0.81% yr−1 relative to Hercules, or approximately 22.6 kg ha−1 yr−1. As kernel weight has remained unchanged, the genetic yield increases have resulted entirely from an increase in the number of kernels produced. Because kernel number is determined prior to, and during, anthesis, further yield increases may depend upon selection of genotypes that produce higher numbers of kernels, thereby increasing sink demand. While plant height and hectolitre weight have been decreasing over time, neither variable was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the yield increases that have taken place over the 29-yr period. The selection pressure toward shorter cultivars may have involved other agronomic advantages, such as decreased lodging. Days to maturity did not change significantly over time and was not correlated with yield. Key words:Triticum turgidum, kernel number, kernel weight, height, hectolitre weight

Temperature and precipitation effects on durum wheat grown in southern Saskatchewan for fifty years

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. McCaig
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Semi Arid

Approximately 60% of Canadian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) is produced in the semi-arid, Brown soil zone of southern Saskatchewan. The Durum Wheat Cooperative Test (DWCT) provides the means of evaluating potential new cultivars, and has been grown at Swift Current, located near the centre of the Brown soil zone in Saskatchewan, for more than 50 yr. Historical yield-related data from the DWCT were analyzed in conjunction with daily precipitation and maximum daily temperature (MaxDT) data with the objective of improving our understanding of the effects of these weather variables on durum wheat grown in this semi-arid region.The highest correlation between the weather variables and grain yield was during the period near the end of June through early July, approximately the time of anthesis. The correlation with kernel number m−2 (KNum) was maximum near the end of June, while the correlation with kernel weight was highest around the third week of July. The maximum effect of these weather factors in limiting yield in the Brown soil zone was through an impact on KNum around anthesis. Hectolitre weight and time-to-maturi-ty appeared to be influenced mainly by the weather in July, while crop height was determined by the weather near the end of June. An analysis which examined cumulative heat-units above threshold MaxDT of 20, 24, 28 and 32 °C indicated that temperatures >24 °C may be detrimental during early June although high temperatures are less common in June than in July. Yield was also negatively impacted by temperatures >20 °C during the first 3 wk of July.Future yield gains in this semi-arid region may be dependent upon the development of cultivars which are more tolerant of drought and high-temperature stress at anthesis. Key words: Triticum turgidum, kernel number, kernel weight, height, maturity, hectolitre weight

Gluten index compared with SDS-sedimentation volume for early generation selection for gluten strength in durum wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
F R Clarke ◽  
J M Clarke ◽  
N A Ames ◽  
R E Knox ◽  
R J Ross
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gluten Strength ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Gluten Index

Gluten strength is an important end-use quality factor in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], affecting pasta manufacture and cooking quality. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance and heritability of gluten index in comparison with the widely used SDS-sedimentation (sodium dodecyl sulphate) technique for selection for gluten strength. Seven durum populations were grown in replicated, multi-location, multi-year field trials in Saskatchewan, Canada, during the period 1995 to 2002. Gluten index and SDS-sedimentation volume were determined on all plots after harvest. Both traits were affected by genotype, and to a lesser extent by year or location. Genotype environmental interactions were generally minor. The majority of genotypes in each population had similar relative ranking for gluten index and SDS-sedimentation volume in each environment. Both traits were highly heritable, ranging from 0.80 to 0.97, and both were complexly inherited with estimates of effective factors ranging from 3 to 21. Gluten index and SDS-sedimentation volume were highly correlated, indicating that they are measuring similar aspects of gluten strength. SDS-sedimentation volume was positively associated with protein concentration (r2 = 0.52), but gluten index was not. Therefore, gluten index would be more desirable than SDS-sedimentation volume for use in selection where there are within-trial protein concentration trends.Key words: Gluten strength, SDS-sedimentation, gluten index, heritability, inheritance

Physiology of genetic improvements in yield and grain protein of Canadian Western Amber Durum wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
R. M. DePauw
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Large Spike

Two relatively new Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) cultivars used different strategies to increase yield and maintain high grain protein relative to older cultivars. AC Navigator (semi-dwarf) increased kernel weight and spikes per plant. AC Avonlea (conventional height) reduced height and increased spike size. AC Avonlea remobilized more nitrogen (N) to the grain than AC Navigator, which could be attributed to its large spike sink.Key words: Triticum turgidum, yield, protein, spike size, nitrogen uptake and remobilization

scholarly journals Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits of Durum Wheat Under Dryland and Supplemental Irrigation Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
Gohar Afrooz ◽  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Rahmatollah Karimizadeh ◽  
Fariborz Shekari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Stressed Condition ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Peduncle Length

Abstract Knowledge about the extent of variability and the association among traits are of a high value for any breeding efforts. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the agro-morphological traits in a set of durum wheat genotypes under supplemental irrigation and dry land conditions. Results showed that principal component (PC) analysis had grouped the measured traits into four main components that altogether accounted for 77% of the total variation under non-stressed condition and 87% under water-stressed condition. With regard to the first four PCs, peduncle length, agronomic score, grain yield, vigority, test weight, days to physiological maturity and thousand kernel weight have shown to be the most important variables affecting the performance of durum wheat under non-stressed condition. In the first four PCs at the water- stressed condition, agronomic score, grain yield, vigority, days to physiological maturity, test weight and peduncle length have been shown to be the important variables under water-stressed condition. The results of factor analysis relatively confirmed the results of PC analysis. Our findings indicated that a selection strategy should take into consideration of agronomic score and days to physiological maturity under non-stressed condition while plant height and spike length under water-stressed condition. Therefore, the above-mentioned traits could be used as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of grain yield in durum wheat, especially in early generations of breeding programmes

Identification of novel QTL for resistance to Fusarium head blight in a tetraploid wheat population

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 853-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefeng Ruan ◽  
André Comeau ◽  
François Langevin ◽  
Pierre Hucl ◽  
John M. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Population ◽  
Fhb Resistance

Most tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L var. durum) cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). This study reports novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance. A backcross recombinant inbred line (BCRIL) population was developed from the cross BGRC3487/2*DT735, and 160 lines were evaluated for resistance to Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein. Petch) in field trials over 3 years (2008–2010) and to a F. graminearum 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) chemotype in greenhouse trials. The population was genotyped with 948 polymorphic loci using DArT and microsatellite markers. Eleven QTL were associated with FHB resistance under field conditions on chromosomes 2A, 3B, 5A, 5B, 7A, and 7B. Two of these, QFhb.usw-3B from BGRC3487 and QFhb.usw-7A2, were consistently detected over environments. The QFhb.usw-3B QTL was in a similar position to a resistance QTL in hexaploid wheat. The combination of the two QTL reduced field index by 53.5%–86.2%. Two QTL for resistance to the 3-ADON chemotype were detected on chromosomes 1B and 4B. Both BGRC3487 and DT735 could provide new sources of FHB resistance and the combination of QTL reported here could be valuable tools in breeding FHB-resistant durum wheat.

Shoot growth, root growth and grain yield of bread and durum wheat in South Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zubaidi ◽  
G. K. McDonald ◽  
G. J. Hollamby
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Early Vigour

Summary. In South Australia, durum wheat yields more than bread wheat under well-watered and fertile conditions, but over much of the state’s cereal belt the yields of durum wheat, relative to bread wheat, are low. Three experiments were conducted over 3 years at 2 sites to compare the growth and yield of bread and durum wheat and to investigate some of the reasons for the differences in the relative yields of the 2 cereals. Durum wheat yielded less than bread wheat when annual rainfall was less than about 450 mm or when the site mean yield for bread wheat was less than 250 g/m2. Compared with bread wheat, durum wheat had poorer early vigour, which was associated with fewer tillers/m2, and produced fewer kernels/m2. Under favourable grain filling conditions, durum wheat produced larger kernels than bread wheat but its kernel weight was more variable across sites and seasons and consequently, the relative yields of the 2 cereals depended largely on kernel weight. For example, in a wet year, durum wheat yielded 20% more than bread wheat, despite producing 16% fewer kernels/m2, because of its larger kernels (52 v. 36 mg). In 2 drier years, kernel weights of durum and bread wheat were similar (durum and bread wheat mean kernel weights: 40 v. 37 mg; 30 v. 33 mg) and so durum was unable to overcome the limitation of fewer kernels/m2 and its yields were similar to or less than bread wheat. Root length densities of durum and bread wheat below 30 cm were low. Durum wheat had an equivalent or lower root length density than bread wheat and lower length per gram of root dry matter, indicating less finely divided roots. This suggests that durum wheat may sometimes be less able than bread wheat to utilise moisture and nutrient reserves in the subsoil because of a smaller root system. This is an undesirable characteristic for a crop that appears to be more reliant than bread wheat on producing large kernels for high yields. Efforts to improve the yield of durum wheat, either through genetic improvement or by agronomic means, should focus on reducing the levels of stress during the post anthesis period so that limitations to kernel growth are minimised. Improving the early vigour of the crop, having cultivars of the appropriate maturity and with adequate levels of resistance to root disease, and improving root growth and function in the subsoil are likely to be desirable characteristics.

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