Above and below-ground competition between Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii): A greenhouse study

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Walker ◽  
J. R. King
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Kura Clover ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) is a perennial legume that shows potential for use in pasture mixtures in western Canada. Previous studies have shown that early growth of kura clover is reduced when grown in mixtures with grass species. A greenhouse study examined the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition on growth and development of kura clover when grown with a grass species. Kura clover plants were grown in pots with meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) and barriers were put in place to remove all competition, shoot competition, root competition, or to allow full competition. After 12 wk, plants were harvested. Height, leaf area, leaf number, leaf dry weight, and root/crown dry weight were measured. Kura clover leaf number and leaf area were greatest when roots did not interact with meadow bromegrass roots. Vegetative biomass of kura clover doubled when there was no root competition. Shoot competition did not alter leaf number, leaf area, or leaf biomass. Successful establishment of kura clover is dependent on the reduction of root competition during the seedling phase. Measures taken to minimize the below-ground interaction should positively affect the yield potential of both species. Key words: Kura clover, meadow bromegrass, shoot competition, root competition

Above- and below-ground competition in high and low irradiance: tree seedling responses to a competing liana Byttneria grandifolia

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Jun Chen ◽  
Frans Bongers ◽  
Kun-Fang Cao ◽  
Zhi-quan Cai
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract:In tropical forests, trees compete not only with other trees, but also with lianas, which may limit tree growth and regeneration. Liana effects may depend on the availability of above- and below-ground resources and differ between tree species. We conducted a shade house experiment to test the effect of light (4% and 35% full sun, using neutral-density screen) on the competitive interactions between seedlings of one liana (Byttneria grandifolia) and three tree species (two shade-tolerant trees,Litsea dilleniifoliaandPometia tomentosa, and one light-demanding tree,Bauhinia variegata) and to evaluate the contribution of both above- and below-ground competition. Trees were grown in four competition treatments with the liana: no competition, root competition, shoot competition and root and shoot competition. Light strongly affected leaf photosynthetic capacity (light-saturated photosynthetic rate,Pn), growth and most morphological traits of the tree species. Liana-induced competition resulted in reducedPn, total leaf areas and relative growth rates (RGR) of the three tree species. The relative importance of above- and below-ground competition differed between the two light levels. In low light, RGR of the three tree species was reduced more strongly by shoot competition (23.1–28.7% reduction) than by root competition (5.3–26.4%). In high light, in contrast, root competition rather than shoot competition greatly reduced RGR. Liana competition affected most morphological traits (except for specific leaf area and leaf area ratio ofLitseaandPometia), and differentially altered patterns of biomass allocation in the tree seedlings. These findings suggest that competition from liana seedlings can greatly suppress growth in tree seedlings of both light-demanding and shade-tolerant species and those effects differ with competition type (below- and above-ground) and with irradiance.

Influence of different organic manures on growth, yield and mineral nutrient accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Shabnur Chowdhury ◽  
MK Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L

Effects of organic manures on growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and nutrient accumulation in its leaves was examined. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice with ten treatments involving nine organic manures and a control treatment. Growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf area, leaf area index and fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem and root were assessed. The highest height (23.69 cm), longest leaf (32.18cm), leaf area (5883.43cm2), leaf area index (6.434), fresh weight (85.41 g) and dry weight (42.73 g) were found in Payel organic manure. The maximum leaf number (27) was recorded in Approshika organic manure. The maximum content of nitrogen (6.12%), phosphorus (1.83%), potassium (4.11%) and Sulphur (1.69%) were observed in Payel organic manure. The best growth performance and nutrient accumulation was observed in Payel organic manure. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 159-168, 2021 (July)

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) as affected by growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and infection by Puccinea chondrillina Bubak and Syd

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea, form A) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was studied in a glasshouse experiment in which the species were grown alone or together and the resultant effects of shoot and root competition assessed. The leaf number and weight of plant parts of C. juncea were reduced by competition vith subterranean clover, especially when shoots of the two species were competing. The leaf area of C. juncea was reduced, especially when roots of the two species were growing together. Puccinia chondrillina on C. juncea rosettes reduced leaf number, leaf area, and weight of plant parts. Subterranean clover grown with C. juncea infected with P. chondrillina further reduced the size and weight of the weed. The large reduction in leaf area and root weight of C. juncea (form A) plants in the presence of both subterranean clover and P. chondrillina suggests that growth of this form of C. juncea in Australia will be greatly reduced in pastures containing these species. In the long term, densities of this form may possibly be so lowered that a significant level of control will be reached in a cereal cropping-pasture system.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104G-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals Spur Development of `Delicious' Apple as Influenced by Position, Wood Age, Strain, and Pruning

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1578-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Bruce Barritt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Wood Age ◽  
Spur Length

The role of spur leaves in bud and fruit development on two spur-type `Delicious' apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) and factors affecting spur development were studied. Reducing spur leaf area on vegetative spurs in August reduced the number of spurs that flowered the following year but did not affect flower size. On spurs that did flower, leaf area reduction the previous year did not influence leaf number or area, but the bourse shoot leaf area was reduced. Spur bud diameter, leaf area, size, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf dry weight were larger on 2-year-old vegetative spurs than on 1- or 3-year-old spurs. Within each age section of a limb, spur leaf number, area, size, SLW, and bud diameter decreased from the apical to basal positions on the limb. Flower number did not vary within a limb section, but fruit set was lower on the most apical and basal spurs compared to midshoot spurs. Fruit size was largest at the apical end of each limb section and was smallest at basal positions. These relationships were not affected by strain, tree age, or orchard location. Summer pruning at 30 days after bloom tended to increase leaf number, area, size, and spur length compared to unpruned trees or pruning later in the season but did not influence spur bud diameter.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Beberapa Komposisi Spektrum Led Pada Potensi Dan Hasil Hidroponik Indoor Selada Keriting Hijau

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Daru Nurdianna ◽  
Retno Bandriyati Arni Putri ◽  
Dwi Harjoko
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Led Irradiation

This study aims to determine the differences in the growth response of green curly lettuce to the differentiation treatment of LED lighting with different spectrum in indoor hydroponics. The research was conducted from October to November 2017. The experimental design used was experimental with 1 lighting factor with 5 levels, there are sunlight (P0), LED 20% blue: 80% red (P1), LED 80% blue: 20% red (P2), 50% blue LED: 50 % red (P3), and 100% white daylight (P4). Observational variables included plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf color, total wet weight, leaf wet weight, wet root weight and dry weight of the plant. The result of this experiment showed that LED irradiation have affect the treatment are plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fresh weight of harvest, root length, and dry weight of brackets. While those that have no significant effect are the wet weight of the roots. The results showed that between LED irradiation treatment L1, L2, L3, and L4 showed that treatment L2 with 80% blue spectrum composition: 20% red showed better growth based on: high plant, chlorophyll content, and root length. Treatment with L4 with white LED showed better growth based on the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of harvest, root wet weight, and dry weight of total biomass. The results below the sunlight better than the LED irradiation treatment, because the intensity of LED far low and lack of controlled environmental conditions technology and management for growing lettuce. In all of LED treatment still looked etiolation because light intensity was not optimal yet.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104g-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Cucumber Growth and Yield Response to Copper Application

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Linping Wang ◽  
Diane Feliciano Cayanan ◽  
Mike Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

To determine the nutrient solution copper (Cu2+) level above which Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber, cv. LOGICA F1) plant growth and fruit yield will be negatively affected, plants were grown on rockwool and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing Cu2+ at 0.05, 0.55, 1.05, 1.55, and 2.05 mg·L−1. Copper treatment began when plants were 4 weeks old and lasted for 10 weeks. During this 10-week period, plants were harvested at 3 weeks (short-term) and 10 weeks (long-term) after the start of Cu2+ treatment. Neither visible leaf injury nor negative Cu2+ effect was observed on plant growth (leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight) after 3 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. However, after 10 weeks of continuous Cu2+ application, cucumber leaf dry weight was significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater; leaf number, leaf area, and stem dry weight were significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.55 mg·L−1 or greater. Copper (Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater) also caused root browning. Some plants under the 2.05 mg·L−1 Cu2+ treatment started to wilt after 6 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. Copper treatment did not result in any change in leaf greenness until after Week 9 from the start of the treatments. There was no sign of a negative Cu2+ effect on cucumber fruit numbers after the first 2 weeks of production, but plants under the highest Cu2+ concentration treatment (2.05 mg·L−1) gradually produced fewer cucumber fruit than the control (0.05 mg·L−1) and eventually resulted in lower cucumber yield. Nutrient solution can be treated with 1.05 mg·L−1 of Cu2+ in cucumber production greenhouses; however, it is not recommended to use Cu2+ concentrations 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater continuously long-term (more than 3 weeks). When applying Cu2+, it is suggested that cucumber roots be examined regularly because roots are a better indicator for Cu2+ toxicity than leaf injury.

scholarly journals Tanggap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Robusta (Coffea Robusta L.) Terhadap Berbagai Media Tanam Dan Frekuensi Penyiraman

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Karlina Br Sembiring ◽  
Rosita Sipayung ◽  
Irsal
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Fresh Root

Massive breeding is often the case with the availability of the amount of water that can be stored on the media. The aim of this research is to know the influence of media and the frequency of watering on the growth of robusta coffee seedlings and to find the best media and optimum watering frequency. This experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan from June to September 2017. The experimental method used was Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 treatment factors, ie 1: planting medium ie, topsoil ; topsoil: sand (2: 1); topsoil: rice husk (2: 1), topsoil: charcoal husk (2: 1) and factor 2: watering frequency ie, watered once a day; watered every 4 days; watered 7 days and watered once every 10 days. The variable was plant height, stem diameter, total leaf number, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, canopy dry weight, fresh root weight, root dry weight, longest root, and canopy and root ratio. The results showed that planting media treatment had a significant effect on plant height variables, stem diameter increase, leaf number, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, canopy dry weight, fresh root weight, root dry weight, and root canopy ratio. The best treatment of planting medium was found in topsoil treatment: rice husk (2: 1). The treatment of watering frequency had a significant effect on the stem diameter 2 - 12 of the week after planting move observation variable, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, dry crown weight, fresh root weight, and dry weight of roots. The best treatment frequency of watering hose is watering every 4 days. The interaction between the two treatments had a significant effect on the diameter of the stem diameter variable, the total leaf area and the fresh weight of the canopy.

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