Reducing the risks of in-crop nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring wheat and canola

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
B. Irvine ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
C. B. Holzapfel
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in crop production on the Canadian prairies. There is great interest in managing it more effectively for environmental and economic reasons. Our objective was to study the effectiveness of using different proportions of recommended nitrogen rates at seeding with the balance at different crop growth stages to minimize the risks of potential yield losses from in-crop nitrogen applications in spring wheat and canola. The field trials with wheat were conducted at three locations from 2003 to 2006 and at two locations for canola from 2004 to 2006. The treatments consisted of applying 100, 67, 50, 33 or 0% of the targeted N rate at seeding using urea in mid-row bands and the balance in-crop at the 1.5, 3.5 or 5.5 leaf stages in spring wheat and at the 5-6 leaf stage, bolting or start of flowering stage in canola using surface dribble band of liquid urea-ammonium nitrate. With spring wheat, applying 33% of the recommended N rate at seeding with the balance in-crop resulted in similar yields to when all the nitrogen was applied at seeding in one study while, in the other, some yield loss was observed at the 3.5 leaf stage. This indicates that a higher proportion, such as 50%, would be more appropriate. With canola, a minimum of 50% of the recommended nitrogen rate was required at seeding and the in-crop application at or before the bolting phase to give yields equivalent to when all fertilizer was applied at seeding. Consequently, applying 50% or more of the recommended N at seeding enhances the opportunity for in-crop applications of nitrogen in spring wheat and canola to better match the soil and climatic conditions. Key words: Canola, wheat, split applications, liquid urea-ammonium nitrate, grain yield, grain protein

Water use efficiency of spring wheat in the semi-arid Canadian prairies: Effect of legume green manure, type of spring wheat, and cropping frequency

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kröbel ◽  
R. Lemke ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. Zentner ◽  
B. McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Legume Green Manure

Kröbel, R., Lemke, R., Campbell, C. A., Zentner, R., McConkey, B., Steppuhn, H., De Jong, R. and Wang, H. 2014. Water use efficiency of spring wheat in the semi-arid Canadian prairies: Effect of legume green manure, type of spring wheat, and cropping frequency. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 223–235. In the semi-arid Canadian prairie, water is the main determinant of crop production; thus its efficient use is of major agronomic interest. Previous research in this region has demonstrated that the most meaningful way to measure water use efficiency (WUE) is to use either precipitation use efficiency (PUE) or a modified WUE that accounts for the inefficient use of water in cropping systems that include summer fallow. In this paper, we use these efficiency measures to determine how cropping frequency, inclusion of a legume green manure, and the type of spring wheat [high-yielding Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) vs. Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS)] influence WUE using 25 yr of data (1987–2011) from the “New Rotation” experiment conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. This is a well-fertilized study that uses minimum and no-tillage techniques and snow management to enhance soil water capture. We compare these results to those from a 39-yr “Old Rotation” experiment, also at Swift Current, which uses conventional tillage management. Our results confirmed the positive effect on WUE of cropping intensity, and of CPS wheat compared with CWRS wheat, while demonstrating the negative effect on WUE of a green manure crop in wheat-based rotations in semiarid conditions. Furthermore, we identified a likely advantage of using reduced tillage coupled with water conserving snow management techniques for enhancing the efficiency of water use.

scholarly journals Diagnosing the Climatic and Agronomic Dimensions of Rain-Fed Oat Yield Gaps and Their Restrictions in North and Northeast China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Wang ◽  
Jiangang Liu ◽  
Shuo Li ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Gaps

Confronted with the great challenges of globally growing populations and food shortages, society must achieve future food security by increasing grain output and narrowing the gap between potential yields and farmers’ actual yields. This study attempts to diagnose the climatic and agronomic dimensions of oat yield gaps and further to explore their restrictions. A conceptual framework was put forward to analyze the different dimensions of yield gaps and their limiting factors. We quantified the potential yield (Yp), attainable yield (Yt), experimental yield (Ye), and farmers’ actual yield (Ya) of oat, and evaluated three levels of yield gaps in a rain-fed cropping system in North and Northeast China (NC and NEC, respectively). The results showed that there were great differences in the spatial distributions of the four kinds of yields and three yield gaps. The average yield gap between Yt and Ye (YG-II) was greater than the yield gap between Yp and Yt (YG-I). The yield gap between Ye and Ya (YG-III) was the largest among the three yield gaps at most sites, which indicated that farmers have great potential to increase their crop yields. Due to non-controllable climatic conditions (e.g., light and temperature) for obtaining Yp, reducing YG-I is extremely difficult. Although YG-II could be narrowed through enriching soil nutrients, it is not easy to improve soil quality in the short term. In contrast, narrowing YG-III is the most feasible for farmers by means of introducing high-yield crop varieties and optimizing agronomic managements (e.g., properly adjusting sowing dates and planting density). This study figured out various dimensions of yield gaps and investigated their limiting factors, which should be helpful to increase farmers’ yields and regional crop production, as long as these restrictions are well addressed.

Differential Effects of UAN on Antagonism with Bentazon

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clifford Gerwick ◽  
Lisa D. Tanguay ◽  
Frank G. Burroughs
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

The effect of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) on the antagonism of sethoxydim, haloxyfop, or the methyl ester of haloxyfop activity by bentazon was evaluated in greenhouse and field trials on yellow and giant foxtail. Including UAN in the spray solution in the absence of bentazon did not enhance the activity of any of the three grass herbicides. However, adding UAN to sethoxydim or haloxyfop in the presence of bentazon decreased the bentazon antagonism of grass activity. Conversely, UAN increased bentazon antagonism of the activity of haloxyfop methyl ester. The differential effect of UAN was not linked to effects on spray solution pH.

scholarly journals The impact of nitrogen fertilizer injection on kernel yield and yield formation of maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Kubešová ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
O. Sedlář ◽  
L. Peklová
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
The Impact

In field experiments over three vegetation periods (2010–2012) we studied impact of the CULTAN (controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition) method on yield and yield parameters of kernel maize. The field experiments were conducted at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. CULTAN treatments were fertilized once with the total amount of nitrogen using an injection machine (at the canopy height of 20 cm) and compared to conventional fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate application at pre-sowing preparations. In all treatments the amount of nitrogen was the same, 140 kg N/ha. In 2010 at Humpolec site, CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment gave by 20.5% higher number of ears compared to CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate treatment. In 2011 at Ivanovice all CULTAN treatments reached statistically significantly higher number of kernels per ear. The higher 1000 kernel weight at CULTAN treatments was observed in 2012 at the Ivanovice site; a statistically significant difference between conventional and CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment was observed. Fertilization of maize with nitrogen using the CULTAN method under the conditions of the Czech Republic provides the same yield certainty as the conventional surface application and the CULTAN method of fertilization increases the yield certainty at delayed sowing. Harvest index was statistically significantly influenced by year, fertilization treatment and site.

Use of NBPT and ammonium thiosulphate as urease inhibitors with varying surface placement of urea and urea ammonium nitrate in production of hard red spring wheat under reduced tillage management

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Grant, C. A. 2014. Use of NBPT and ammonium thiosulphate as urease inhibitors with varying surface placement of urea and urea ammonium nitrate in production of hard red spring wheat under reduced tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 329–335. Field studies were conducted at two locations over 3 yr to evaluate the effect of surface placement of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and urea fertilizers, with and without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on straw and grain yield of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under reduced tillage management. Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) was also evaluated as a urease inhibitor with UAN. Surface sprayed applications of UAN were frequently less effective than dribble-banded UAN applications or broadcast or dribble-banded urea in increasing grain or straw yield of hard red spring wheat. Use of NBPT with the sprayed UAN increased its effectiveness, so that grain and straw yields were similar to those with urea or with surface dribble-banded UAN. Addition of NBPT to broadcast or banded urea did not increase straw or grain yield under the conditions of this study. While there was some indication that use of ATS with UAN may have had a limited effect on fertilizer efficiency, it did not increase final grain yield as compared with dribble-banded or spray UAN applied alone or with NBPT. If surface nitrogen (N) applications are used in reduced tillage systems, spray applications of UAN should be avoided in favour of dribble-band applications, or the use of urea. Alternately, NBPT may be effective in improving the efficacy of spray UAN.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature Regime and Growth Stage Interaction on Pattern of Virus Presence in TSWV-Resistant Accessions of Capsicum chinense

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1199-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Soler ◽  
M. José Díez ◽  
Fernando Nuez
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Wilt Virus

We studied the resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in plant introduction accession (PI)-151225 and PI-159236 under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Two temperature regimes were utilized, corresponding to early and late cultivation cycles. Inoculations were made at 2- and 4-leaf stages to determine the effect of early infection. The existence of interaction between temperature regime and developmental stage was also studied. When plants of both PIs were maintained at 30/18°C (day/night), all plants at both growth stages when inoculated developed systemic infection. At 25/18°C, only those plants inoculated at 2-leaf stage became systematically infected; however, those inoculated at the 4-leaf stage behaved as resistant. Thus, there was an interaction between temperature regime and growth stage. There is potential for using this type of resistance in areas with mild climates, providing seedling infections are avoided.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fertigation Applied to Furrow and Overhead Irrigated Cotton Grown in a Black Vertosol in Southern Queensland, Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogenes L. Antille
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Abstract.Field trials were conducted at gated pipe surface and overhead irrigation sites established to cotton ( L.) to evaluate irrigation and fertigation management using a model-based control system. The control strategies determined the timing and volume of irrigation, and the rate of fertilizer-N to apply through fertigation. For this, nitrogen (N) was applied in-crop season using urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 30% N solution) at a rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. At the furrows site, the uniformity of distribution of fertilizer-N applied through fertigation was satisfactory, which was achieved both at distance (600 m) and depth (0-600 mm). Applying fertilizer-N through fertigation, at the rate used in this study, showed relatively small (=8%) improvements in cotton yield, which was explained by relatively high N rates (180 kg ha-1 N) applied before planting. Given current price ratios (fertilizer-to-cotton), application of N through fertigation appears to be economical in both systems, but relative agronomic efficiencies and economic return from the fertilizer applied were lower in furrow compared with overhead (P<0.05). Fertigation may be recommended when pre-season N application rates are low (e.g., <100 kg ha-1 N), particularly in overhead irrigation as significantly higher efficiencies both in terms of water and N use can be achieved with this system. This would enable some of the operational constraints associated with application of N in-crop season to be overcome; thereby, reducing the need for high rates of N applied up-front. For the overhead system, there were also advantages compared with the furrow system in terms of reduced potential for N2O emissions after irrigation or fertigation. Overall, short-term (30-day period) soil emissions of N2O were approximately eight times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from non-fertigated crops were approximately two times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from the fertigated crop under the overhead system were comparable to the non-fertigated crop of the furrow system (P>0.05). In both systems, fluxes were highest within five days of irrigation or fertigation, but they decreased significantly after that time as soil moisture content (water-filled pore space) and soil nitrate levels decreased due to crop uptake. Nitrous oxide fluxes were similar in furrow and overhead 15 days after the irrigation or fertigation event. Areas that warrant further investigation are presented and discussed, including the need for improved timing of fertilizer delivery during the irrigation cycle to ensure that N losses through leaching or gaseous evolution (e.g., N2O, N2) are not economically or environmentally significant. Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, Irrigated cotton, Nitrogen use efficiency, Urea ammonium nitrate, Water-run urea.

Response of canola to simulated diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) defoliation at different growth stages

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Ramachandran ◽  
G. David Buntin ◽  
John N. All
Keyword(s):  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Economic Injury

In field trials conducted during 1995–1998, canola cultivar "Falcon" was subjected to different levels of simulated insect defoliation at four stages of crop growth. Plants were 0, 33, 67 and 100% defoliated at rosette and flowering stages during the 1995–1996 season as well as 2–4 leaf stage during the 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 seasons. Plants were 0, 50 and 100% defoliated at pod filling stage during all seasons. Over all seasons, defoliation did not consistently affect the number of plants per unit area, plant height, 1000 seed weight, and oil content of seeds for most of the defoliation treatments. However, defoliation at the 2–4 leaf and rosette stages made plants more susceptible to cold injury. Generally, canola could withstand a higher level of defoliation as crop development progressed. Maximum yield reductions occurred for defoliations at the 2–4 leaf stage followed by the rosette and flowering stages of the crop. No significant yield losses were recorded for defoliations at the pod filling stage. Results suggest that canola is most sensitive to defoliation in its early stages of growth. Greater amounts of defoliation can be tolerated as crop development progresses. The relationships between defoliation and yield loss were used to establish diamondback moth economic injury levels for canola at different crop growth stages. Key words: Canola, Brassica napus, oilseed rape, simulated defoliation, economic injury level

Response of Diploid Watermelon to Imazosulfuron POST

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Dittmar ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Crop Injury

Field trials were conducted to evaluate imazosulfuron applied POST at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 kg/ha to watermelon at the two- to four-leaf stage or to vines 30.5 cm long. At 7 d after treatment (DAT), crop injury to watermelon increased linearly for both growth stages as rate increased. The least injury to watermelon observed 7 DAT was 19 and 15%, respectively, for the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm growth stages treated with 0.01 kg/ha imazosulfuron. The 0.4 kg/ha imazosulfuron treatment caused the greatest watermelon injury (approximately 30%) at both application timings. Yield of watermelon treated with 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha imazosulfuron applied at the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm stages were similar to the nontreated check (all plots were maintained weed-free). For both application timings, yield decreased linearly as imazosulfuron rate increased. The application of imazosulfuron to watermelon at the 30.5-cm stage averaged across rates resulted in less injury at 15 DAT (16%) and greater yield (92,869 kg/ha) than watermelon treated at two- to four-leaf stage averaged across rates (29%, 83,560 kg/ha). Internal fruit quality was not affected by imazosulfuron.

scholarly journals 452 Stand Reduction and Foliage Damage Reduce Yield of Onion for Dehydration

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 471E-472
Author(s):  
George H. Clough
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stage Yield ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Production Characteristics

Field trials were conducted at Hermiston, Ore., from 1995 through 1998 to determine the impact of stand loss and plant damage at different growth stages on yield of onions grown for dehydration. The experiment was a complete factorial with four replications. Stand reduction (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) and foliage damage (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%) treatments were applied at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-leaf onion growth stages. All average onion production characteristics decreased linearly as stand reduction increased (plant population decreased) at all plant growth stages except average bulb weight which increased as stand was reduced. Bulb weight was not changed by up to 100% foliage removal at the three-leaf stage of growth. At the 6- and 12-leaf stages, bulb weight was reduced when >50% of the foliage was removed. The most severe response occurred at the nine-leaf stage when bulb weights were reduced the most. At the three-leaf stage, yield was not affected by foliage damage. At the six-leaf growth stage, yield was reduced by 75% or more foliage loss, but at the 9- and 12-leaf stages, >50% foliage removal reduced expected yields. As with bulb weight, the impact of foliage removal on yield was most severe at the nine-leaf growth stage.

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