scholarly journals Effects of prolonged release recombinant porcine somatotropin and dietary protein on the growth, feed efficiency, carcass yield and meat quality of pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. L. Schaefer ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
W. Robertson ◽  
L. L. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Sham Injection ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin

The effects of prolonged release recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) and dietary protein were tested in 108 Lacombe pigs, allocated to control or rpST treatments at 70 kg and fed isoenergetic diets containing one of three protein levels (14, 17 or 20% CP). Recombinant derived porcine somatotropin was implanted in the ear weekly (Monsanto Agricultural Co., St. Louis, #CP 115409, 12 mg wk−1). The control animals were given a weekly sham injection for a minimum of 4 wk. The prolonged release rpST had no effect on average daily gain (ADG, P > 0.05), but did reduce both the feed:gain ratio (F:G, P < 0.07) and dressing percentage (7 g kg−1 reduction, P < 0.05). Although both the fat thickness (10th rib) and kidney fat were reduced 5.6 and 13.9%, respectively, the absolute organ weights for kidneys, liver, lungs and gastrointestinal tract increased between 5 and 10% in prolonged release rpST treated pigs compared with control pigs (P < 0.05). Bone also increased by 6 g kg−1 (P < 0.05) in prolonged release rpST treated pigs, but carcass muscle or fat proportions were not different. Prolonged release rpST caused a higher ultimate muscle pH, moisture content and shear value (P < 0.06) and lower drip loss and expressable juice (P < 0.05) compared with meat from control carcasses. Increasing the dietary protein had no effect on ADG, but did improve the F:G ratio (P < 0.05). Carcass dressing proportion decreased with increasing protein level, but carcass lean content increased 5 g kg−1 for every 3% increase in crude protein. Simultaneous reductions in carcass fat, marbling and drip loss were observed (P < 0.05) as protein level increased. The data suggest that the current prolonged release rpST (12 mg pellets) shows marginal effects on growth and carcass composition. Some nutrient redirecting was apparent and improvements in the processing value of pork may result. Key words: Porcine somatrotropin, prolonged release, growth, diet, carcass, meat quality

Effect of condensed tannins from Birdsfoot trefoil and dietary protein level on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality of ram lambs

2018 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Seoni ◽  
Gianni Battacone ◽  
Paolo Silacci ◽  
Silvia Ampuero Kragten ◽  
Jessika Messadene Chelali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Ram Lambs

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 4. Effects of sex on response to dietary protein level

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
B. Hardy ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYTwo barrows and two gilts from each of 16 litters, by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females, were fed individually one of 4 dietary protein levels (approximately 14%, 17%, 20% and 23% CP) at a common energy level (approximately 3165 kcal/kg DE), from an initial weight of 23 kg to slaughter at 59 kg.The 17% CP diet gave 19% faster growth and 17% better feed conversion than the 14% CP diet (P < 0·01) with no evident change resulting from further increase in protein level, while the 23% CP diet gave 29% more lean than the 14% CP diet (P< 0·01), as assessed by dis-section of a sample joint.There were no significant differences between sexes in growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion or carcass composition. Only depth of backfat on the shoulder and at ‘K’ and carcass length showed significant (P < 0·05) sex differences, and the only sex × diet interaction was in eye-muscle area. The results are discussed in relation to those presented in the previous three papers of the series.

Effect of castration and dietary protein level on growth and carcass composition in beef cattle

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Robertson ◽  
H. Paver ◽  
J. C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Fixed Weight

SUMMARYThirty-six Hereford cross Friesian calves weighing on average 82.4 kg at an average age of 90 days were allotted in randomized blocks to a 2 x 3 factorial design. Castration by the open method was performed on half the number of calves and three dietary crude protein levels, 20, 14 and 11 % in dry matter were used in a mainly cereal concentrate diet fed ad libitum individually to the animals in stalls. Slaughter was at a fixed weight of approximately 420 kg.Steers compared with bulls gained weight at a significantly slower rate and with less efficiency. Castration's greatest effect in reducing rate of gain occurred during the later stages of rearing when puberty in the bulls, as measured by a steep rise in seminal fructose, was associated with their relatively well maintained live-weight gain. The influence of testicular hormones was also apparent in the bull's carcass with its heavier head, horn and hide and significantly higher proportion of lean and lower proportion of fat in the side.Dietary protein level affected rate of gain in both bulls and steers but at each level bulls performed better than steers. With circumstances similar to those in this experiment, a 14 % crude protein level in concentrate dry matter appears adequate for both categories up to a live weight of circa 270 kg and a reduction to 11 % thereafter. The effect of protein level on tissue proportions of the side and carcass composition generally was minimal.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of organic selenium to improve growth performance and protein utilization in African catfish fed with different protein level diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Giri Maruto Darmawangsa ◽  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Nurbambang Priyo Utomo ◽  
Julie Ekasari
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Protein Levels

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic selenium supplementation on diet with different protein levels on the growth performance and protein utilization of African catfish juvenile. A randomized 2×3 factorial design with two dietary protein levels (27% and 32%) and three dietary selenium (Se) supplementation levels (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 6 mg/kg diet) in triplicates were applied in the study. African catfish juvenile with an initial average body weight and body length of 27.00 ± 0.14 g and 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, respectively, was reared in 18 units of aquarium (141 L) at a density of 142 fish/m3 for a rearing period of 40 days. Increasing organic Se supplementation level up to 6 mg/kg at high protein feed resulted in higher fish growth and final biomass, lower FCR, and higher protein utilization efficiency than those of other treatments.  Furthermore, supplementation of organic Se also resulted in lower lipid and higher Se concentrations in the fish body as well as higher blood protein level compared to those of the control. In conclusion, the result of this study suggested that dietary supplementation of organic Se up to 6 mg/kg could enhance the growth and protein utilization in African catfish fed with both low and high protein diet.   Keywords: African catfish, growth, dietary protein, protein utilization, organic selenium.   ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi selenium organik pada pakan dengan kadar protein yang berbeda terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan ikan lele Clarias gariepenus. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial 2×3 dengan dua tingkat protein pakan (27% dan 32%) dan tiga tingkat suplementasi selenium (Se) pakan (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, dan 6 mg/kg diet) sebanyak tiga ulangan. Ikan lele yang digunakan memiliki bobot awal rata-rata dan panjang tubuh 27 ± 0.14 g dan 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, dipelihara dalam 18 unit akuarium (141 L) dengan kepadatan 142 ekor/m3 selama 40 hari pemeliharaan. Peningkatan suplementasi Se organik hingga 6 mg/kg pada ikan yang diberi pakan protein tinggi menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan dan biomassa akhir yang lebih tinggi, FCR yang lebih rendah, dan efisiensi pemanfaatan protein pakan yang lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan lain. Selain itu, suplementasi Se organik juga menghasilkan kadar lemak yang lebih rendah dan konsentrasi Se tubuh yang lebih tinggi serta kadar protein darah yang lebih tinggi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu suplementasi Se organik pada pakan hingga 6 mg/kg dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan pada ikan lele yang diberi pakan dengan kadar protein rendah dan tinggi.   Kata kunci: ikan lele, pertumbuhan, protein pakan, pemanfaatan protein, selenium organik.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

scholarly journals Impact of Fermentable Protein, by Feeding High Protein Diets, on Microbial Composition, Microbial Catabolic Activity, Gut Health and beyond in Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1735
Author(s):  
Hanlu Zhang ◽  
Nikkie van der Wielen ◽  
Bart van der Hee ◽  
Junjun Wang ◽  
Wouter Hendriks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Catabolic Activity ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

In pigs, high protein diets have been related to post-weaning diarrhoea, which may be due to the production of protein fermentation metabolites that were shown to have harmful effects on the intestinal epithelium in vitro. In this review, we discussed in vivo effects of protein fermentation on the microbial composition and their protein catabolic activity as well as gut and overall health. The reviewed studies applied different dietary protein levels, which was assumed to result in contrasting fermentable protein levels. A general shift to N-utilisation microbial community including potential pathogens was observed, although microbial richness and diversity were not altered in the majority of the studies. Increasing dietary protein levels resulted in higher protein catabolic activity as evidenced by increased concentration of several protein fermentation metabolites like biogenic amines in the digesta of pigs. Moreover, changes in intestinal morphology, permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were observed and diarrhoea incidence was increased. Nevertheless, higher body weight and average daily gain were observed upon increasing dietary protein level. In conclusion, increasing dietary protein resulted in higher proteolytic fermentation, altered microbial community and intestinal physiology. Supplementing diets with fermentable carbohydrates could be a promising strategy to counteract these effects and should be further investigated.

THE RELATION OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL TO LIVER ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1871-1877
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Phosphate Activated Glutaminase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Male, albino rats were fed diets containing 5%, 20%, and 40% casein by weight for 7 days at environmental temperatures of 22 °C and 2–3 °C. In one experiment, food was provided ad libitum; in a second experiment, all groups were provided with equal amounts of food. At 22 °C, the activities in liver of alanine-glutamic transaminase, phosphate-activated glutaminase, and arginase increased with increasing dietary protein level. At 2–3 °C, activities of the last two enzymes increased with increasing dietary protein level from 5% to 20% but not from 20% to 40% whereas transaminase activities increased throughout the dietary protein range 5% to 40%. No relationship of glucose-6-phosphatase activity to dietary protein level was evident at either environmental temperature. Cold exposure per se increased the activities of alanine-glutamic transaminase and glucose-6-phosphatase in all dietary protein groups but increased the activities of arginase and phosphate-activated glutaminase only in rats fed the 5% and 20% protein diets. It is postulated that increased activities of these liver enzymes during cold exposure result from augmented catabolism of substrates to meet increased energy requirements. As previously observed with respect to other metabolic alterations, it is apparent that cold exposure modifies the response of liver enzymes to changing dietary protein levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Yongfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level ◽  
Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99   kg ± 0.16   kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

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