High protein and low trypsin inhibitor varieties of full-fat soybeans in broiler chicken starter diets

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Chohan ◽  
M. A. McNiven ◽  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
J. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

Two broiler growth trials of randomized block design were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two new varieties of full-fat soybeans (SB) in starter diets. Use of the high protein (HP) SB (44% CP) has the potential to replace conventional soybeans in poultry rations and reduce the amount of SB needed. Use of the low-trypsin inhibitor (LTI) SB may eliminate the cost of heat treatment before feeding to poultry. The protein sources were raw SB (39% CP, 70 Trypsin Inhibitor Units (TIU) g−1 DM), autoclaved SB, autoclaved HP SB, LTI (42 TIU g−1 DM) and commercially roasted SB. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Supplementation of diets with 0.3% DL-methionine was also studied, as the antiproteolytic activity of the TI makes sulphur amino acids less available for growth. Mean body weight gains, feed efficiency, dry matter and crude protein digestibilities and total carcass protein and energy content of the chickens fed HP, autoclaved or roasted SB were superior (P < 0.05) to those fed the raw SB diet. Performance of the chickens fed the HP SB diet was similar to those on the roasted SB diet. Growth and feed conversion of chicks fed the LTI diet were similar to those fed the raw SB diet. However, mean pancreas weights of the chicks fed LTI were lower (P < 0.001) than those fed raw SB which could be due to the lower trypsin inhibitor activity of the LTI beans. Chickens given the methionine supplemented LTI diet made greater weight gains (P < 0.05) than those on the nonsupplemented diet. Heat treatment is required for the LTI beans. Full-fat HP soybeans may replace conventional soybean meal in broiler chicken starter diets if the formulation is adjusted for the differences in their protein and fat contents. Key words: Soybeans, trypsin inhibitor, broiler, chicken growth

Nutritional value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 2. Effect of autoclaving and alkali treatment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Visitpanich ◽  
ES Batterham ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inhibitor Activity

Four experiments were conducted with rats to investigate the effects of autoclaving and alkali treatment on the growth-promoting ability of pigeonpea meal. In the fifth experiment, the effect of autoclaving pigeonpea meal was evaluated with pigs. With rats, there was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in growth and feed conversion ratio to autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 100-140�C, with maximum response occurring at c. 124�C. However, growth rate was still lower and feed conversion ratio higher than those of rats fed soybean meal (P < 0.05). Imbibing pigeonpea seed in alkali and subsequently drying it to original weight did not reduce tannin content but did reduce the trypsin-inhibitor activity from 10.3 to 5.1 units mg-1. Although both alkali treatment and autoclaving of the alkali-treated seed improved the growth and feed conversion ratios of rats, these treatments did not overcome the differences in protein quality between the pigeonpea and soybean meal diets. Autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 110, 124 and 140�C reduced the trypsin-inhibitor activity of the meals from 11.2 to 0.7 units mg-'. Compared to pigs fed on unheated pigeonpea meal, pigs given autoclaved meal had higher (P < 0.05) growth rates and improved feed conversion ratios. These improved growth responses were similar to those produced by soybean meal.

scholarly journals ENZYME COMPLEX SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SWINE IN GROWTH AND FINISHING PHASES

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATÁLIA YOKO SITANAKA ◽  
FÁBIO ENRIQUE LEMOS BUDIÑO ◽  
SIMONE RAYMUNDO DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
ANDREIA DONIZETE CHAGAS VILAS BOAS ◽  
JOSÉ EVANDRO DE MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Feed Conversion

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzyme complex-α-amylase, ß-glucanase, phytase, cellulase, xylanase and protease-in the feed of swine in growing and finishing phases, by assessing their performance (daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion), dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility, and the feed costs. Eighty pigs-castrated males, and females-of approximately 63 days of age and initial weight of 20.18±1.98 kg were distributed in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (diet × sex), in a randomized block design, with eight replications. The treatments used were: positive control diet consisted of 3,300 kcal/kg in the growth-I phase, and 3,250 kcal/kg in the growth-II and finishing phases; negative control diet with energy reduction of 85 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) (NC85); NC85 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC85); negative control diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME (NC100); NC100 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC100). The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible protein content of the diet for the swine in the growth-II phase. The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 85 and 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible energy content of the diets for the swine in the finishing phase. The use of enzyme complex in diets with reduction of 85 kcal/kg ME for male swine in growing and finishing phases is recommended for improving feed conversion and economic efficiency during the growth-I phase. The use of enzyme complex is not justified for female swine.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. IV. Effects on growth rate, food utilization and body composition of changing from a low to a high protein diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion

SummaryAbout sixty male lambs were fed ad libitum from 6 weeks of age on low- or highprotein diets based on barley or barley and fishmeal and containing respectively 120 and 200 g crude protein/kg dry matter. Some lambs were changed from one diet to the other when they reached 28 kg live weight. All were slaughtered as they attained a predetermined series of live weights ranging from 20 to 75 kg.Throughout the experiment, rates of live-weight gain were substantially higher with the high-protein (HP) than with the low-protein (LP) diet, but were highest after a change from low to high protein (LHP). The feed consumption of the LHP lambs did not exceed that of the HP lambs, but the former showed a substantial superiority in feed conversion ratio at the same live weight.At similar empty body weights, the LP lambs contained more fat and less water in the empty body than the HP lambs. Although the percentage differences decreased at higher weights, differences were still apparent at 70 kg live weight.The LHP lambs showed dramatic and rapid changes in body composition, particularly in water and fat content. By 40 kg live weight, their composition approached that of the HP lambs.The ratio of water to protein was consistently lower for the LP lambs. The ratio of protein to ash also differed between LP and HP lambs. It was initially highest for the HP lambs, at about 40 kg live weight it was the same, and at 70 kg live weight it was highest for the LP lambs.The ash content of the LHP lambs remained virtually constant during the period of rapid growth and rapid deposition of water, protein and fat which took place immediately after the change of diet, and only showed compensatory increases after 35 kg live weight. This finding was supported by the pattern of changes in weight and specific gravity of the femur and tibia + fibula.Use was made of separate relationships between live weight and body composition for the LP, HP and LHP lambs to estimate rates of accretion of crude protein, fat and water in the empty body. There was a particularly striking increase in the rate of accretion of water immediately following the change of diet. There was an increase in the water content of empty-body gain and a reduction in the ratio of gain in fat to gain in protein.Derived estimates of the ratio of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance to the energy content of empty-body gain gave some suggestion of an improvement in efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for gain following the change from low to high protein. It is concluded however that the improvement in food conversion ratio following the change is attributable mostly to difference in the composition of gain.

scholarly journals PSVI-20 Evaluating the productive energy content of high-protein distillers dried grains in swine diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400×200; initially 11.1 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on pig performance and to estimate the productive energy of HP DDG. Pens with 5 pigs each were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments included diets with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG formulated by changing corn and feed-grade amino acid levels. Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by dietary net energy (NE) and dividing by ADG. The NE of HP DDG was estimated at 1,914 kcal/kg by using Noblet et al. (1994) equation and NRC (2012) values were used for corn. Productive energy was estimated based the average caloric efficiency of the HP DDG diets relative to the diet without HP DDG. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG and ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.051) for a quadratic response in G:F. There was a linear improvement (P < 0.01) in caloric efficiency with increasing HP DDG (3,876, 3,753, 3,676, 3,520, and 3,300 kcal/kg, respectively). The productive energy of HP DDG was estimated as 2,686 kcal/kg or 97.3% of corn NE. In summary, high levels of HP DDG negatively impacted growth performance. The equation used to estimate NE of HP DDG resulted in underestimated values. The productive energy of HP DDG is approximately 97% of corn NE.

scholarly journals GROWTH RESPONSES OF CHICKS AND RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING FOUR CULTIVARS OF RAW OR AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. MARQUARDT ◽  
L. D. CAMPBELL ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Faba Beans

Experiments were conducted with 480 male Leghorn chicks and 60 male Wistar strain rats over 21- and 35-day periods, respectively, to study the influence of heat treatment (autoclaved for 0, 15 or 30 min at 120 C) on the growth depressing factor(s) in four faba bean (Vicia faba L. var minor) cultivars (Klein-Thuringer, Diana, Hertz-Freya and Ackerperle). All diets, which were supplemented with methionine, contained 90% faba beans. Autoclaved (average of the two autoclaving times) as compared to raw faba beans in diets of chicks and rats resulted in significant (P < 0.05) improvements in the respective weight gains (9 and 6%) and feed:gain ratios (14 and 6%). Heat treatment of the faba beans also reduced (P < 0.01) feed intake (6%) and pancreas (16%) and liver (4%) sizes in chicks. The 30-min compared to the 15-min autoclaving time tended to give slightly greater improvements in growth responses. The response in chicks fed the autoclaved diets was more dramatic than that in rats, suggesting a difference between chicks and rats in their sensitivity to the thermo-labile facor(s) in raw faba bean. Hemagglutinin activity levels were markedly reduced, and trypsin inhibitor levels were reduced by approximately 50% in faba beans that had been autoclaved for 15 or 30 min. Weight gains in both chicks and rats as well as feed:gain ratio in chicks were positively associated (P < 0.05) with protein level in the diets. Pancreas size, however, did not differ (P > 0.05) among chicks fed the various faba bean cultivars. Trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activity levels in the various cultivars were similar. These results suggest that the levels of growth depressing factors in the four cultivars are not markedly different.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary energy level on the performance and carcass characteristics of lambs

2020 ◽  
pp. 2307-2316
Author(s):  
Walter Piola Junior ◽  
Filipe Alexandre Boscaro de Castro ◽  
Valter Harry Bumbieris Junior ◽  
Leandro das Dores Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Carolina Amália Souza Dantas Muniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gains

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ration energy levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of confined lambs. Four energy levels were evaluated: 2.00; 2.28; 2.54, and 2.80 Mcal of ME kg-1DM, with the last content being recommended by the National Research Council [NRC] (2007) for daily weight gains of 300 g. Twenty-four crossbred Ile de France ram lambs (six per treatment) at 240.0 ± 9.6 days of age and 26.6 ± 3.8 kg body weight, fed with isoprotein diets (158 g kg-1, CP) were used. The confinement lasted 57 days. Final body weight, cold carcass weight, and cold carcass yield were linearly and positively influenced by diet energy content. Food intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion were quadratically influenced by energy level, where the highest averages were observed under diets containing between 2.54 and 2.80 Mcal. In percentage terms, the main carcass cuts (leg and shoulder) were not influenced by diet energy level. In terms of the shoulder tissue composition, it was observed that bone content decreased linearly, fat content increased quadratically, and muscle content was not affected by the energy content of the diet. It was concluded that diets with higher energy densities lead to the production of heavier carcasses with higher yields, as well as increased weight gains. Optimal diets should therefore contain between 2.54 and 2.80 Mcal of ME kg-1DM.

scholarly journals Methods and procedures for reducing soy trypsin inhibitor activity by means of heat treatment combined with chemical methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Csapó ◽  
Cs. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Chemical Procedure

Abstract We have developed a new procedure for reducing soy trypsin inhibitor activity by means of heat treatment combined with chemical methods, through which soy trypsin inhibitor activity decreases to the tenth or twentieth part of the original value. We determined the optimal concentration of the applied chemicals (hydrogen-peroxide, ammonium-hydroxide) as well as the optimal temperature and duration of the treatment. The chemical procedure combined with heat treatment results in lower energy consumption as compared to the original heat treatment methods.

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