Antibody responses of growing beef cattle fed silage diets with and without selenium supplementation

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. S. Bush ◽  
J. G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Antibody Titers

The relationships between blood Se levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and the ability of cattle to produce antibodies in response to antigen challenges with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and ovalbumin (OA) were examined in a two-phase experiment with yearling beef cattle. There were no treatment effects on weight gains, feed intake or efficiency of feed conversion in either phase. In phase 1, cattle fed the unsupplemented control diet had lower (P ≤ 0.05) blood Se levels and GSH-Px activities by week 8 than cattle fed Se-fertilized forage, but neither was different (P > 0.05) from those of cattle fed Se-enriched yeast or inorganic Se. Antibody titers resulting from injection of SRBC at week 4 of the experiment peaked about 3 wk after injection, then declined. Differences due to Se treatment were small. The same animals were used in phase 2, where half of the animals on each of the four treatments of phase 1 were fed a supplement with Se-enriched yeast and the other half were fed an unsupplemented control. Differences in blood Se levels and GSH-Px activities due to phase-1 treatments persisted throughout phase 2. Differences due to phase-2 treatments were apparent after 9 wk. The cattle were challenged with OA at week 12 and at week 17 with both OA and SRBC. Differences in antibody titer due to Se treatment were small but tended to be higher (P > 0.05) in the Se-supplemented cattle. These results support the suggestion that blood Se levels over 100 μg L−1 are needed to maintain optimum immunocompetence. Key words: Selenium, glutathione peroxidase, immunocompetence, cattle, antibody

scholarly journals Effect of dietary copper sources on performance, gastric ghrelin-RNA expression, and growth hormone concentrations in serum in piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4242-4247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gonzalez-Esquerra ◽  
Raquel B Araujo ◽  
Douglas Haese ◽  
Joao L Kill ◽  
Anderson F Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Serum Growth Hormone

Abstract Two performance studies were conducted to investigate the effects of 3 different sources of Cu on production parameters of piglets. A total of 256 piglets weaned at 24 ± 2 d were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 10 or 8 replicates per treatment of 4 or 3 piglets per pen in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental period was divided into 3 feeding phases: Phase 1 (24 to 35 d), Phase 2 (36 to 49 d), and Phase 3 (50 to 70 d). Treatments included a Control group (fed 10 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO4), a group fed 160 mg/kg of either CuSO4 (CuSO4-160) or tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC), and a group fed Cu methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (Cu-MHAC) at 150, 80, and 50 mg/kg in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The methionine value of Cu-MHAC was accounted during diet formulation to achieve the same levels of methionine across treatments. Phases 1 and 2 diets contained 2,200 and 1,500 ppm of ZnO, respectively; and antibiotics were used as growth promoters. Performance parameters were analyzed as completely randomized block design, in which each experiment was considered as a block. In trial 2, blood serum and mucosal samples, from the fundic region of the stomach, were collected from 1 piglet per replicate at day 70 and tested for serum growth hormone levels (GH) and ghrelin mRNA expression, respectively. The contrast between Cu-MHAC vs. CuSO4-160 + TBCC showed that piglets fed Cu-MHAC exhibited better feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all feeding phases compared with feeding inorganic Cu (P < 0.05). Overall, feeding Cu-MHAC improved body weight (BW), BW gain, feed intake (FI), and FCR vs. Control diet fed piglets; yet, it improved BW and FCR vs. TBCC fed piglets, and improved BW, BW gain, and FI vs. CuSO4-160 fed piglets (P < 0.05). Feeding TBCC promoted similar performance than feeding CuSO4-160, regardless of age (P > 0.05). Both ghrelin expression and growth hormone serum levels were significantly increased by feeding Cu-MHAC vs. Control diet fed animals (P < 0.01). Feeding CuSO4-160 upregulated ghrelin expression vs. Control (P < 0.01) while GH serum levels and ghrelin expression did no change by feeding TBCC compared with Control diet fed animals (P > 0.05). It was concluded that feeding Cu-MHAC at the levels tested herein can improve growth performance of piglets beyond feeding 160 ppm of either CuSO4 or TBCC, which may be partially explained by the increased expression of ghrelin and GH serum levels.

Endometrial Adenocarcinoma in SurePath™ Cervical Samples: Cytological Features Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Gupta ◽  
John Crossley ◽  
Nick Dudding ◽  
John H.F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Nuclear Chromatin ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

Objective: The cytomorphological criteria of malignant endometrial lesions in cervical samples are less well described than those of cervical lesions. We wished to investigate if there were features in SurePath™ liquid-based cytology samples that would facilitate more accurate differentiation between benign and malignant endometrial cells. Study Design: This was a two-phase study, with a review of all SurePath™ samples reported as endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 42) evaluating 12 cytological features in the first phase. In phase 2 (test set), all initial cases plus an additional 83 cases were reviewed using these 12 cytological features to predict the outcome. Results: Out of 12 cytological features evaluated in phase 1 (training set), nuclear chromatin pattern, apoptotic bodies and tingible body macrophages were found to be the most significant features determining malignant histological outcome. These 12 cytological features were re-evaluated in phase 2 (n = 125). Of 125 cases, 54 had a benign and 71 had a malignant or premalignant histological outcome, with a positive predictive value of 56.8%. Conclusion: Granular nuclear chromatin, tingible body macrophages and apoptosis in the background are the most significant factors in determining whether endometrial cells present in cervical samples represent malignancy or are benign. Using these features, relatively accurate predictions of endometrial pathology can be made.

scholarly journals Developing a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation: the Clubhouse model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Mutschler ◽  
Jen Rouse ◽  
Kelly McShane ◽  
Criss Habal-Brosek
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Psychosocial Rehabilitation ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Realist Evaluation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Clubhouse Model ◽  
Two Phases

Background Psychosocial rehabilitation is a service that supports recovery from mental illness by providing opportunities for skill development, self-determination, and social interaction. One type of psychosocial rehabilitation is the Clubhouse model. The purpose of the current project was to create, test, and refine a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation at Progress Place, an accredited Clubhouse. Method Realist evaluation is a theory driven evaluation that uncovers contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes, in order to develop a theory as to how a program works. The current study involved two phases, encompassing four steps: Phase 1 included (1) initial theory development and (2) initial theory refinement; and Phase 2 included (3) theory testing and (4) refinement. Results The data from this two-phase approach identified three demi-regularities of recovery comprised of specific mechanisms and outcomes: the Restorative demi-regularity, the Reaffirming demi-regularity, and the Re-engaging demi-regularity. The theory derived from these demi-regularities suggests that there are various mechanisms that produce outcomes of recovery from the psychosocial rehabilitation perspective, and as such, it is necessary that programs promote a multifaceted, holistic perspective on recovery. Conclusions The realist evaluation identified that Progress Place promotes recovery for members. Additional research on the Clubhouse model should be conducted to further validate that the model initiates change and promotes recovery outcomes.

Response of growing cattle to supplementation with organically bound or inorganic sources of selenium or yeast cultures

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. E. McQueen ◽  
R. S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Holstein Calves

Bioavailability of organically bound and inorganic Se sources differ, the organic form being absorbed more efficiently. Dairy and beef calves (250 kg initial weight) were given a low Se diet alone or supplemented with sodium selenite (1 mg Se d−1; inorganic Se), a Se-enriched yeast (1.5 g yeast d−1 providing 1 mg of Se; organic Se), a live yeast culture (1.5 g d−1) or autoclaved yeast culture (1.5 g d−1). The latter treatments were included to determine the response to yeast per se. There were no treatment effects on rate of weight gain or efficiency of feed conversion by the calves. The Se souces had no effect on digestibility of the diet by sheep. The inorganic Se supplement increased the level of whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity at a linear rate with time up to 3 mo from the start of supplementation. The effect of organic Se was sustained for 4 mo and both indices of Se status in blood were higher (P < 0.01) for calves fed the organic Se than for those fed inorganic Se after 4 mo (124 vs. 96 units of GSH-Px activity g−1 haemoglobin and 141 vs. 102 μg Se L−1 of whole blood). The values near the beginning of the trial were higher (P < 0.01) for Holstein calves than for beef calves but both groups showed the same response to source of Se. Subsequently, levels declined for Holstein and increased for beef calves given diets without supplemental Se. The results showed that Se supplementation for 4 mo had no effect on animal performance; that more than 4 mo are required to fully deplete or replete blood Se and GSH-Px; and, that supplemental organic Se gives higher (P < 0.01) blood Se and GSH-Px activity than does inorganic Se. Key words: Organic selenium, calves, glutathione peroxidase

scholarly journals Whole system approaches to health in higher education

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-258
Author(s):  
Mark Dooris ◽  
Alan Farrier ◽  
Susan Powell ◽  
Maxine Holt
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Strategic Influence ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on an evaluation of the UK Healthy Universities Network (UKHUN), which explored engagement of network members; identified what members value about the network; examined facilitators and barriers to engagement; and informed the network’s future development. Design/methodology/approach The study was a two phase mixed-method study, with participants being staff from Higher Education institutions. Phase 1 involved a documentary review and an online 14-question survey (n=32). Phase 2 comprised follow-up semi-structured interviews and focus groups, conducted using Skype (n=11). These were audio recorded and transcripts were thematically analysed in a two-stage process. Findings A number of key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: value of network meetings and events; popularity of the network website; increased communication and collaboration; sense of leadership offered by the network; interest and inclusion of an international perspective; importance of institutional support. Research limitations/implications Only six universities who are involved in the network took part in Phase 2. Although a range of organisations were chosen purposively, it is possible that additional key issues at other universities were excluded. Originality/value The UKHUN is valued by its membership, particularly its biannual meetings, online presence, leadership, ethos and communication methods. Key barriers include the capacity of staff to attend meetings and contribute to the network, influenced by a lack of institutional commitment and prioritisation. Findings from the evaluation have informed a “refresh” of the network’s website and a revision of its membership structure, as well as guiding its positioning to achieve greater strategic influence.

A computationally fast approach to maximum‐likelihood deconvolution

Geophysics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong‐Yung Chi ◽  
Jerry M. Mendel ◽  
Dan Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Nonminimum Phase ◽  
Fast Approach ◽  
Fine Adjustment

In this paper we derive and implement a maximum‐likelihood deconvolution (MLD) algorithm, based on the same channel and statistical models used by Kormylo and Mendel (1983a), that leads to many fewer computations than their MLD algorithm. Both algorithms can simultaneously estimate a nonminimum phase wavelet and statistical parameters, detect locations of significant reflectors, and deconvolve the data. Our MLD algorithm is implemented by a two‐phase block component method (BCM). The phase‐1 block functions like a coarse adjustment of unknown quantities and provides a set of good initial conditions for the phase‐2 block, which functions like a fine adjustment of unknown quantities. We demonstrate good performance of our algorithm for both synthetic and real data.

scholarly journals Early Diagnostic Marker Panel Determination for Microarray Based Clinical Studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Jaeger ◽  
Dieter Weichenhan ◽  
Boris Ivandic ◽  
Rainer Spang
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Marker Panel ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Cost Efficient

We present a novel, cost efficient two-phase design for predictive clinical gene expression studies: early marker panel determination (EMPD). In Phase-1, genome-wide microarrays are used only for a small number of individual patient samples. From this Phase-1 data a panel of marker genes is derived. In Phase-2, the expression values of these marker panel genes are measured for a large group of patients and a predictive classification model is learned from this data. Phase-2 does not require the use of expensive whole genome microarrays, thus making EMPD a cost efficient alternative for current trials. The expected performance loss of EMPD is compared to designs which use genome-wide microarrays for all patients. We also examine the trade-off between the number of patients included in Phase-1 and the number of marker genes required in Phase-2. By analysis of five published datasets we find that in Phase-1 already 16 patients per group are sufficient to determine a suitable marker panel of 10 genes, and that this early decision compromises the final performance only marginally.

scholarly journals Stem cell factor amplifies newborn and sickle erythropoiesis in liquid cultures

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 2591-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Weinberg ◽  
JC Thomson ◽  
R Lao ◽  
G Chen ◽  
BP Alter
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Factor ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor

A two-phase liquid-culture system was used to substantially amplify and differentiate erythroblasts, starting with mononuclear cells from the blood of normal adults, newborn infants, and patients with sickle cell anemia. After the first 7 days (phase 1), in medium plus fetal bovine serum (FBS) alone, or in combination with stem cell factor (SCF) or conditioned medium (CM), the cell number was unchanged, and the cells all looked like lymphocytes. These cells were then diluted into medium with erythropoietin (Ep) alone, with Ep and either SCF or CM, or in methylcellulose with the same factors (phase 2). After 14 days in liquid phase 2 with SCF and Ep, the cell numbers increased an average of 30-fold in the sickle, 24-fold in the newborn, and 4-fold in the normal adult cultures; almost all the cells were erythroblasts and erythrocytes. SCF in phase 1 increased the number of late progenitors (CFU-E) assayed in methylcellulose, with the largest number in sickle, followed by newborn cultures and then adult cultures. We conclude that erythroid progenitor cells survive for at least 7 days without Ep (but with FBS). Progenitor cells are amplified, particularly with SCF. Later in culture, SCF with Ep increases the final number of differentiated erythroid cells. Both the early and the late effects of SCF are most effective in sickle, followed by newborn cultures and then adult cultures.

scholarly journals The effect of free or restricted acidified milk feeding of Finnish Ayrshire bull calves on the subsequent fattening and slaughter performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KHALILI ◽  
M. RINNE ◽  
P. ASPILA
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Slaughter Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Milk Feeding

The aim of the research was to study whether the anticipated added weight gain from ad libitum acidified milk feeding compared to restricted milk feeding during the preweaning period can be maintained after weaning until slaughter. The study was conducted by comparing first the growth performance of eleven bull calves until an average age of 126 days (Phase 1) when the five calves were fed acidified milk either ad libitum (FM) for 17 weeks or when six calves were given acidified milk restrictively (5 l per day, RM) for nine weeks. Bulls had ad libitum access to grass silage and concentrate. Secondly, the performance of bulls having an average age of 175 days until slaughter (at an average age of 429 days) at a carcass weight of approximately 290 kg was assessed (Phase 2). All animals were fed grass silage ad libitum and concentrate at a level of 620 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter. Calves fed acidified milk ad libitum grew significantly (P < 0.01) faster than those fed restrictively during the first nine weeks of Phase 1 (1003 vs. 725 g per day). The bulls in the RM group grew a little but not significantly faster during Phase 2, the growth rates being 1197 vs. 1207 g per day. The feed conversion, weight (535 vs. 533 kg at slaughter) and slaughter results were equal. Similarly the life-time gains did not differ being 1174 (FM) and 1141 (RM) g per day, respectively. It can be concluded that the improved performance during early life did not improve growth during the fattening period.;

scholarly journals Enhancing Label Representations with Relational Inductive Bias Constraint for Fine-Grained Entity Typing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinqing Li ◽  
Xiaojun Chen ◽  
Dakui Wang ◽  
Yuwei Li
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Inductive Bias ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Experiments ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Public Datasets

Fine-Grained Entity Typing (FGET) is a task that aims at classifying an entity mention into a wide range of entity label types. Recent researches improve the task performance by imposing the label-relational inductive bias based on the hierarchy of labels or label co-occurrence graph. However, they usually overlook explicit interactions between instances and labels which may limit the capability of label representations. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on a two-phase graph network for the FGET task to enhance the label representations, via imposing the relational inductive biases of instance-to-label and label-to-label. In the phase 1, instance features will be introduced into label representations to make the label representations more representative. In the phase 2, interactions of labels will capture dependency relationships among them thus make label representations more smooth. During prediction, we introduce a pseudo-label generator for the construction of the two-phase graph. The input instances differ from batch to batch so that the label representations are dynamic. Experiments on three public datasets verify the effectiveness and stability of our proposed method and achieve state-of-the-art results on their testing sets.

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