Effect of ammoniation and urea addition on chemical composition and digestibility of mature timothy hay, and rumen fluid characteristics of growing steers

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chiquette ◽  
P. M. Flipot ◽  
C. M. Vinet
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestibility ◽  
Urea Addition ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Feed quality of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) harvested at the beginning of heading (H), with a crude protein (CP) content of 13.3%, was compared to timothy harvested at a late stage of growth either untreated (M) or treated with anhydrous ammonia (30 g kg−1 dry weight) (MA); or with urea added at feeding (MU) making it isonitrogenous with MA. These diets were fed to eight ruminally fistulated steers (220 ± 12 kg) in a 4 × 4 double Latin square. Treatments MA and MU increased the crude protein (CP) content of timothy from 8.3 (M) to 19.8 and 21.8%, respectively. Ammoniation improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) (68 vs. 62%), CP (66 vs. 47%), hemicellulose (HC) (85 vs. 67%), and cellulose (C) (79 vs. 65%), compared to M. In support, in sacco DM disappearance was about 18% units greater (P < 0.01) for ammoniated hay (MA) as compared with M. Ammoniated timothy hay had apparent digestibility of DM, CP and C (68, 66 and 79%, respectively) similar to that of timothy hay from early harvest (67, 65 and 75%, respectively) and greater HC digestibility (85%) than that of all other hays (77, 67 and 66% for H, M and MU, respectively). Except for CP, digestibility of the other constituents was greater following ammonia treatment than following urea application. Soluble protein was significantly higher in rumen fluid of steers fed MA compared to other treatments. Ammoniation increased energy released from structural carbohydrates, made available following the delignification process, which resulted in improved overall DM digestibility. Ammoniation compensated for deterioration caused by late harvest, resulting in forage constituent digestibility comparable to that of early harvested hay, while additional nitrogen (N) brought about by MU did not improve the overall digestibility of the forage. Ammoniation appears to be an efficient means of increasing N and structural carbohydrate digestibility of low-quality timothy forage. Key words: Ammoniation, urea addition, Phleum pratense L., digestion, rumen fluid

EVALUATION OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR PREDICTING FORAGE QUALITY IN TIMOTHY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SURPRENANT ◽  
R. MICHAUD
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Wavelength Selection ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a newly attractive technology introduced for the analysis of agricultural products and for which new instruments have been developed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the capabilities of the Technicon InfraAlyzer 500 (I/A-500), a scanner monochromator type instrument, with regard to its potential utilization in the breeding of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) for higher nutritional qualities. Special features of this instrument were also used to further assess its capacities once the wavelengths were deliberately reduced and set to make the I/A-500 comparable to a 19 wavelength filter instrument such as typically found in a Technicon I/A-400R model. The investigation was performed using a total of 120 timothy samples collected from spaced plant nurseries in 1982 and 1984 and analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), digestibility (DMM), water solubility (WS), water retention (WR) and packed volume (PV) in the laboratory. The equations developed with the I/A-500 had R2 and r2 larger than 0.85 for ADF, NDF, CP, DDM and WS in both 1982, and 1984, and combined 1982–1984 with the exception of DDM and WS in 1982 that had r2 of 0.76. The lower R2 and r2 obtained for WR and PV were attributed to poor laboratory procedures. The standard errors of calibration of ADF, NDF, CP and DDM were all as good or better than those previously reported, with other cool season grasses. The equations developed by using only the 19 wavelengths typically found in an I/A-400R provided R2 standard errors of calibration, r2 and standard error of analysis which were quite similar to those obtained with the I/A-500. Thus, we concluded that both the unrestricted wavelength selection of the I/A-500 and the restricted wavelength selection available in an I/A-400R would be adequate to evaluate forage quality in timothy. In this experiment, the main limitations appeared to have been related to the precision of the laboratory procedures and to the lack of variation in the populations under evaluation. As a general guideline to evaluate these two factors, it is proposed to use the ratio of the standard deviation of the population over the standard deviation of the laboratory procedure. In our experimentation a ratio larger than 5.0 appeared suitable to obtain adequate calibrations.Key words: Fiber, crude protein, digestibility, forage physical properties, Phleum pratense L.

The effect of temperature on quality characteristics in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) genotypes

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ames ◽  
A. R. McElroy ◽  
J. Erfle
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Improving the nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) through breeding is dependent on selecting for genetic traits which directly contribute to ruminant digestibility. The identification of these traits is the goal of many forage researchers. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the leaf and stem digestibility of six timothy genotypes under different temperature conditions using two methods of estimating digestibility. Correlations between leaf and stem digestibility were not significant, suggesting that separation of these components is nessessary to clearly evaluate genotypic differences. Temperature had an important effect on digestibility, particularly for the stem fraction. Isolating leaf from stem and evaluating genotypes individually across temperatures may permit the identification of more simple genetic factors which control digestibility in timothy. Genotypic differences were observed at all temperatures. The rumen fluid digestion resulted in a much greater range within and among genotypes for both stem and leaf fractions. Genotypes tended to follow the same trends with respect to temperature using both techniques suggesting that only a portion of the dry matter digested by rumen fluid is available to the cellulases used in these experiments. Lignin content was measured for two of the most variable genotypes and the results showed that while levels increased with higher growth temperature, differences between genotypes are more pronounced at 10 °C for both leaf and stem. Key words: Digestibility, forage quality, lignin, temperature, timothy, Phleum pratense L.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Crude Proteins in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) under Different Fertilization Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko PETEK ◽  
Mirjana HERAK CUSTIC ◽  
Nina TOTH ◽  
Sanja SLUNJSKI ◽  
Lepomir COGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Set Up

The research aim was to determine the influence of different organic and mineral fertilization treatments and post-harvest treatments on the content of nitrogen and crude proteins in the edible part of beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva). A field trial (2003-2005) was set up in a hilly part of Croatia according to the Latin square method with four types of fertilization (control, 50 t ha-1 stable manure, 500 and 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 5-20-30), while treatments involved harvested fresh beetroot and stored fresh beetroot. The highest dry weight (DW) content was determined in climatologically favourable 2004 (average 14.8% DW) and in the treatment with 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 5-20-30 (15.6% DW) in harvested beetroot. In 2004 and 2005, the highest levels of nitrogen and crude proteins in harvested beetroot were determined in the treatment with 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 5-20-30 (2.41 and 2.43 g N kg-1 in fresh weight and 15.07 and 15.21 g crude proteins kg-1 in fresh weight, respectively). Regardless of fertilization treatment or studied year, nitrogen and crude protein contents were higher in stored than in harvested beetroot, by 12% on average. The lowest crude protein content was determined in treatment with stable manure what confirmed that protein content decreased by organic fertilization. It can be concluded that beetroot lost some water during the storage period, which increased its content of nitrogen and crude proteins in fresh weight and thus increased the nutritional quality of beetroot as a functional food.

EFFET DE L’APPLICATION D’AZOTE ET DU STADE DE CROISSANCE A LA RECOLTE SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
G. PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of time and rate of nitrogen fertilization and stage of growth at first cut on yield and digestibility of dry matter and protein content of two timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, at each of two cuts, No difference in yield or chemical composition was found between cultivars. Highest yields and crude protein contents were measured at rates of nitrogen fertilizer of 112 and 224 kg/ha. Higher yield and protein content were obtained with NH4NO3 applied totally or in split applications in the spring than with urea in the fall. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) was not affected by nitrogen at rates of 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha. First cut was taken at two different stages of growth, and the second cut was taken on the same day in all the plots. At anthesis, yields were higher than at the head stage but DDM and protein content were lower. The opposite was found at the second cut. Except in 1973, total dry matter yield was not affected by the stage of growth at first cut.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Yield and Chemical Composition of Eleven Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Genotypes under Three Locations in Poland

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1743
Author(s):  
Adam Radkowski ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Kamila Nowosad ◽  
Elżbieta Piwowarczyk ◽  
Ewa Bakinowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Field trials were conducted in the years 2017–2019 at the Małopolska Plant Breeding in the Plant Breeding Stations in Polanowice, Nieznanice and Palikije. The trials were designed to determine the yield of some timothy genotypes in the context of chemical composition under different habitat conditions. The present evaluation of the strain quality shows a high potential for breeding. The analyzed genotypes produced high dry matter yields, which differed by as much as 53%. The experimental plots also differed in the crude protein content, which varied from 104.5 to 230.1 g kg−1 d.m., depending on the crop and year of harvest. For crude fiber, these values ranged from 173.9 to 274.8 g kg−1 d.m., depending on the crop and harvest year. The analysis of the mineral composition also revealed significant large variation.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF SILAGE PREPARED FROM TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense L.) AND QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia repens (L.) NEOSKI)

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NARASIMALU ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Silages prepared from the first-cut and 7-8 wk regrowth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and timothy stands with 56% infestation of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Neoski) were compared for chemical composition and for their utilization. Quackgrass infestation of timothy had no significant effect on the silage composition, and its intake and apparent digestibility in sheep. The daily retention of N was higher with the timothy-quackgrass than timothy silage (P < 0.05).Key words: Phleum pratense, Elytrigia repens, voluntary intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen retention

scholarly journals Influence of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid and forage to concentrate levels on intake, digestibility and rumen characteristics in young bulls

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinaldo Divino Ribeiro ◽  
José Carlos Pereira ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Vitor Pereira Bettero ◽  
Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reconstituted Milk

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein × Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the mean N-NH3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen.

Intake and digestibility of fatty acids in late-lactating dairy cows fed flaxseed hulls supplemented with monensin

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Côrtes ◽  
Daniele da Silva-Kazama ◽  
Ricardo Kazama ◽  
Chaouki Benchaar ◽  
Lucia M Zeoula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Flaxseed hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n−3 fatty acids but there is little information on digestibility of its nutrients by dairy cows. Four rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging 665±21 kg of body weight and 190±5 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design with four 28-d experimental periods to determine the effects of feeding monensin and flaxseed hulls on total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients and fatty acids. The four treatments were: (1) diet CO: control with neither flaxseed hulls nor monensin added; (2) diet FH containing 19·8 g flaxseed hulls/100 g dry matter (DM); (3) diet MO with 16 mg monensin/kg DM; (4) diet HM containing 19·8 g flaxseed hulls/100 g DM and 16 mg monensin/kg DM. Diets provided similar amounts of protein and net energy of lactation. Digestibility of crude protein was higher for diets containing flaxseed hulls and for diets supplemented with monensin. Flaxseed hulls supplementation decreased digestibility of acid and neutral detergent fibre. Significantly higher digestibility of ether extract and individual fatty acids was observed for treatments with flaxseed hulls compared with treatments without flaxseed hulls. A combination of flaxseed hulls and monensin did not result in better fatty acid digestibility than when feeding only flaxseed hulls.

Neighbour relationships in grass–legume communities. IV. Fine scale biotic differentiation

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (23) ◽  
pp. 2711-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Biotic Differentiation ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Striking Effect

Ramets of Medicago sativa L., M. Iupulina L., and Trifolium repens L. were sampled from 10-year-old fields of Bromus inermis Leyss., Phleum pratense L., and Dactylis glomerata L. The ramets were multiplied and transplanted into artificial swards in all combinations of legumes and site of origin. Differences in "performance" (in terms of dry weights and number of survivors) were shown. The most striking effect was that the number of survivors of T. repens and M. sativa (and dry weight of T. repens) was greatest when the species was transplanted back into swards of the grass species from which they had been sampled. This trend is not applicable to dry weights of M. sativa, but an alternative trend is clearly demonstrated.In a second experiment, ramets of M. sativa were sampled from 1-, 3-, and 10-year-old fields of B. inermis, P. pratense, and D. glomerata and treated as above. The most striking effect is that the performance monitored in experiment 1 may be seen developing through the 1- and 3-year-old stages, demonstrating that the microcoevolutionary processes operating within a community are rapid events.

THE EFFECTS OF ADVANCING MATURITY ON CRUDE PROTEIN AND DIGESTIBILITY OF MEADOW FOXTAIL (Alopecurus pratensis) AND TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense)

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
GWEN WALDIE ◽  
S. B. M. WRIGHT ◽  
R. D. H. COHEN
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

The crude protein content (CP %) and in vivo digestibilities of dry matter (DMD %) and protein (PD %) were determined on freshly cut monocultures of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) from 19 June to 23 Aug. at Prince George, British Columbia. CP, DMD and PD declined significantly with advancing maturity for both grasses.Key words: Meadow foxtail, timothy, protein, digestibility

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