Growth performance and carcass composition in beef heifers undergoing catch-up (compensatory) growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yambayamba ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Fifty-three Hereford crossbred heifers (211 ± 28 (mean ± SD) kg; 197 ± 13 d of age at day 1) were used to study catch-up growth and its effects on carcass composition. Five heifers were slaughtered on day 1; the remaining 48 were randomly penned in groups of six and assigned to treatments as follows: three pens to ad libitum feeding (target gain > 1.0 kg d−1); three pens to 2 mo of feed restriction (target gain 0.5 kg d−1); followed by realimentation; and two pens to 4 mo of feed restriction (target gain: 2 mo at 0.5 kg d−1 and 2 mo at 0.0 kg d−1) followed by realimentation. Animals from one pen were slaughtered from each treatment after 2 mo, after 4 mo, and at a final slaughter weight of about 410 kg. During the final period (4 mo to slaughter), growth rate was greater (P < 0.05) in the 4-mo than in the 2-mo restricted–realimented animals or the ad-libitum-fed animals (1.91 vs. 1.18 vs. 1.02 kg d−1), respectively. Feed restriction for 2 mo had no significant effect on the composition of the three-rib cut, but 4 mo of feed restriction was associated with significantly lower and higher (P < 0.05) proportions of fat and bone, respectively, in the three-rib cut. Muscle proportion was not affected by treatment. At the final slaughter weight, no significant differences were found among treatments in the tissue proportions of the three-rib cut. It is concluded that 2 or 4 mo of feed restriction, starting at 6 mo of age, has no permanent effect on a heifer's live weight or body composition. Key words: Heifers, feed restriction, realimentation, compensatory growth, carcass composition

Fiber-type proportions and diameters in the longissimus muscle of beef heifers undergoing catch-up (compensatory) growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yambayamba ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Fifty-three Hereford crossbred heifers (211 ± 28(mean ± SD) kg, 197 ± 13 d of age at day 1) were used to study the effects of mild, chronic feed restriction followed by refeeding on some longissimus muscle fiber characteristics. Five animals were slaughtered on day 1 for analysis of initial muscle fiber characteristics. The remaining 48 animals were randomly penned in groups of 6 and assigned to treatments as follows: three pens to ad libitum feeding; three pens to 2 mo of feed restriction followed by refeeding, and two pens to 4 mo of feed restriction followed by refeeding. Animals in one ad libitum and one restricted pen were slaughtered after 2 mo and those in one pen from each treatment after 4 mo, and the remainder at the final slaughter weight of about 410 kg. Two months of feed restriction had no effect on the proportions of longissimus muscle fiber-types, "red" (βR), "white" (αW), and "intermediate" (αR), but fiber diameters were smaller (P < 0.05) in the restricted than in the ad-libitum-fed animals. Four months of feed restriction was associated with a relatively higher (P < 0.05) proportion of βR fibers and lower (P < 0.05) proportion of αW fibers than ad libitum feeding. Muscle fiber diameters were larger (P < 0.05) in the ad-libitum-fed than in the restricted heifers. No significant feeding treatment differences were found in fiber-type proportions or fiber diameters at the final slaughter weight. Key words: Heifers, feed restriction, realimentation, muscle fibers, fiber-type, compensatory growth

The effects of plane of nutrition and slaughter weight on the performance and carcass composition of continental beef bulls given high forage diets

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
C. A. Moore ◽  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBulls (½ Blonde d'Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design experiment with two planes of nutrition in the finishing period and three slaughter weights. High and low planes of nutrition were based on diets with similar forage to concentrate ratio (0·40 of dry matter (DM)) offered ad libitum or at 0·78 of ad libitum DM intake at equal live weight respectively. The target slaughter live weights were 550, 625 and 700 kg. Twelve bulls were taken to each slaughter point and an additional five animals were killed as a pre-experimental slaughter group. Mean initial live weight was 412 (s.e. 5·3) kg at a mean age of 342 (s.e. 2·5) days. No significant interactions were found between the main factors. For the high and low planes, live-weight and estimated carcass gains were 1251 and 989 (s.e. 47·7), and 816 and 668 (s.e. 35·3) g/day respectively, the reduction in gains being similar to the proportional degree of nutritional restriction. Plane of nutrition had no effect on live-weight or carcass gain per unit of energy intake. The low plane of nutrition produced significant decreases in body cavity fat depots, subcutaneous fat in the sample joint and increased the proportions of both saleable beef and high-priced joints in the carcass.With increase in slaughter weight, energy intake per unit of live weight0·75 and rates of both live-weight and carcass gain tended to decline. The dressing proportions were 583,579 and 609 (s.e. 9·1) g/kg for the slaughter live weights of 550, 625 and 700 kg. Carcass conformation improved while fat depots in the body cavity and estimated concentration of separable fat in the carcass increased with increase in slaughter weight, and both estimated lean and bone concentrations decreased. Forequarter as a proportion of total side tended to increase with increase in slaughter weight. Slaughter weight had no effect on concentration of saleable meat or ultimate pH of carcass muscle. It is concluded that bulls of this genotype can be taken to high slaughter weights on diets having a relatively high proportion of forage as grass silage, with high rates of growth and acceptable carcass leanness.

scholarly journals Effects of index selection on the carcass composition of sheep given eitherad libitumor controlled amounts of food

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

AbstractSheep of a line (S) selected on an index to increase lean weight and decrease fatness at an age, and a control line (C), were given a high quality food at different levels including ad libitum. Live performance was measured from about 21 to 114 kg live weight. The carcasses of each line were analysed for lean, fat and bone at three widely varying weights in both males and females. Level of feeding did not affect the extent to which S was superior to C in either the level of fatness in the carcass (0·86 as much) or the ratio of lean to fat (1·28 as much). The lean to bone ratio was slightly greater in S (1·028 of the value of C; P 0·05) and was higher on the lowest level of feeding compared with the two higher levels used (P 0·05 in one experiment on females and P 0·001 in another on males). On ad libitum feeding the S line grew 1·19 times as fast and was 1·17 times as efficient compared with C. These advantages to S decreased as level of feeding decreased to become virtually zero at the lowest level of feeding used, which allowed C to grow at only 0·53 of the rate seen on ad libitum feeding. On ad libitum feeding growth was well described by a Gompertz growth function of the form W = (Z/B) exp(-exp (G0 –B t)). The maximum growth rate is (Z/e). Line S had a value of Z that was 1·10 that of C averaged across the two sexes. A Spillman function W = W0 + (A-W0) (1-exp (-k F)) was used to describe weight, W, in terms of cumulative intake, F. It worked well for ad libitum feeding and for the two restricted regimes used. The value of the combined parameter (A k) varied across treatments in the same way as efficiency did.

The effects of catch-up (compensatory) growth on reproductive performance of beef heifers

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinah Boadi ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Calving Performance

Fifty-four heifer calves were allocated to five feeding/weaning treatments at birth in April/May 1990: 1) VEW (n = 11) dams feed-restricted for 3 mo before and 2 mo after calving; calves weaned in June onto gram-supplemented pasture and then into a drylot in October; 2) EW1 (n = 10) dams not restricted; calves weaned in August (unsupplemented pasture) into drylot in October; 3) EW2 (n = 10) dams not feed-restricted; calves weaned directly into drylot in August; 4) LW1 (n = 12) dams feed restricted for 3 mo before, but not after calving; calves weaned directly into drylot in October, 5) LW2 (n = 11): dams not restricted; calves weaned directly into drylot in October. The very early (VEW) and early (EW1, EW2) weaned heifers grew significantly slower than the later-weaned ones (LW1, LW2) from birth to September, and were still significantly lighter at 12–13 mo of age (May 1991). Recovery of liveweight-for-age was achieved by EW2 heifers by 18 mo and VEW and EW1 by about 23 mo of age. Early weaning treatments delayed age but not weight at first estrus (P < 0.05) yet the number of heifers conceiving and calving, and all associated reproductive data, including rebreeding success were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.05). Despite a delay in first estrus, reproductive efficiency and calving performance were not impaired by early feed restriction in heifers conceiving at 15 mo of age. Key words: Beef heifers, feed restriction, fertility, reproduction, catch-up growth

A comparison of inbred and outbred sheep on two planes of nutrition 1. Growth, food intake and wool growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
J. Slee
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Linear Body ◽  
Food Consumed

AbstractTwenty-eight inbred (I, inbreeding coefficient 0-375 and 0-5) and 28 matching outbred (O) sheep, aged 26 weeks, were housed and allocated in equal number to two planes of nutrition, a high plane (H), involving ad libitum feeding on a pelleted diet, the other a low plane (L), restricted to an amount of the same diet which would maintain live weight. Food consumption, live weight, linear body dimensions and wool growth were recorded for 19 weeks, and for 4 weeks later in the experiment when L as well H animals received ad libitum feeding. Observations were also made for a final 9 weeks when the sheep were at grass.The I sheep were substantially smaller in weight and body dimensions than the O sheep throughout the experiment. On ad libitum feeding, the I and O lambs grew in parallel and by the same amount per unit of food consumed. There was also no difference between I and O sheep in the amount of food per kg metabolic live weight (M0·73) required to maintain the live weight of the sheep on the restricted intake. The two types of sheep were therefore similar in efficiency.During the 4-week period when L sheep were fed ad libitum they showed some compensatory growth relative to the H group, but I and O groups behaved similarly. At grass, a tendency for slightly faster growth continued for the O group formerly on a low plane, but there were no significant interactions between plane of nutrition (as originally allocated) and inbreeding.Wool growth mirrored the results on body growth, with substantial effects of plane of nutrition, but wool growth per unit area of skin did not differ between I and O groups.

scholarly journals The effect of pattern of food supply on performance, compensatory growth and carcass composition of Beulah and Welsh Mountain lambs

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Iason ◽  
A. R. Mantecon ◽  
J. A. Milne ◽  
D. A. Sim ◽  
A. D. M. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet

AbstractSeventy-eight Beulah (BH) and 78 Welsh Mountain (WM) wether lambs (mature live weights (MLW) 60 and 70 kg respectively), were used to investigate genotypic differences in performance and compensatory growth during the post-weaning period. After an initial slaughter of 12 of each breed, a complete straw-based pelleted diet (122 g crude protein and 10·4 Mj metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM)) was offered ad libitum to a further 29 of each which were slaughtered at a range of live weights between proportionately 0·35 andl -00 of ML W. As well as these groups undergoing normal growth (NG), the remaining lambs were given the same diet at a level sufficient to maintain constant live weight (LW) for 3 months. Eight of each breed were then slaughtered and the remaining 29 of each offered the diet ad libitum for a period of post-restricted growth (PRG); these 29 were also slaughtered between 0·35 and 1·00 of MLW. During the periods of ad libitum food supply, voluntary food intake was greater in BH than WM lambs (BH: 38·3, WM: 35·3 g DM per kg LW, P < 0·01) and during PRG as compared with NG although this result was due to a response only in WM lambs (NG - BH: 38·0, PRG-BH: 38·5, NG - WM: 33·3, PRG - WM: 37·2 g DM per kg LW, breed × pattern of food supply interaction, P < 0·05). Daily live-weight gain (LWG) was greater during PRG than NG in both breeds (NG: 3·15, PRG: 4·80 g/kg LWper day, P < 0·05). This effect was greatest in the first 8 weeks of growth but persisted into the period 16 weeks to maturity. WM lambs had overall slightly leaner carcasses and a lower proportion of protein in the fleece-free empty body than BH when compared at the same proportion of MLW; particularly during PRG. The protein in the carcass-weight gain (CWG) was greater in WM lambs during PRG than during NG (NG: 98, PRG: 123 g/kg, P < 0·05), but did not differ significantly in BH (NG: 106, PRG: 118 g/kg). The proportion of fat in CWG was concomitantly smaller during PRG. There are thus breed differences in the performance and carcass composition of lambs during compensatory growth. Genotypes to be finished by continuous feeding or a regimen incorporating food restriction should be carefully chosen for date offinishing in relation to desired carcass composition.

Growth pattern and its effect on feed utilization of sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
Olga Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYThe effect of three different growth patterns from 15 to 40 kg live weight on the feed utilization of lambs was studied. The treatments were: high (H) ad-libitum feed intake, low (L) restricted feed intake and high-maintenance-high (HMH) ad-libitum feed intake from 15 to 25 kg followed by a 50-day period during which live weight was maintained constant, which in turn was followed by ad-libitum feeding. Animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted lucerne chaff-cereal grain mixture. Intakes of pellets were converted to digestible organic matter (DOM) using the results of in-vitro digestion studies. Two animals were killed at the start of the experiment (15 kg) and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment) were killed at common live weights of 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg.A marked reduction was observed during weight stasis at 25 kg in the amount of DOM required daily by the HMH animals to maintain live weight. Despite marked compensatory growth by the HMH animals which were rehabilitated after the period of weight stasis, DOM intakes were similar in both these HMH animals and a corresponding number of H animals over identical live-weight ranges.Differences between treatments were found in DOM intake per unit live-weight gain (H < HMH < L), empty body-weight gain (H = HMH < L) and carcass weight gain (H < HMH = L) from 15 kg until slaughter. DOM intake was utilized more efficiently for gains of all these components by HMH animals during compensatory growth compared with H animals over the same live-weight ranges.DOM intakes were related to energy gains in the carcass both for all animals in each treatment from 15 kg until slaughter, and for the H and HMH animals which were killed at 30, 35 and 40 kg from 25 kg. Comparisons of these data showed treatment differences in the efficiency of DOM conversion to carcass energy (H > HMH > L) and that DOM was utilized no more efficiently by HMH animals during compensatory growth than by H animals over identical live-weight ranges.It is concluded that the increased efficiency of utilization of DOM for carcass gain during compensatory growth was due to changes in carcass composition during the period of weight stasis.

Effect of a compensatory growth feeding regime on performance and gross carcass characteristics in growing / finishing pigs

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
C Chaosap ◽  
T Parr ◽  
J Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

Compensatory (or ‘catch-up’) growth is an accelerated rate of weight gain in animals allowed ad libitum access to feed after a period of restricted feeding such that these animals reach the weight of those control animals fully fed (Critser et al., 1995). There are conflicting reports on the ability of pigs previously fed on a restricted basis to compensate completely in terms of performance and gross carcass characteristics once re-fed. The compensatory growth index (CDI) is calculated as the ratio of the difference between weight variation at the end of restricted and compensatory growth periods, respectively, relative to the variation at the end of the restricted growth period alone (Hornick et al., 2000) thereby indicating whether the animals have been able to compensate during the period of suggested catch up growth. The hypotheses of the trial reported were that animals re-fed following feed restriction would achieve the liveweights and gross carcass composition of a parallel control group fed ad libitum throughout.

Compensatory growth response in pigs, muscle protein turn-over and meat texture: effects of restriction/realimentation period

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Therkildsen ◽  
B. Riis ◽  
A. Karlsson ◽  
L. Kristensen ◽  
P. Ertbjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Muscle Protein Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

AbstractThe present experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different time spans of ad libitum feeding of pigs prior to slaughter after a period of restricted feeding on performance and texture characteristics of the meat. Te n litters of five pigs (Duroc ✕ Landrace ✕ Large White crosses) were allocated to five feeding treatments (AA, R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10) at the age of 70 days. AA-pigs were given ad libitum a concentrate diet from day 70 to slaughter at day 140 (approx. 100 kg live weight). R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10 pigs were given food at a restricted level (0·6 of ad libitum) for 28, 43, 52 and 60 days, respectively, followed by ad libitum feeding for 42, 27, 18 and 10 days, respectively, until slaughter at day 140. All pigs that had been given food at a restricted level for a period (R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10) showed a compensatory growth response in the subsequent ad libitum period. However, only pigs on ad libitum for a minimum of 27 days prior to slaughter (R28A42 and R43A27) had carcass weights and muscle mass similar to that of the control pigs (AA) at slaughter. The restricted feeding increased meat proportion, whereas the feeding strategies had no effect on technological meat quality traits (pH24, drip loss and CIE-colour traits: L*, a* and b*). During compensatory growth, protein turn-over was increased and positively related to the length of the ad libitum period as indicated by the concentration of elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) (P < 0·10), the activity of µ-calpain (P < 0·01) and the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) 1 day post mortem in m. longissimus dorsi (P < 0·08) and the solubility of collagen (P < 0·01). Although not significant, the shear force at day 1 followed the same pattern of improvement as the MFI. The concentration of eEF-2 increased at a faster rate following transition to ad libitum feeding than did the activity of µ-calpain. This suggests that muscle protein synthesis increases at a faster rate after change to ad libitum feeding and reaches the same level as in the control pigs (AA) before muscle protein degradation. This time lag between the increase in protein synthesis and degradation could explain the compensatory growth response and it also suggests that in order to use the compensatory growth mechanism to improve tenderness, the optimal time of slaughter may not coincide with the period of highest growth rates, but may occur at a later stage, when muscle protein degradation is maximal. For pigs slaughtered at 100 kg live weight, we expect muscle protein degradation to be maximal some time beyond 42 days of ad libitum feeding prior to slaughter.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AND REALIMENTATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF ZEBU BULLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
O. W. Ehoche ◽  
W. S. Alhassan ◽  
V. Buvanendran ◽  
J. E. Umoh ◽  
N. N. Umanna
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Forty-eight Sokoto Gudali bulls were used to study carcass compositional changes and nutrient efficiency following feed restriction (25% ad libitum feeding, L., and 54% ad. libitum feeding, M) and realimentation (ad. libitum feeding, H). The treatments were designated as LLH, LMH and LHH according to the level of feeding for each of three periods within each treatment group. Representative bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the study and at the end of each feeding period. At the end of the mid period, animals on the LLH and LMH feeding regimes had higher percentages of water, similar percentages of protein and ash but lower proportions of fat and energy compared to animals on the LHH feeding regime. Following realimentation in the final period carcass gains contained approximately 21.0, 15.0, 18.5% protein and 22.0, 31,0 and 29.6% fat for LLH, LMH and LHH bulls respectively. The LHH animals were more efficient in utilizing metabolizable energy for carcass energy gain than the LLH and LMH animals. Digestible crude protein (DCP) efficience for carcass protein gain averaged 17.6, 26.2 and 35.4 g DCP/g protein gain for LLH, LMH and LHH bulls respectively. The results suggest that improved efficiency of protein utilization is largely responsible for compensatory carcass growth in zebu bulls. 

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