EFFECT OF AGE AND DIET ON IN VITRO METABOLISM IN RUMEN EPITHELIUM FROM HOLSTEIN CALVES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROY S. BUSH
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Effect Of Age

Fresh rumen epithelial tissue was collected from calves slaughtered at 3, 12, 19, 30 and 60 d of age. These calves were fed milk until 28 d of age and had received starter and hay after 10 d of age. Samples also were collected at 30 and 60 d of age from calves fed only milk. Epithelial tissue was incubated with combinations of volatile fatty acids and sources of ammonia to measure some of the metabolic end products as indicators of metabolism and physiological development. Ketone bodies were the major product of volatile fatty acid metabolism by epithelial tissue under these incubation conditions. By 60 d of age, the weaned calves were producing ketones at rates similar to those reported previously for mature tissue and at approximately 40% of the mature rate at 30 d of age. At 60 d of age, milk-fed calves were producing ketones at 10–15% of mature levels. Very young and milk-fed calves appeared to produce more lactic acid than did older calves that were weaned onto dry feeds. There was no net glucose production, however, there was some accumulation of glucose in the incubations of epithelium from calves at 19 d of age. This may be related to a shift in epithelial metabolism occurring at this age. Key words: Rumen epithelium, metabolism, ketogenesis, milk-fed calf

scholarly journals Formation of ketone bodies from [14C]palmitate and [14C]glycerol by tissues from ketotic sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Taylor ◽  
H. D. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Complete Oxidation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen

Labelled ketone bodies were produced readily from [U−14C]palmitate, [2−14C]palmitate and [1−14C]glycerol by sheep rumen-epithelial and liver tissues in vitro. On a tissue-nitrogen basis, both tissues had similar capacities for ketogenesis. Palmitate was a ketogenic substrate in both rumen-epithelial tissue and liver, and more of its 14C appeared in ketone bodies than in the 14CO2 liberated. Glycerol was actively metabolized to ketone bodies, but more readily underwent complete oxidation to carbon dioxide; this complete oxidation was most pronounced in rumen-epithelial tissue from ketotic ewes. These experiments with labelled compounds confirm earlier observations that rumen-epithelial tissue, like liver, actively forms ketone bodies from long-chain fatty acids and show further that normal rumen-epithelial tissue can convert palmitate into ketone bodies as readily as into carbon dioxide. Free glycerol, which is metabolized only by liver tissue in non-ruminants, is also metabolized by rumen epithelium. The rumen epithelium thus has unique metabolic capacity among extrahepatic tissues.

Volatile fatty acid proportions and lactic acid metabolism in the rumen in sheep and cattle receiving silage diets

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
Fiona J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Lactate Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Lactic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cell Synthesis

SUMMARYA total of 21 rumen-cannulated wether sheep and six rumen-cannulated Ayrshire cows were used in a series of experiments to investigate fermentation in the rumen in animals given silage diets and the nominal metabolism of silage lactic acid. Dietary experiments with sheep (three experiments) and cows (two experiments) given diets consisting of formic acid–preserved perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) silages, in some cases with supplements of rolled barley, were conducted to investigate the ruminal concentrations of lactic acid and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) after feeding. Ingestion of silage was followed by a short-lived peak in lactic acid concentration in the rumen and by a subsequent increase in the concentration of propionate or propionate and butyrate. Butyrate production was more evident in cattle than in sheep. Taken as an average over a 6 h period of sampling the proportions (m-mol/mol total VFA) of acetate, propionate and butyrate in the rumen in animals given silage alone were typically 590–600, 210–250 and 70–150 respectively. When silage was supplemented with barley, in both sheep and cattle, the proportion of propionate was reduced and the proportion of butyrate was increased. In one experiment with sheep these changes in fermentation pattern were shown to be accompanied by an increase in the number of rumen protozoa from 2·78×105/ml to 18·66·105/ml (P<0·01). However, in a subsequent experiment it was shown that defaunation led to an increase in the proportion of butyrate in the rumen.Twelve estimates were also made with sheep of the metabolism of lactic acid infused into the rumen in a single dose of 20–50 g. These experiments showed that both (L+) and DL-lactio acid were metabolized equally rapidly with a half-life of approximately 25 min. In faunated animals the major products of fermentation were propionate with a small amount of butyrate. In defaunated animals lactate metabolism was slowed and the major product of fermentation was butyrate.In vitrostudies of lactate fermentation were carried out using strained liquor and isolated bacterial and protozoal fractions from the rumen of sheep receiving silage diets. The rates of lactate disappearance (μg/mg protein/h) were 50 and 22·2 for the rumen liquor and bacterial fraction, respectively, which were significantly (P<0·05,n= 5) less than the rate of 294·7 for the protozoal fraction. Rumen liquor, bacterial and protozoal fractions yielded a similar mixture of fermentation end-products, propionate accounting for approximately 60% of the VFA produced.The results are discussed in relation to the metabolism of silage lactic acid in the rumen, the production of VFA and the yield of ATP for microbial cell synthesis. It is concluded that the pathways of lactate fermentation are regulated by the rumen microbial population and that protozoa may have an important role in the regulation of lactate fermentation.

scholarly journals Stimulatory effect of insulin on ruminal epithelium cell mitosis in adult sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sakata ◽  
K. Hikosaka ◽  
Yoko Shiomura ◽  
H. Tamate
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Immunoreactive Insulin ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Stimulate Cell ◽  
Ruminal Epithelium ◽  
Cell Mitosis

1. The rumen adapts to increased food intake by the hyperplasia of epithelial cells.2. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) stimulate cell mitosis of sheep ruminal epithelium in vivo.3. Since VFA generally inhibit cell proliferation in vitro insulin was proposed in this study as the possible mediator of the mitotic stimulation in vivo.4. Infusions (6 h) of insulin (0.125 U/kg per h) plus glucose (300 mg/kg per h) (n5), and glucose alone (300 mg/kg per h) (n2) resulted in higher mitotic index of biopsied rumen epithelium (MI) during 3 or 6 to 24 h after the start of infusion, and higher plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and higher plasma glucose (PG) during the infusion.5. Insulin plus glucose infusion showed higher MI, higher IRI, and lower PG than glucose infusion.6. Sheep infused with saline for 6 h (n1) showed no marked changes in MI, IRI, and PG.7. Increased IRI by insulin plus glucose or glucose alone infusion was considered to stimulate cell proliferation in rumen epithelium.8. Other possible mediations were discussed.

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

scholarly journals Transport of acetate and butyrate in the hind-gut of rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Henning ◽  
F. J. R. Hird
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
The Individual

1. Everted sacs of colonic mucosa from the wild rabbit did not transport acetate against a concentration gradient, but permeation down a concentration gradient did occur. 2. Butyrate was shown to permeate sheets of caecal mucosa with some conversion into ketone bodies during the passage. More ketone bodies were released from the serosal surface of the sheet than from the epithelial surface, regardless of the side to which the butyrate was added. 3. During absorption in vivo of [1-14C]butyrate from the caecum the ratio of [14C]butyrate to 14C-labelled ketone bodies in the blood collected from the appropriate caecal vein was 13. The extent of conversion of butyrate into ketone bodies during absorption in vivo was less than that observed during transport in vitro. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed. 4. The relative concentrations of the individual volatile fatty acids in blood collected from the caecal vein during absorption in vivo were similar to those present in contents from the caecum. 5. The results are compared with similar transport and absorption studies on the ruminant fore-stomach.

Trans-sialidase Associated with Atherosclerosis: Defining the Identity of a Key Enzyme Involved in the Pathology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 938-941
Author(s):  
Victor Y. Glanz ◽  
Veronika A. Myasoedova ◽  
Andrey V. Grechko ◽  
Alexander N. Orekhov
Keyword(s):  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Sialidase Activity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
St6gal I

Atherosclerosis is associated with the increased trans-sialidase activity, which can be detected in the blood plasma of atherosclerosis patients. The likely involvement in the disease pathogenesis made this activity an interesting research subject and the enzyme that may perform such activity was isolated and characterized in terms of substrate specificity and enzymatic properties. It was found that the enzyme has distinct optimum pH values, and its activity was enhanced by the presence of Ca2+ ions. Most importantly, the enzyme was able to cause atherogenic modification of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) particles in vitro. However, the identity of the discovered enzyme remained to be defined. Currently, sialyltransferases, mainly ST6Gal I, are regarded as major contributors to sialic acid metabolism in human blood. In this mini-review, we discuss the possibility that atherosclerosis- associated trans-sialidase does, in fact, belong to the sialyltransferases family.

scholarly journals Pilot Study of the Effects of Polyphenols from Chestnut Involucre on Methane Production, Volatile Fatty Acids, and Ammonia Concentration during In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Yichong Wang ◽  
Sijiong Yu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Xiaolong Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Nutritional strategies can be employed to mitigate greenhouse emissions from ruminants. This article investigates the effects of polyphenols extracted from the involucres of Castanea mollissima Blume (PICB) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Three healthy Angus bulls (350 ± 50 kg), with permanent rumen fistula, were used as the donors of rumen fluids. A basic diet was supplemented with five doses of PICB (0%–0.5% dry matter (DM)), replicated thrice for each dose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and methane (CH4) yield were measured after 24 h of in vitro fermentation, and gas production was monitored for 96 h. The trial was carried out over three runs. The results showed that the addition of PICB significantly reduced NH3-N (p < 0.05) compared to control. The 0.1%–0.4% PICB significantly decreased acetic acid content (p < 0.05). Addition of 0.2% and 0.3% PICB significantly increased the propionic acid content (p < 0.05) and reduced the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio, CH4 content, and yield (p < 0.05). A highly significant quadratic response was shown, with increasing PICB levels for all the parameters abovementioned (p < 0.01). The increases in PICB concentration resulted in a highly significant linear and quadratic response by 96-h dynamic fermentation parameters (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that 0.2% PICB had the best effect on in-vitro rumen fermentation efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas production.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-Up Followed by In Vitro Embryo Production and Transfer in Assisted Breeding Programs for Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Hernan Baldassarre
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Marker Selection ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
In Vitro Embryo Production

The potential of laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) followed by in vitro embryo production (IVEP) as a tool for accelerated genetic programs in ruminants is reviewed in this article. In sheep and goats, the LOPU-IVEP platform offers the possibility of producing more offspring from elite females, as the procedure is minimally invasive and can be repeated more times and more frequently in the same animals compared with conventional surgical embryo recovery. On average, ~10 and ~14 viable oocytes are recovered by LOPU from sheep and goats, respectively, which results in 3–5 transferable embryos and >50% pregnancy rate after transfer. LOPU-IVEP has also been applied to prepubertal ruminants of 2–6 months of age, including bovine and buffalo calves. In dairy cattle, the technology has gained momentum in the past few years stemming from the development of genetic marker selection that has allowed predicting the production phenotype of dairy females from shortly after birth. In Holstein calves, we obtained an average of ~22 viable oocytes and ~20% transferable blastocyst rate, followed by >50% pregnancy rate after transfer, declaring the platform ready for commercial application. The present and future of this technology are discussed with a focus on improvements and research needed.

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