A DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT REDUCES FIGHTING WHEN UNACQUAINTED NEWLY WEANED PIGS FIRST MEET

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY RUSHEN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Variation Formula ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

The mixing of weaned pigs from different litters was observed so that the effect of a large difference in bodyweight on fighting could be examined. When 5- to 6-wk-old pigs met in pairs for 1 h, fights were longer and biting more frequent if the difference in weight between the pigs was small (< 0.5 kg) than if it was large (> 3.0 kg). In groups of four 5- to 6-wk-old pigs taken from different litters, fighting was more prolonged during 2 h after mixing if there was little weight variation in the group (coefficient of variation [Formula: see text]) than if there was large weight variation (coefficient of variation [Formula: see text]). When groups of four pigs were formed by taking one large and one small pig from each of two litters, the longest duration of fighting occurred between the two large pigs. Significantly less fighting occurred between the large and small pigs and between the two smaller pigs. Subordinate pigs were less likely to retaliate against the dominant pigs if the weight difference was large. It seemed that the presence of large pigs in the group inhibited fighting between equally matched smaller pigs. I suggest the common procedure of mixing pigs matched for weight exacerbates the initial fighting but how this affects growth rate will depend on the level of competition over food. Key words: Pigs, aggressive behavior, weight variation, mixing

scholarly journals Growth of atmospheric clusters involving cluster-cluster collisions: comparison of different growth rate methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kontkanen ◽  
T. Olenius ◽  
K. Lehtipalo ◽  
H. Vehkamäki ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Model Substance ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters ◽  
True Values

Abstract. We simulated the time evolution of atmospheric cluster concentrations in a one-component system where clusters grow not only by condensation of monomers, but where also cluster-cluster collisions significantly contribute to the growth of the clusters. Our aims were to investigate the consistency of the growth rates of sub-3 nm clusters determined with different methods, and the validity of the common approach to use them to estimate particle formation rates. We compared the growth rate corresponding to particle fluxes (FGR), the growth rate derived from the appearance times of clusters (AGR) and the growth rate calculated based on irreversible vapor condensation (CGR). We found that the relation between the different growth rates depends strongly on the external conditions and the properties of the model substance. The difference between the different growth rates was typically highest at the smallest, sub-2nm sizes. FGR was generally lower than AGR and CGR; at the smallest sizes the difference was often very large, while at sizes larger than 2 nm, the growth rates were closer to each other. AGR and CGR were in most cases close to each other at all sizes. The difference between the growth rates was generally lower in conditions where cluster concentrations were high, and evaporation and other losses thus less significant. Furthermore, our results show that the conventional method used to determine particle formation rates from growth rates may give estimates far from the true values. Thus, care must be taken not only in how the growth rate is determined, but also in how it is applied.

scholarly journals Growth of atmospheric clusters involving cluster–cluster collisions: comparison of different growth rate methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 5545-5560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Kontkanen ◽  
Tinja Olenius ◽  
Katrianne Lehtipalo ◽  
Hanna Vehkamäki ◽  
Markku Kulmala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Model Substance ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters ◽  
True Values

Abstract. We simulated the time evolution of atmospheric cluster concentrations in a one-component system where not only do clusters grow by condensation of monomers, but cluster–cluster collisions also significantly contribute to the growth of the clusters. Our aim was to investigate the consistency of the growth rates of sub-3 nm clusters determined with different methods and the validity of the common approach to use them to estimate particle formation rates. We compared the growth rate corresponding to particle fluxes (FGR), the growth rate derived from the appearance times of clusters (AGR), and the growth rate calculated based on irreversible vapor condensation (CGR). We found that the relation between the different growth rates depends strongly on the external conditions and the properties of the model substance. The difference between the different growth rates was typically highest at the smallest, sub-2 nm sizes. FGR was generally lower than AGR and CGR; at the smallest sizes the difference was often very large, while at sizes larger than 2 nm the growth rates were closer to each other. AGR and CGR were in most cases close to each other at all sizes. The difference between the growth rates was generally lower in conditions where cluster concentrations were high, and evaporation and other losses were thus less significant. Furthermore, our results show that the conventional method used to determine particle formation rates from growth rates may give estimates far from the true values. Thus, care must be taken not only in how the growth rate is determined but also in how it is applied.

Competition between strains of Escherichia coli with and without plasmid RP4 during chemostat growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhair Numan ◽  
W. A. Venables ◽  
J. W. T. Wimpenny
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Growth Kinetic ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Kinetic Constants ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Period Of Oscillation

Escherichia coli strains J53(nal) and J53(RP4) were grown together in glucose-limited continuous cultures. Based on the measured growth kinetic constants of the two strains, take-over of the cultures by J53(RP4) was predicted. However, in practice, an initial period of predominance by J53(RP4) was always followed by a prolonged period in which relative numerical proportions of the two strains oscillated widely. This period of oscillation was removed or greatly reduced when the difference between the predicted growth-rate potentials of the two strains was increased by selection of a chemostat-adapted variant of J53(RP4). Key words: competition, chemostat, plasmid, Escherichia coli.

AGE, WEIGHT, BACKFAT AND TIME OF MATING EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF GILTS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. J. KING ◽  
J. S. WALTON ◽  
I. McMILLAN ◽  
M. KLEVORICK
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Sexual Maturity

An experiment was conducted involving 429 gilts that were managed to stimulate estrus after 140 d of age, bred at first, second or third observed estrus and to study factors relating to estrus and reproductive performance to weaning of the first litter. The average at first estrus followed by the coefficient of variation (%) in parentheses were: age 167.2 d (11.8); weight 106.8 kg (15.5); backfat 19.1 mm (17.8); backfat/weight 0.18 (16.2) and weight/age 0.64 (11.5). Sixty-two and one-half percent of the gilts exhibiting estrus did so between 140 and 170 d of age. Fifty-eight percent of the gilts exhibited estrus prior to 180 d of age and were less than 110 kg liveweight. There were relatively low correlations between indices of growth rate and fatness with age at first estrus. Reproductive performance was not enhanced by delaying breeding to second or third estrus after puberty. Key words: Pigs, reproduction, sexual maturity, age, weight, backfat

scholarly journals The number of tubers in the bush in interspecific of the potatoes, their beckcrosses depending on the conditions of growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
N.V. Kravchenko ◽  
R. А. Bondus ◽  
V.G. Sklyar ◽  
A. A. Podhaietskiy ◽  
Z. B. Kienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Standard Variety ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Difference

The experiments proved the value of many complex interspecific hybrids, their backcrosses according to the ability to tie more tubers in the nest than the best standard variety. Under the favorable external conditions, it was measured at more than 20 pieces/nest. In most hybrids, a significant impact on the implementation of the indicator of the places for the research (Sumy National Agrarian University and Ustymiv Research Station) and meteorological conditions of the years of the experiment (2015-2017). Based on the data on the distribution of hybrids by the quantity of the tubers in the nest, it has been found out that the best conditions for the manifestation of the signs were in SNAU in 2015 and 2016, and in the Ustymov research station in 2015. The biggest number of hybrids (6 pcs.) with the difference of 7 tubers/nest depending on the places of the experiment were found out in 2017 and the lowest number – in 2015. The opposite was true for the minimum difference in the manifestation of the indicator - 1 tuber/nest and less. Only single hybrids were characterized by a low value of the coefficient of variation of the manifestation of the sign (3-9%). The nursing forms reacted differently to the external conditions by the ability to tie tubers. Key words: tubers, interspecific hybrids, their backcrosses, number of tubers in the nest, meteorological conditions, places of the experiments, coefficient of the variation.

Ḥadith ‘Āishah fī Man’i al-Nisā’ Min al-Masājid; Niqāsh ‘Ulamā’ Bangladesh Ḥaulahu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Syed Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Situation

The Narration of Aisyah (May Allah be pleased with her), is the main focus of the controversy among Bangladeshi scholars on the issue of women's prayer in the mosque. The reason for the dispute is that a group of them issued the ruling based on the phenomenon of the text, and the others explained the ruling of Hadith according to the common situation in the society. If the circumstances change, the ruling will change along with it, because the originality of the issue is permissible, that is proven from other texts. This research adopts an inductive method to survey the Prophetic hadiths that talk about the prayer of women in the Mosque in terms of permissibility and prohibition and analytical method to analyze the difference in opinion of Bangladeshi scholars related to this issue. The research finds that the ruling of Shari’ah is a process that is continuous and permanent. But in necessity and emergency, it has the notion of flexibility and explanation. In the issue of women’s presence in the mosque, they should be allowed if they abide by the suggestions of Prophet (s) and should not if they don’t. So, Prohibition is not from the prophet (s), but it is from their obedience to the ruling.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Common People ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE PIGMENTED TUMORAL-LIKE LESIONS OF THE SKIN AT HUE HOSPITAL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY UNIVERSITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Mao Nguyen Van ◽  
Dong Tran Nam
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Tumour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Tumour ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Difficult Cases

Background: Pigmented tumour of the skin is one of the common tumour in human including the benign pigmented tumours (more common) called Nevi tumours and the malignant one called melanoma which was less frequent but the most poor in prognosis. In addition, the others not belonging to these group had the same clinical appearance, so the application of histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the definitive diagnosis was indespensible. Objectives: 1. To describe the macroscopic features of the pigmented tumoral-like lesions; 2. To classify the histopathologic types of the pigmented cell tumours and the other pigmented tumours of the skin. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional research on 55 patients diagnosed as pigmented tumoral lesions by clinician, then all definitively diagnosed by histopathology combining the immunohistochemistry in difficult cases. Results: There was no difference in gender, the disease was discovered most common in adult, especially with the age over 51 years old (58.1%). the most region located was in the face accounting for 60%, following the trunk and limbs (14.6%, 12.8% respectively). All 3 malignant melanomas happened in foot. The most common color of the lesions was black (65.4%), the other ones were rose, grey and blue. Histopathology and immunohisthochemistry showed that the true pigmented cell tumours were 52.6% encompassing benign ones (Nevi tumour) (41.8%), melanoma (5.4%) and lentigo (5.4%). 47.4% was not the true pigmented cell tumour including pigmented basocellular carcinoma (36.4%) and the others less common as histiofibromas, acanthoma and papilloma. Conclusion: the pigmented tumoral-like lesions of the skin could be the true pigmented cell tumours and the others, so the application of the histopathology and the immunohistochemistry after the clinical discovery helps to determine and classify the disease definitely and for the best orientation of treatment as well. Key words: skin tumour, benign pigmented tumour (Nevi), malignant pigmented tumour (melanoma), pigmented basocellular carcinoma

EVALUATING THE RESULTS OF SEPTOPLASTY AND PARTIAL INFERIOR TURBINOPLASTY

2017 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Thanh Thai Le ◽  
Phuong Nam Tran ◽  
Thi Ngan An Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Common

Aims: To study outcomes of septoplasty and partial inferior turbinectomy (PIT) method, expecting leastsurgical equipment, good result, price rationalization. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Including 40 patients treated by septoplasty and PIT method. Assessment had been made after 3 months post-op. Results: The common symptoms were nasal obstruction (100%), headache (40%). The deformities of nasal septalwere deviation (42.5%), crest (30%). There were 67.5% of patients with severe bilateral hypertrophic inferior turbinate, mostly over grade II, enlargement both soft and bone parts (60%). After 3 months, the nasal obstruction and headache presented good or great results in 90% of patients, 93.7% of patients had straight nasal septaland 90% hadsmall inferior turbinate.VAS: patients’s contentment was 100%. Conclusions: The study showed that septoplasty and partial inferior turbinectomy presented good results with 87.5% after surgery and 90% after 3 months. Key words: septal deformity, hypertrophy inferior turbinate, septoplasty, partial inferior turbinectomy

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