CARCASS TISSUE YIELD AND DISTRIBUTION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE FED GRAIN OR FORAGE-BASED DIETS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
A Minor

One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading

The effects of plane of nutrition and slaughter weight on the performance and carcass composition of continental beef bulls given high forage diets

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
C. A. Moore ◽  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBulls (½ Blonde d'Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design experiment with two planes of nutrition in the finishing period and three slaughter weights. High and low planes of nutrition were based on diets with similar forage to concentrate ratio (0·40 of dry matter (DM)) offered ad libitum or at 0·78 of ad libitum DM intake at equal live weight respectively. The target slaughter live weights were 550, 625 and 700 kg. Twelve bulls were taken to each slaughter point and an additional five animals were killed as a pre-experimental slaughter group. Mean initial live weight was 412 (s.e. 5·3) kg at a mean age of 342 (s.e. 2·5) days. No significant interactions were found between the main factors. For the high and low planes, live-weight and estimated carcass gains were 1251 and 989 (s.e. 47·7), and 816 and 668 (s.e. 35·3) g/day respectively, the reduction in gains being similar to the proportional degree of nutritional restriction. Plane of nutrition had no effect on live-weight or carcass gain per unit of energy intake. The low plane of nutrition produced significant decreases in body cavity fat depots, subcutaneous fat in the sample joint and increased the proportions of both saleable beef and high-priced joints in the carcass.With increase in slaughter weight, energy intake per unit of live weight0·75 and rates of both live-weight and carcass gain tended to decline. The dressing proportions were 583,579 and 609 (s.e. 9·1) g/kg for the slaughter live weights of 550, 625 and 700 kg. Carcass conformation improved while fat depots in the body cavity and estimated concentration of separable fat in the carcass increased with increase in slaughter weight, and both estimated lean and bone concentrations decreased. Forequarter as a proportion of total side tended to increase with increase in slaughter weight. Slaughter weight had no effect on concentration of saleable meat or ultimate pH of carcass muscle. It is concluded that bulls of this genotype can be taken to high slaughter weights on diets having a relatively high proportion of forage as grass silage, with high rates of growth and acceptable carcass leanness.

THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF RAM AND EWE LAMBS FED ON PASTURE OR IN CONFINEMENT AND SLAUGHTERED AT SIMILAR FATNESS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
T. D. BURGESS ◽  
K. DUPCHAK ◽  
E. POLLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
A Minor

Forty-nine crossbred ram lambs and 62 crossbred ewe lambs were allotted at weaning (average weight 30.6 kg) to pasture (P) or concentrate (C) feeding. The number of lambs per treatment was as follows: rams, 24 P fed and 25 C fed; ewes, 31 P fed and 31 C fed. The lambs were slaughtered after 56, 72, 100 and 121 days on feed. Offal components were weighed, and the alimentary tract was emptied of digesta. One side of each carcass was broken into four cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) which were further separated into fat, muscle and bone. C-fed lambs were 4.0% heavier live than P-fed lambs (P < 0.05) and ram lambs were 9.0% heavier live than ewe lambs (P < 0.05) when evaluated at a constant depth of subcutaneous fat (4.5 mm). However, P-fed lambs required an extra 21 days (P < 0.05) to reach the same fat depth as C-fed lambs. C-fed lambs had greater rib eye areas than P-fed lambs, but carcasses from all treatments had similar proportions of dissected muscle, bone and fat when evaluated at a constant proportion of subcutaneous fat. P-fed lambs had a greater proportion of their empty bodies as head and reticulo-rumen, and a lower proportion as liver and large intestine than C-fed lambs. Ram lambs had a greater proportion of their empty bodies as head, and a lower proportion as caul fat, mesenteric fat, omasum and small intestine than ewe lambs. Distribution of muscle and bone among each of the four meat cuts which were evaluated was similar for all carcasses. Sex and feeding system had only a minor effect on the distribution of the fat depots. In this study, lambs fed on pasture required 21 days longer on feed to reach the same external fatness as concentrate-fed lambs, but produced carcasses of similar composition at slightly lighter liveweights (45.3 vs. 47.1 kg). Ram and ewe lambs spent a similar time on feed to reach a similar finish, but rams were heavier live than ewes (48.2 vs. 44.2 kg). Key words: Lambs, carcass composition, offal, constant fatness

FAT DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Group Sex

The effects of liveweight, breed group, sex and plane of nutrition were studied in 23 Duroc × Yorkshire, 42 Hampshire × Yorkshire and 27 Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either a low or high energy ration [2757 kcal digestible energy (DE)/kg and 15.3% protein, or 3652 kcal DE/kg and 19.9% protein]. They were slaughtered at 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Nine barrows and 8 gilts of the same breed groups were slaughtered at 23 kg liveweight to determine carcass composition at the start of the experiment. Half-carcasses were divided at the 11th and 12th ribs and dissected into individual muscles, depot fats and bones. Fatty tissue was separated into subcutaneous, intermuscular and body cavity types of depot fat. As liveweight increased from 23 to 114 kg, a differentiation among depot types occurred. Fat distribution in 23-kg pigs was made up of 78% subcutaneous, 18% intermuscular and 4% body cavity fat. At 114 kg liveweight, subcutaneous fat was 84%, intermuscular fat 13% and body cavity fat 2.3%. Within each depot type, differential deposition between front and hind quarters was most noticeable between 23 and 68 kg liveweight. During this period, more of the intermuscular and body cavity fat was deposited in the front quarter, while a greater proportion of the subcutaneous fat was deposited in the hind quarter. Breed, sex and ration did not influence the percentage relationship among depot fat types but did within types. Thus, the fatter carcasses (produced by Duroc × Yorkshire pigs, barrows and high-energy-fed pigs) had a greater proportion of their intermuscular fat in the hind quarter than did the leaner carcasses (from Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire pigs, gilts and pigs fed the low energy ration).

PATTERNS OF MUSCLE, BONE, AND FAT ACCRETION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF FEEDLOT BULLS FED THREE DIETARY ENERGY LEVELS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. PATTERSON ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Tissue Accretion

The effect of three types of diet on the carcass composition of 71 feedlot bulls of three biological types (Dairy Cross (DX), Hereford Cross (HX), and Beef Cross (BX)) was studied over a 2-yr period. Diets consisted of pelleted alfalfa with 0, 35 or 85% grain. Serial slaughter and carcass dissection into eight wholesale cuts and component tissues were carried out over an age range of 392–636 days. Interactions of biological type with diet-year were generally not significant for actual weight of muscle, bone and fat, or for weight of these tissues at a constant side subcutaneous fat weight of 16 kg. There were few significant effects of biological type or diet-year on the ratio of actual weight of subcutaneous to intermusclar plus body cavity fat. HX bulls had significantly less muscle and less bone than BX or DX, based on actual weights, but the rate of tissue accretion relative to side subcutaneous fat was the same for the three biological types. Animals on the lowest level of dietary energy had less weight of fat than did those on an 85% grain diet, but diet-year growth coefficients of tissue weights relative to side subcutaneous fat weight were generally homogeneous. It was concluded that effects of dietary energy were consistent over the biological types studied and for most of the wholesale cuts. Key words: Feedlot bulls, diet, biological types, tissue growth

Augmenting Aerodynamic Lift with Jet Lift

1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (612) ◽  
pp. 830-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Arthur ◽  
Edward T. Pitkin
Keyword(s):  
System Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Lifting Surfaces ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Propulsive Jet ◽  
Aerodynamic Lift

Downward deflection of a propulsive jet may be employed to augment aerodynamic lift in an advantageous manner. In each situation there occurs a simple optimisation when the losses due to reduced propulsive efficiency are contrasted with the gains which accrue from jet lifting. Typical cases will be considered here for wing dominant configurations, i.e. cases where the lifting surfaces contribute most of the drag, with the body contributing but a minor effect. Variable geometry of both airframe and engine is implicitly assumed so that results may be applied to preliminary design studies which will determine the relative propulsion system size and wing area.

The increase in abdominal subcutaneous fat depot is an independent factor to determine the glycemic control after rosiglitazone treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Kyung Kim ◽  
Kyu-Yeon Hur ◽  
Hae-Jin Kim ◽  
Wan-Sub Shim ◽  
Chul-Woo Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Rosiglitazone Treatment ◽  
Fat Depot

Objective: The goal was to investigate the interrelationships between the hypoglycemic effects of rosiglitazone and the changes in the regional adiposity of type 2 diabetic patients. Design and methods: We added rosiglitazone (4 mg/day) to 173 diabetic patients (111 males and 62 females) already taking a stable dose of conventional antidiabetic medications except for thiazolidinediones. The abdominal fat distribution was assessed by ultrasonography at baseline and 12 weeks later. Using ultrasonographic images, the s.c. and visceral fat thickness (SFT and VFT respectively) were measured. Results: Rosiglitazone treatment for 3 months improved the glycemic control. However, the response to rosiglitazone was no more than 36.4%; the deterioration of the glycemic control was found in 16.8% of subjects. In addition, rosiglitazone treatment significantly increased the body fat mass, especially the s.c. fat. However that did not alter the visceral fat content. The percentage changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations after treatment were inversely correlated with the increase in SFT (r=−0.327 and −0.353, P<0.001 respectively) and/or body weight (r=−0.316 and −0.327, P<0.001 respectively). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the improvement in the FPG after rosiglitazone treatment was correlated with the baseline FPG (P<0.001) and the change in the SFT (P=0.019), and the reduction in the HbA1c was related with the baseline FPG (P=0.003) and HbA1c (P<0.001) and the changes in the SFT (P=0.010) or VFT (P=0.013). Conclusions: The increase in the s.c. fat depot after rosiglitazone treatment may be an independent factor that determines the hypoglycemic efficacy.

scholarly journals Intake and performance of confined bovine fed fresh or ensilaged sugar cane based diets and corn silage

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Chamon de Castro Menezes ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Felipe Antunes Magalhães ◽  
Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares ◽  
Laura Franco Prados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
And Performance

It was evaluated intake, total apparent digestibility, performance and feeding behavior of bovine fed diets constituted of corn silage, crushed sugar cane given fresh or crushed and given 72 hours after storage, ensilaged sugar cane with or without 1% of calcium oxide and concentrate at the proportion of 1% of the body weight. It was used 35 bovines, distributed in a random block design, with 5 treatments and 6 repetitions. The animals were housed in collective stalls with troughs individualized by electronic gates. The animals fed diet with corn silage presented greater intake of all nutrients and greater total digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, as well as greater weight gain and subcutaneous fat thickness. Animals fed diet with fresh sugar cane presented greater nutrient intake as well as better dry matter digestibility, ether extract and TDN content and a superior performance in relation to animals fed ensilaged sugar cane diets. Animals fed silage of sugar cane with calcium oxide presented greater digestibility of organic matter, NFC and content of TDN but they did not differ on performance in relation to the use of silage of sugar cane without calcium oxide. Intake and performance of animals did not change with or without storage of sugar cane. It was concluded that animals fed diets with corn silage present performances superior to the ones which are fed sugar cane based diets, and animals fed fresh sugar diet are superior to the animals fed diets with sugar cane silage.

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Wear Prediction of Strip Seals Through Conductance

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Ghasripoor ◽  
Norman A. Turnquist ◽  
Mark Kowalczyk ◽  
Bernard Couture
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Labyrinth Seal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Labyrinth Seals ◽  
Steam Leakage ◽  
A Minor

Labyrinth seal assemblies are often used to reduce gas and/or steam leakage in turbines. Caulked-in continuous strip seals are one of the common forms of seals employed on both the rotating and stationary components of turbines. Labyrinth seals perform best when minimum clearances are achieved during the steady state operation of the turbine. However, the design of the turbine and its operation during transient periods of start-up, shut-down and hot re-start often result in interference between the seal components. In the case of the strip seals, this leads primarily to wear of the strip, which in effect adds to leakage. The aim of this paper is to show that strip tip heating and melting during the rub is the main mechanism of wear in the strip. Hence thermal conductivity through the strip and into the body mass in which it is caulked is the primary controlling factor in seal wear. This paper will discuss the use of thermal conductivity and geometry of the strip in predicting wear during high speed rubs against a proprietary material. A close correlation between calculated and experimental strip seal wear data with a number of seal alloys will be demonstrated. Test data will indicate that material properties such as tensile strength and hardness have a minor effect on the wear behavior of continuous seal elements during high-speed rubs.

Fat distribution and indices of carcass composition in Coats Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
C. C. Gates ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus

Twenty-seven barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) carcass sides were dissected on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, to calibrate indices of dissectible fat, muscle, and bone. Carcass muscle weight was accurately predicted from weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (In (carcass muscle, kg) = −2.791 + 1.071 In (gastrocnemius, g); r2 = 0.98), and carcass bone weight was accurately predicted from weight of the femur (In (carcass bone, kg) = −4.878 + 1.137 In (femur, g); r2 = 0.98). These allometric relationships held for calves and adults and for animals gaining and losing fat. The subcutaneous, intermuscular, pelvic, and internal omental and perirenal fat depots were weighed for each of 23 animals. The intermuscular and subcutaneous depots were largest and subcutaneous fat increasingly predominated at advanced fatness. Total dissectible fat in the five depots was most accurately predicted from depth of back fat and weight of kidney fat (dissectible fat (kg) = −0.178 + 1.058 depth of back fat (cm) + 24.147 kidney fat (kg); r2 = 0.98) and the regression was unaffected by age or condition. Comparison with similar studies suggests that such within-tissue relationships may be valid for all subspecies of Rangifer.

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