scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DIET AND SEX-TYPE (BOAR, CASTRATE OR GILT) ON LIVE AND CARCASS MEASUREMENTS OF SELF-FED PIGS FROM TWO BREED LINES DIFFERING IN GROWTH RATES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
J. H. STRAIN
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Rates Of Growth

A pair of boar, castrate and gilt littermates were obtained from 12 litters in each of two breed (Lacombe, Yorkshire) lines which differed in growth rate. The 18 progeny from three litters of the same breed were assigned to three adjacent pens, each housing six pigs of the same sex-type. Subsequently, from 9 wk of age to 89 kg market weight, pigs representing six of the litters from each line received a Test Station diet (16.3% protein and 12.48 MJ metabolizable energy/kg; calculated contents) ad libitum while the other 72 pigs were similarly fed a lower nutrient density diet (16.1% and 11.71 MJ, respectively). As expected, average rates of growth and feed intake were higher for pigs from the Lacombe line (793 g and 2330 g/day, respectively, vs. 646 g and 1900 g/day). The dietary treatments influenced these criteria in the Lacombe pigs (P < 0.08 and P < 0.01, respectively) but not in the Yorkshire pigs. In contrast, the significant (P < 0.05) effects of diet on carcass measurements were more evident in pigs from the Yorkshire line. In both lines, live performance was affected (P < 0.05) by sex-type and boars were consistently leaner than castrates, but the superiority of gilts over castrates with respect to estimates of carcass lean content was limited to the Yorkshire pigs. The lack of significant differences between Lacombe castrate and gilt carcasses could be attributed to the relative responses of the sex-types to higher levels of feed intake. Further confirmation of the difference in these responses could have implications with respect to the choice of diet and sex-type in pig testing systems used to identify replacement breeding stock. Key words: Pigs, feed intake, sex effects, growth, carcass

scholarly journals 280 Effects of metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on lactating sow and litter performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 95-96
Author(s):  
Gustavo Silva ◽  
Robyn Thompson ◽  
Brandon Knopf ◽  
Laura L Greiner ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Lactating Sow ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on lactating sows and litter performance. A total of 600 sows (Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by parity (P1, P2, P3+) on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effect of ME (3.2 and 3.4 Mcal/kg) and SID Lys (0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 %). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed from farrowing until weaning (d 21±2.3). Litters were cross-fostered until 48-h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sows were weighed at d 112 of gestation and at weaning. Litter size and weight were collected at 24-h post-farrow and weaning. Daily feed intake was recorded from 48-h post-farrow until weaning. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction between ME and SID Lys for any response criteria. There was no evidence for an ME effect on sow performance. There was a quadratic effect (P&lt; 0.05) of SID Lys on sow average daily feed intake, with the greatest intake at 0.85% SID Lys. Increasing SID Lys levels increased sow BW change (linear, P&lt; 0.05). Litters from sows fed 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg had greater (P&lt; 0.05) daily gain compared to those from sows fed 3.2 Mcal of ME/kg. Increasing SID Lys levels increased (linear, P&lt; 0.05) litter weight at weaning and piglet daily gain. Wean-to-estrus interval, percentage of sows bred after weaning, total born on the subsequent parity, litter size at weaning, and percent of piglet removals were not influenced by dietary treatments. In summary, increasing ME levels did not affect sow performance, but improved litter and piglet daily gain. Increasing SID Lys levels improved both litter and sow performance.

PERFORMANCE OF SELF-FED PIGS, FROM TWO BREED POPULATIONS DIFFERING IN GROWTH RATE, FROM 18 TO 90 kg LIVEWEIGHT WHEN FINISHER DIETS CONTAINED 0 OR 2.2 ppm BAMBERMYCINS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Finisher Diets

Seventy-two Lacombe and 72 Yorkshire pigs were separately assigned, at 18-kg average liveweight, to three replicates, each consising of three pens containing eight male castrates, eight gilts or four of each sex. A 16% protein, barley-wheat-soybean meal, diet was fed ad libitum until the pen weight averaged 34 kg. Subsequently, the eight pigs were divided between two adjacent pens and received a 14.5% protein, barley-soybean meal, diet supplemented with 0 or 2.2 ppm bambermycins (Flavomycin) up to 90-kg market weight. Growth rate in the Lacombe population was faster (P < 0.01) in both the growing (730 g/day) and finishing (906 g/day) periods than in the Yorkshires (547 and 767 g/day, respectively). Daily feed intakes were higher (P < 0.01) for the Lacombes (1727 and 3174 vs. 1392 and 2659 g/day, respectively) but gain:feed ratios and carcass measurements were similar in both breeds. Differences between castrates and gilts, for performance and carcass data, were relatively greater in the Yorkshires and appeared to be a result of the breed differences in feed intake. Results from mixed-sex pens were within the range of values obtained from unisex pens. Inclusion of bambermycins did not affect (P > 0.05) live performance or carcass measurements of pigs in either population, perhaps because the experimental conditions allowed a level of growth, in unsupplemented pigs, superior to those typical of commercial production. Key words: Market pigs, sex differences, live performance, carcass measurements, bambermycins, feed intake

scholarly journals Evaluation of the net energy value of glucose (cerelose) and maize starch in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Hilton ◽  
James L. Atkinson ◽  
Stanley J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. Quadruplicate groups of rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri) (mean body-weight 24.9 g) were reared on six dietary treatments (practical-type diets) in a modified paired-feeding experiment for 12 weeks at 15° to determine the net energy (NE) value of starch and glucose to rainbow trout.2. Three test diets were prepared to contain (g/kg): 0 supplemented carbohydrate (diet 1), 250 maize starch (diet 2) and 250 glucose (diet 3) and were givenad lib.to the trout with the feeding rate of the glucose- and starchfed groups being monitored after each feeding. The remaining three treatments involved controlled feeding of the trout with diet 1 at 75% of the feed intake of trout reared on diets 2 and 3, so as to provide the same levels of protein and lipids without carbohydrate, and with diet 2 at 100% of the feed intake of trout reared on diet 3.3. The difference in the final carcass energy of thead lib.-fed group and the respective controlled-fed group divided by the amount of dietary glucose or starch energy consumed by the trout is the NE value for that carbohydrate.4. The determined NE value of glucose was 3.99 kJ/g and starch 2.17 kJ/g, which is 24.6 and 12.6% respectively of the gross energy values of these carbohydrates in rainbow trout.5. The results indicate that digestible energy and calculated metabolizable energy values for carbohydrates in rainbow trout overestimate the utilizable energy content of the diet.6. The determined NE values for glucose and starch in the present study should be used with caution since various factors (such as the feeding rate determined in the present study) may affect the utilization of dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout.

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. XVII. Feed requirements and voluntary feed intake in late pregnancy, with particular reference to prevention of hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia.

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid ◽  
NT Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

The increase in nutrient requirements of ewes with advancing pregnancy has been measured in terms of the additional feed necessary to prevent hyperketonaemia, with particular reference to the difference between ewes carrying single and those carrying twin lambs. The additional feed required during late pregnancy to prevent the ewe drawing appreciably on body reserves depended on the total foetal weight. In twin-bearing ewes the increase in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy was as high as 80% of the ewe's own maintenance requirements; the total requirement usually exceeded the voluntary feed intake during this period. It is concluded that the efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy of the additional feed is low, and that the additional feed requirement depends on the bodily condition of the ewe. In contrast to ewes in medium body condition, the voluntary feed intake of fat, twin-bearing ewes declined markedly in late pregnancy. This decline was not simply a consequence of reduction in abdominal space due to the large volume occupied by twin foetuses or by abdominal fat. The fat pregnant ewe, when undernourished as a result of a marked decline in voluntary feed intake, was better able to maintain blood glucose, and hence blood ketone levels, in the normal range than the ewe in medium body condition, but there was evidence that birth weights and viability of twins were low. In consequence, the usefulness of ketone level as a general criterion of undernutrition during pregnancy is restricted, but it is suggested that the technique used has special applications in nutritional studies on pregnant ewes.

scholarly journals Optimal feed level during the transition period to achieve faster farrowing and high colostrum yield in sows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takele Feyera ◽  
Sigrid J W Skovmose ◽  
Signe E Nielsen ◽  
Darya Vodolazska ◽  
Thomas S Bruun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Optimal Feed ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Birth Time

Abstract This study aimed to determine the optimal supply of lactation feed during the transition period to minimize farrowing duration (FD) and maximize colostrum yield (CY) and quality with the overall aim of reducing piglet mortality. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight and assigned to six levels of feed supply (1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, and 5.0 kg/d) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn piglets; birth time and birth weight of each piglet; and frequency of farrowing assistance (FA) was recorded, and blood samples were obtained from newborn piglets at birth. Live-born piglets were further weighed at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which in turn was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. FD was shortest (4.2 h) at intermediate (3.7 kg/d), longest (7.1 to 7.6 h) at low (1.8 and 2.4 kg/d), and intermediate (5.6 to 5.7 h) at high (4.3 and 5.0 kg/d) feed intake (P = 0.004; mean comparison). FA was lowest (0.7% to 0.8%) at intermediate feed intake (3.7 and 4.3 kg/d) and substantially elevated (4.3% to 4.7%) at both lower and higher feed intake (P = 0.01; mean comparison). The cubic contrast revealed 4.1 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to achieve the shortest FD and to minimize FA. Newborn piglets from second-parity sows were less vital than piglets from gilts as evaluated by blood biochemical variables immediately after birth. CY was greatest at 3.1 kg/d (P = 0.04), whereas the cubic contrast revealed 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to maximize CY. Concentrations of colostral components were affected by the diet, parity, and their interaction except for lactose concentrations. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of proper feed level during the transition period on sow productivity. Moreover, this study estimated 4.1 and 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake during the transition period to improve farrowing characteristic and CY, respectively, and these two feed intake levels supplied daily 38.8 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 23.9 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (3.0 kg/d) or 53.0 MJ ME and 32.7 g SID lysine (4.1 kg/d). The discrepancy of optimal feed intake for optimal farrowing and colostrum performance suggests that it may be advantageous to lower dietary lysine concentration in the diet fed prepartum.

scholarly journals 269 Effects of high phytase supplementation in lactation diets on sow and litter performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 101-102
Author(s):  
Kelsey L Batson ◽  
Hilda I Calderon Cartagena ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Commercial Trial ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing phytase concentration in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2700; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD calcium (0.90% total Ca). The same STTD P and Ca concentrations were formulated for the phytase diets considering a release of 0.132 STTD P and 0.094 STTD Ca in both diets. Diets were fed from d 107 of gestation until weaning (d 18 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 48 h post-farrowing to equalize litter size. Linear and quadratic response to phytase concentration was evaluated using the lmer function in R. There was no evidence for difference in sow body weight change, farrowing performance, wean-to-estrus interval, or litter size among dietary treatments. Sow average daily feed intake from farrowing to weaning tended to increase (linear, P=0.093) as phytase increased. Although not significant (linear, P =0.226), farrowing duration decreased as phytase increased. Litter weaning weight increased (quadratic, P=0.039) and overall litter gain increased (quadratic, P=0.047) with 1,000 FYT of phytase. In summary, sow feed intake tended to increase linearly with increasing phytase; however, feeding 1,000 FYT/kg maximized overall litter gain and weaning weight. This small-scale study suggests sow and litter performance benefits due to high inclusions of dietary phytase; however, a commercial trial with more sows is warranted to confirm these results.

A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil ◽  
B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annèr
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Depth Condition

AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

scholarly journals Rumen Fermentation Characteristics Require More Time to Stabilize When Diet Shifts

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2192
Author(s):  
Qinghua Qiu ◽  
Chaoyu Gao ◽  
Huawei Su ◽  
Binghai Cao
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Stabilization Time ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Diet Shifts

This study was conducted to explore the proper time required to achieve stabilization in digestibility, serum metabolism, and rumen fermentation characteristics when different diets shift, thus providing decision-making of practical sampling frequency for basal nutritional research. For these purposes, 12 Holstein steers (body weight 467 ± 34 kg, age 14 ± 0.5 months) were equally assigned to two dietary treatments: high-density (metabolizable energy (ME) = 2.53 Mcal/kg and crude protein (CP) = 119 g/kg; both ME and CP were expressed on a dry matter basis) or low-density (ME = 2.35 Mcal/kg and CP = 105 g/kg). The samples of feces, serum, and rumen contents were collected with a 30-day interval. All data involved in this study were analyzed using the repeated measures in mixed model of SPSS. Results showed that nutrient apparent digestibility and serum metabolic parameters were stable across each monthly collection, while most rumen fermentation characteristics, namely concentrations of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, and valerate, were affected by the interaction effects between collection period and dietary density. These findings indicate that rumen fermentation characteristics require more time to stabilize when diet shifts. It is recommended to collect ruminal digesta monthly to evaluate rumen fermentation characteristics, while unnecessary to sample monthly for digestion trials and blood tests in the long-term fattening of Holstein steers. This study may provide insights into exploring the associations between detected parameters and stabilization time, and between diet type and stabilization time when diet shifts.

Effect of an acidifier as replacement for antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
BA Makanjuola ◽  
OO Obi ◽  
TO Olorungbohunmi ◽  
OA Morakinyo ◽  
BA Boladuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of an acidifier as an alternative to antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty (180) 7-day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments of 4 replicates each. Each replicate had 15 birds. The diets fed to the birds were: Treatment 1- diet with neither antibiotic nor acidifier; Treatment 2- diet with antibiotic and Treatment 3- diet with acidifier. The antibiotic used was Enrofloxacin which was administered to the birds on Treatment 2 via their drinking water while the acidifier used was Biotronic SE (a combination of propionic and formic acids) which was added to the diet of birds on Treatment 3 at the rate of 4kg/tonne of feed. The experiment lasted 42 days. No significant differences were observed in the feed intake, final weight and weight gain of the birds on the different diets. Significant differences were however observed in the villus height in the duodenum and ileum of the birds. The crypt depth values in the different segments of the small intestines of the birds were not significantly affected by the different treatments.Key words: Organic acids, Biotronic SE, Enrofloxacin, Crypt, villus.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels for semi-heavy laying hens at the second production cycle

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862
Author(s):  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Janaine Sena da Costa ◽  
Cláudia de Castro Goulart ◽  
Denise Fontana Figueiredo-Lima ◽  
Raul da Cunha Lima Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion

This study was carried out to evaluate the energy levels in the diet to obtain better performance rates and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle. One hundred and eighty Bovans Goldline laying hens with 62 weeks of age were used during four 28-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four metabolizable energy levels (2,650, 2,725, 2,800, 2,875 and 2,950 kcal/kg), each with six replicates of six birds. The energy level of diet did not affect the weight of the egg, yolk, albumen and eggshell, the percentages of yolk, albumen and eggshell, yolk color and egg specific gravity. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs increased significantly with increasing levels of metabolizable energy. Feed intake decreased linearly as the energy level in the diet increased. The metabolizable energy levels showed a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs. The metabolizable energy level of 2,830 kcal/kg was the most appropriate to promote better performance and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle.

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