ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF BEEF CATTLE GRAZING ANNUAL GRASSLAND

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. SANCHEZ ◽  
J. G. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Annual Grassland

Carbon dioxide production rates of beef cows were measured by continuous infusion of NaH14CO3. Underestimations occurred when multichannel pumps were used, due to diffusion of 14CO2 from infusion to sampling tubes. Estimates of energy expenditure from CO2 production varied from 1125 KJ kg0.75∙day−1 when the cows were lactating, to 468 KJ0.75∙day−1 when dry. Key words: Grazing cattle, energy expenditure, carbon dioxide production

Combined heart rate and activity improve estimates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1754-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon K. Moon ◽  
Nancy F. Butte
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Nonlinear Functions ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Basal Energy Expenditure

Moon, Jon K., and Nancy F. Butte. Combined heart rate and activity improve estimates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates. J. Appl. Physiol.81(4): 1754–1761, 1996.—Oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) and carbon dioxide production (V˙co 2) rates were measured by electronically recording heart rate (HR) and physical activity (PA). Mean daily V˙o 2 andV˙co 2 measurements by HR and PA were validated in adults ( n = 10 women and 10 men) with room calorimeters. Thirteen linear and nonlinear functions of HR alone and HR combined with PA were tested as models of 24-h V˙o 2 andV˙co 2. Mean sleepV˙o 2 andV˙co 2 were similar to basal metabolic rates and were accurately estimated from HR alone [respective mean errors were −0.2 ± 0.8 (SD) and −0.4 ± 0.6%]. The range of prediction errors for 24-h V˙o 2 andV˙co 2 was smallest for a model that used PA to assign HR for each minute to separate active and inactive curves (V˙o 2, −3.3 ± 3.5%; V˙co 2, −4.6 ± 3%). There were no significant correlations betweenV˙o 2 orV˙co 2 errors and subject age, weight, fat mass, ratio of daily to basal energy expenditure rate, or fitness. V˙o 2,V˙co 2, and energy expenditure recorded for 3 free-living days were 5.6 ± 0.9 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1, 4.7 ± 0.8 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1, and 7.8 ± 1.6 kJ/min, respectively. Combined HR and PA measured 24-h V˙o 2 andV˙co 2 with a precision similar to alternative methods.

Measurement of ‘Basal’ and Total Metabolism in Hereditarily Obese-Hyperglycemic Mice

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth McClintock ◽  
Nathan Lifson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Isotope Method

Measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were made by the Haldane open circuit method on hereditarily obese mice and littermate controls, and the energy expenditures were estimated. Studies were made on mice for short periods under ‘basal’ conditions, and for periods of approximately a day with the mice fasted and confined, fasted and relatively unconfined, and fed and unconfined. The total energy expenditures of fed and unconfined obese mice were found to be higher than those of nonobese littermate controls by virtue of a) increased ‘basal metabolism’, b) greater energy expenditure associated with feeding, and possibly c) larger energy output for activity despite reduced voluntary movement. The values obtained for total metabolism confirm those previously determined by an isotope method for measuring CO2 output.

Rate of carbon dioxide production and energy expenditure in fed and food-deprived adult dogs determined by indirect calorimetry and isotopic methods

2002 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne B. Pouteau ◽  
Sandrine M. Mariot ◽  
Lucile J. Martin ◽  
Henri J. Dumon ◽  
Francoise J. Mabon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Isotopic Methods

scholarly journals The effects of gonadotrophin releasing hormone in prostaglandin F2α-based timed insemination programs for beef cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Small ◽  
J. D. Ambrose ◽  
W. P. McCaughey ◽  
D. R. Ward ◽  
W. D. Sutherland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Gender Ratio ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Estrous Synchronization ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

Trials were conducted in the spring (May; n = 324) and fall (October; n = 132) with crossbred continental-type beef cows assigned on the basis of parity and postpartum interval to one of three timed-AI treatments and one of two post-AI treatments. The timed-AI treatments were: (DPG) double (14 d apart) PGF2α (Lutalyse®) and AI (day = 0) 72 h after the second PGF2α (day –3); (OVS) Ovsynch® with the second GnRH (Factrel®) at 48 h and AI at 66 h; and (BRC) the same as OVS except that the second GnRH was given at the time of AI. Half of the cows within each treatment were given GnRH on day 14. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined for the day of the first injection and on days –3, 0, 14, and 21. Timed-AI pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography at day 42 and confirmed at calving. For DPG, OVS and BRC, PGF2α responder rates were 75.9, 51.4 and 71.3%, respectively, in spring (P < 0.05) and 70.4, 70.4 and 59.1% in fall (P > 0.05), and AI pregnancy rates were 28.7, 44.9 and 44.4% in spring (P< 0.05) and 25.0, 40.9 and 43.2% in fall (P > 0.05). Post-AI GnRH had no significant effect on pregnancy or conception rates or day 21 progesterone. The use of GnRH in the PGF2α based timed-AI program improved pregnancy rates and the BRC treatment was as effective as OVS. Neither postpartum interval nor initial progesterone concentration influenced (P >0.05) the effect of GnRH on AI pregnancy rate, and GnRH had no effect (P > 0.05) on twinning rate or gender ratio. Key words: Beef cows, estrous synchronization, pregnancy, timed-AI, progesterone

Slaughter and carcass traits of calves from first-cross and reciprocal back-cross beef cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Newman ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
G. W. Rahnefeld ◽  
D. R. C. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Back Cross ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Bone Content

Breed-of-dam and sex-of-calf effects are reported based on observation of 2007 heifer and steer carcasses. The carcasses were derived from Limousin-sired calves born to dams representing 15 F1 and backcross genotypes reared at two locations over a period of 5 yr. The calves represented Hereford × Angus, Charolais × Shorthorn, Simmental × Shorthorn and all backcross combinations involving Charolais or Simmental with Hereford, Angus or Shorthorn. Carcass traits were analyzed on an unadjusted, a constant hot-carcass weight, and a constant rib-fat depth basis. The slaughter criteria dictated that steers were heavier at slaughter than heifers. They also exhibited higher dressing yield, greater longissimus thoracis area, and lower fat depth. Charolais and Simmental breeding was associated with less rib fat depth, greater longissimus thoracis area, a higher proportion of preferred cuts, less dissectible fat, more bone and more lean in the preferred cuts than British beef breeding. Within the European (Charolais and Simmental) and British beef (Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn) breed groups, breed effects were smaller, but for carcass composition traits they were frequently significant. When compared with Simmental, Charolais breeding tended to be associated with less marbling, less rib fat depth, less dissectible fat and more lean in the preferred cuts. Among the British beef breeds, Hereford was associated with the highest proportion of preferred cuts, Shorthorn with the lowest rib fat depth — but the highest dissectible fat — and Angus with the most marbling, the greatest longissimus thoracis area and the lowest bone content. This research has demonstrated that breed effects for carcass composition traits tend to be additive and that a significant effect may be associated with substitution of as little as one-eighth of the breed composition. Key words: Beef cattle, slaughter traits, carcass traits, breed type, crossbred dam, backcross dam

scholarly journals Metabolic Differentiation in Biofilms as Indicated by Carbon Dioxide Production Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elanna Bester ◽  
Otini Kroukamp ◽  
Gideon M. Wolfaardt ◽  
Leandro Boonzaaier ◽  
Steven N. Liss
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The measurement of carbon dioxide production rates as an indication of metabolic activity was applied to study biofilm development and response of Pseudomonas sp. biofilms to an environmental disturbance in the form of a moving air-liquid interface (i.e., shear). A differential response in biofilm cohesiveness was observed after bubble perturbation, and the biofilm layers were operationally defined as either shear-susceptible or non-shear-susceptible. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis showed a significant reduction in biofilm thickness and biomass after the removal of the shear-susceptible biofilm layer, as well as notable changes in the roughness coefficient and surface-to-biovolume ratio. These changes were accompanied by a 72% reduction of whole-biofilm CO2 production; however, the non-shear-susceptible region of the biofilm responded rapidly after the removal of the overlying cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) along with the associated changes in nutrient and O2 flux, with CO2 production rates returning to preperturbation levels within 24 h. The adaptable nature and the ability of bacteria to respond to environmental conditions were further demonstrated by the outer shear-susceptible region of the biofilm; the average CO2 production rate of cells from this region increased within 0.25 h from 9.45 ± 5.40 fmol of CO2·cell−1·h−1 to 22.6 ± 7.58 fmol of CO2·cell−1·h−1 when cells were removed from the biofilm and maintained in suspension without an additional nutrient supply. These results also demonstrate the need for sufficient monitoring of biofilm recovery at the solid substratum if mechanical methods are used for biofouling control.

SUPPLEMENTARY COPPER FOR GRAZING BEEF CATTLE — INJECTABLE COPPER GLYCINATE, AND COPPER SULFATE IN FREE-CHOICE MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
R. A. DRYSDALE ◽  
L. E. LILLIE
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Grazing Cattle

Eight herds of beef cattle from Northwestern Manitoba were selected for Cu supplementation trials during the 1974 and 1976 grazing season (four herds in each season). Supplementary Cu was provided as injectable Cu glycinate or as CuSO4 in a free-choice mineral supplement. The treatments were a combination of: (1) one dose of injectable Cu at the start of the pasture season; (2) two doses of injectable Cu, at an interval of approximately 90 days, with the first dose as in (1); (3) CuSO4 added to mineral supplements to provide 0.25 or 0.50% Cu; and (4) injectable Cu, one or two doses during the pasture season, plus 0.25% Cu as CuSO4 in the mineral supplement. Within each herd a cow and her calf were treated as a cow-calf unit. The concentration of Cu in blood serum was used as an indicator of the Cu status of cattle. Forage samples were analyzed for Cu, Mo and total sulfur, and absorption coefficients for Cu and available Cu were calculated. One dose of injectable Cu at the start of the pasture season, or the inclusion of 0.25% Cu as CuSO4 in the mineral supplement, was effective as a Cu supplement where dietary Mo and total S were less than 3 mg/kg and 3 g/kg dry matter, respectively. When Mo and total S concentrations were higher than 3 mg/kg and 3 g/kg dry matter, respectively, doses of injectable Cu provided at a 90-day interval or a Cu concentration greater than 0.25% in the mineral supplement were effective. More than 0.50% Cu, as CuSO4, was required where Mo and total S in forages were in excess of 10 mg/kg and 3 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Inclusion of CuSO4 in the mineral supplement was adequate as a supplement for cows, but the calves did not appear to consume adequate mineral. Injectable Cu was equally effective for cows and calves. An inadequate transfer of Cu via milk was indicated when a cow, but not its calf was provided with injectable Cu. The beneficial influence upon serum Cu of injectable Cu as opposed to Cu in the mineral supplement, depended upon whether the Cu requirement of the cow or its calf was to be met. The level of supplementation to prevent a drop in serum Cu over the pasture season depended upon the concentrations of dietary Mo and S, and their effect upon the coefficient of absorption for Cu. Key words: Supplementary Cu, grazing cattle, injectable Cu glycinate, dietary CuSO4, free-choice mineral supplements

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