CALCIUM SOAPS OF FATTY ACIDS WITH VARYING UNSATURATION AS FAT SUPPLEMENTS FOR LACTATING COWS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD L. PALMQUIST
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Key Words Calcium ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fat Supplements

Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying unsaturation were fed to lactating cows. Low rumen pH depressed milk fat percent; low linoleic acid in milk fat with dietary soya soap suggested rumen dissociation and biohydrogenation of the soap fatty acids. Calcium soaps may require maintenance of rumen pH above 6. Key words: Calcium soaps, unsaturated fatty acids, milk fat, biohydrogenation

Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids,transacids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Offer ◽  
M. Marsden ◽  
J. Dixon ◽  
B. K. Speake ◽  
F. E. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fat Supplements

AbstractThe effects of three fat supplements on milk yield and composition were measured using 12 mid-lactation in-calf Hoistein-Friesian cows in a balanced incomplete change-over design over three periods each of 3 weeks. All cows received a basal diet consisting of 36 kg/day grass silage (dry matter (DM) 270 g/kg, metabolizable energy (ME) 11·6 MJ/kg DM) and 7 kg/day o f a concentrate mixture containing (g/kg) rolled barley (501), molassed sugar-beet pulp shreds (277), soya-bean meal (208) and a standard cow mineral supplement (14). Treatments were CON (control-no supplement); LIN and FISH (250 gl day of either linseed oil or marine oil, providing approximately 0·046 of ME intake) or TOA (95 glday of tuna orbital oil, providing 0·018 of total ME intake).There were no significant effects on silage DM intake or milk yield (means 9·25 and 17·2 kg/day respectively). The FISH and TOA treatments depressed (F < 0·05) milk fat concentration (45·4, 44·6, 34·5 and 41·6 (s.e.d. 1·08) g/kg for CON, LIN, FISH and TOA respectively; note — the same treatment order is used for all results quoted). Compared with values for CON, yield of f at (glday) was significantly (F < 0·05) greater for LIN and significantly lower for FISH (739, 808, 572 and 732, s.e.d. 28·7). All three oil supplements reduced (F < 0·05) milk protein content (33·6, 32·5, 30·6 and 32·4 (s.e.d. 0·43) g/kg) but, apart from a small increase for LIN, protein yield (glday) was unaffected (545, 586, 510 and 574, s.e.d. 20·2).The concentrations (g/100 g) of short-chain fatty acids (< C14) and C16 : 0 in milk f at were lower (F < 0·05) for LIN than for the other treatments. All supplements increased the concentrations ofC18:1 (F < 0·05), the value for LIN being greater (F < 0·05) than for the other treatments (21·0, 27·2, 25·3 and 23·7, s.e.d. 0·74). The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the concentrations of long chain (< C2O) (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), (0·19, 0·17, 0·49 and 0·27, s.e.d. 0·026) but less than proportionately 0·03 of dietary intake of these acids was transferred to milk, probably because they were found to be mostly in the phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions of plasma. The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the percentages of total trans fatty acids in milk fat (1·13, 2·19, 10·26 and 3·62, s.e.d. 0·728) whilst a significant (F < 0·05) increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed only for FISH (0·16, 0·28, 1·55, and 0·52, s.e.d. 0·154). Concentrations of CLA and total trans acids in milk were highly correlated (r = 0·91, no. =36, F < 0·001) whilst trans acids in milk were inversely correlated with milk fat content (r = -0·63, no. = 36, F < 0·001) supporting the theory that milk fat depression may be caused by increased supply of trans fatty acids to the mammary gland. The health implications of these changes in milk fat composition are discussed.

scholarly journals Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3122
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Ji-Yung Kim ◽  
Kyung-Il Sung ◽  
Hong-Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Lactating Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

Lactation response of cows to different levels of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acids under commercial conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Gervais ◽  
Richard Spratt ◽  
Martin Léonard ◽  
P. Yvan Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Lactating Cows

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements have been shown to reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. A rumen-inert source of CLA is required for commercial feed applications. The conversion of dietary lipids to a calcium salt is considered as a method to counter the extensive hydrogenation of dietary lipids that occurs in the rumen. Our objective was to determine whether feeding calcium salts of CLA under commercial conditions would affect milk production, milk composition and blood metabolic profile. A total of 240 dairy cows from eight farms were blocked according to the calving date, and randomly assigned to four treatments providing CLA at 0, 8, 16 and 32 g d-1. Milk production was recorded and milk was sampled on day 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 of the feeding period. Blood samples were taken on day 42 from early-lactating cows (< 157 d in milk) to determine the metabolic profile. Milk fat yield was decreased 11, 20 and 28%, and milk fat concentration was reduced 13, 22 and 28% (linear; P < 0.001) when cows received 8, 16 and 32 g d-1 of CLA, respectively. Milk yield, milk protein and blood metabolic parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. Calcium salts of CLA can be used as an effective tool to manage milk fat content on commercial dairy farms. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk fat, ruminally inert fat

Milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed Lac100® or whole flaxseed

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Cavalieri ◽  
G. T. Santos ◽  
M. Matsushita ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
L. P. Rigolon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Calcium Salts

Cows were fed whole flaxseed or calcium salts of soybean oil as a fat source. Cows fed flaxseed had lower (P < 0.01) milk yield and higher (P < 0.01) percentages of fat and protein than cows fed calcium salts. Feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of soybean oil increased, respectively, the concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Key words: Flaxseed, fatty acids, fat supplement

scholarly journals Effect of feeding buckwheat and chicory silages on fatty acid profile and cheese-making properties of milk from dairy cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasja Kälber ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Florian Leiber
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rennet Coagulation ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Fresh buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) had been shown to have the potential to improve certain milk quality traits when fed as forages to dairy cows. However, the process of ensiling might alter these properties. In the present study, two silages, prepared from mixtures of buckwheat or chicory and ryegrass, were compared with pure ryegrass silage (Lolium multiflorum) by feeding to 3 × 6 late-lactating cows. The dietary dry matter proportions realised for buckwheat and chicory were 0·46 and 0·34 accounting also for 2 kg/d of concentrate. Data and samples were collected from days 10 to 15 of treatment feeding. Buckwheat silage was richest in condensed tannins. Proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and α-linoleic acid in total fatty acids (FA) were highest in the ryegrass silage. Feed intake, milk yield and milk gross composition did not differ among the groups. Feeding buckwheat resulted in the highest milk fat concentrations (g/kg) of linoleic acid (15·7) and total PUFA (40·5; bothP < 0·05 compared with ryegrass). The concentration of α-linolenic acid in milk fat was similar across treatments, but its apparent recovery in milk relative to the amounts ingested was highest with buckwheat. The same was true for the occurrence of FA biohydrogenation products in milk relative to α-linolenic acid intake. Recovery of dietary linoleic acid in milk remained unaffected. Feeding buckwheat silage shortened rennet coagulation time by 26% and tended (P < 0·1) to increase curd firmness by 29%. In conclusion, particularly buckwheat silage seems to have a certain potential to modify the transfer of FA from feed to milk and to contribute to improved cheese-making properties.

Influence of roughage/concentrate ratio and linseed oil on the concentration oftrans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in duodenal chyme and milk fat of late lactating cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Flachowsky ◽  
Kristin Erdmann ◽  
Liane Hüther ◽  
Gerhard Jahreis ◽  
Peter Möckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Lactating Cows

Synthesis of milk fat and opportunities for nutritional manipulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 201-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractMilk fat consists of approximately 960-980 g of triacylglycerol, 20-25 g of 1,2-diacylglycerol, 10 g of phospholipid, 5g of cholesterol and very small quantities of free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol per kg. There are three stages in milk fat biosynthesis: the accumulation of fatty acids in the mammary cells through de-novo synthesis or absorption from the blood stream, triacylglycerol construction and fat globule assembly and secretion. Fatty acids in mammary secretory cells arise from two sources. Those having between 4 and 14 carbon atoms are synthesised de-novo in the mammary gland whereas those with 18 carbon atoms are of dietary origin and are absorbed from the blood stream. Palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms) is supplied almost equally from the diet and de-novo synthesis. In ruminants the principal sources of carbon for fatty acid synthesis are acetic acid and b-hydroxybutyrate.Alteration of milk fat concentration is achieved by changimore spreadable butter. Monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet have been shown to have beneficial effects on the plasma lipoprotein indicators of coronary heart disease risk. From a human nutrition point of view it could be beneficial to incorporate the long chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexanoic (C22:6) acids, into milk fat. The principal source of these fatty acids is fish oil but research to date indicates that their transfer into milk fat is inefficient. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term describing one or more positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 C18:2). CLA has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity, antiatherogenic activity, an ability to reduce the catabolic effects of immune stimulation and an ability to enhance growth promotion and reduce body fat. It is present in ruminant milk and meat as a result of biohydrogenation in the rumen where it is an intermediate. Its concentration in bovine milk fat is influenced by dietary factors such as pasture feeding and supplementation with full fat oilseeds. Two other components of bovine milk fat which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties are butyric acid and sphingomyelin and their concentration warrants further study. It is likely that research will continue into means of manipulating both the content and composition of milk fat but ultimately the adoption of any of the strategies in practice is likely to depend on strong economic or consumer imperatives.ng either the level of de-novo synthesis in the mammary gland or the supply of long chain fatty acids in the diet. Dietary factors that affect the supply of acetic acid from the rumen for de-novo synthesis include fibre quantity and quality, forage to concentrate ratio, buffer inclusion, concentrate composition and concentrate feeding frequency. The effects of fat supplements on fat concentration are variable. In general, feeding rumen protected fat increases milk fat concentration whereas moderate amounts of unprotected unsaturated fat tend to decrease it.Most nutritional manipulation has been directed at increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat in order to enhance its appeal to the consumer and to produce a softer fat. A more spreadable butter could be produced from such fat thus overcoming a major criticism of conventional butter.If unsaturated fatty acids are fed to ruminants in an unprotected form rumen microbial digestion can be impaired and the unsaturated fatty acids are extensively saturated in the rumen. One strategy to overcome this is to include unsaturated fatty acids in a form protected from microbial digestion in the rumen. This resulted in the production of polyunsaturated milk fat from which a low melting point butter was produced. This product was predisposed to oxidative deterioration. More recently whole oilseeds have been fed to dairy cows. The unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids in these seeds are hydrogenated in the rumen but the activity of a D-9 desaturase in the mammary gland and to a lesser extent the intestine converts the stearic acid (C18:0) to the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1). Milk fat rich in oleic acid is softer than conventional milk fat allowing the manufacture of a more spreadable butter. Monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet have been shown to have beneficial effects on the plasma lipoprotein indicators of coronary heart disease risk.From a human nutrition point of view it could be beneficial to incorporate the long chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexanoic (C22:6) acids, into milk fat. The principal source of these fatty acids is fish oil but research to date indicates that their transfer into milk fat is inefficient. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term describing one or more positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 C18:2). CLA has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity, antiatherogenic activity, an ability to reduce the catabolic effects of immune stimulation and an ability to enhance growth promotion and reduce body fat. It is present in ruminant milk and meat as a result of biohydrogenation in the rumen where it is an intermediate. Its concentration in bovine milk fat is influenced by dietary factors such as pasture feeding and supplementation with full fat oilseeds. Two other components of bovine milk fat which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties are butyric acid and sphingomyelin and their concentration warrants further study.It is likely that research will continue into means of manipulating both the content and composition of milk fat but ultimately the adoption of any of the strategies in practice is likely to depend on strong economic or consumer imperative.

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Fish Oil on Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Other Fatty Acids in Milk Fat from Lactating Dairy Cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 2620-2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Donovan ◽  
D.J. Schingoethe ◽  
R.J. Baer ◽  
J. Ryali ◽  
A.R. Hippen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Fish
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document