EFFECT OF ADDITIVES CONTAINING LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND/OR HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES WITH AN ANTIOXIDANT UPON THE PRESERVATION OF CORN OR ALFALFA SILAGE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
Y. T. YAO
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

A silage additive containing lactic acid bacteria was tested for its effect upon preservation of corn silage, 35–40% dry matter (DM), in four pairs of upright silos (100-t capacity). The additive did not affect (P > 0.05) final pH, lactic or acetic acid concentration, crude protein or NPN-N and NH4+-N expressed as a percent of total N. Recovery of energy from treated silage was greater than control in the two pairs of silos where this was determined, but recoveries of dry matter and crude protein were not consistently affected. Two silage additives, containing hydrolytic enzymes and an antioxidant with or without lactic acid bacteria, were tested on alfalfa, 20, 30, 36.5 and 47.3% DM, in 250-mL laboratory silos. The experimental design used a4 (DM level) × 4 (added glucose — 0,4,8 and 12%, DM basis) × 3 (additive — control, a hydrolytic enzyme/antioxidant additive (E/AO), and E/AO plus lactic acid bacteria (E/AO +)) factorial arrangement of treatments. Alfalfa was harvested using farm equipment. For 60-day silage, the additives as either a primary factor in the design or in second-order interactions with either silage DM or glucose showed no effect (P > 0.05) upon pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, Fleig score, residual water-soluble carbohydrate and percent of total N as NPN-N or ammonia-N. Poor quality silage resulted from the fermentation of alfalfa at 20 and 30% DM, and although additional glucose resolved this problem the additives did not. Beneficial effects of additional water-soluble carbohydrate in alfalfa silage fermentation are evident in data presented. Thus an additive containing an antioxidant and hydrolytic enzymes was not very effective and numbers of lactic acid bacteria in untreated alfalfa harvested with farm equipment must already be sufficient for adequate fermentation.

scholarly journals The effect of lactic acid additive on the quality and chemical composition of meadow grass silage

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Jan Pyś ◽  
Wladislaw Migdal ◽  
Branislav Zivkovic ◽  
Olga Kosovac ◽  
Mihal Fabjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Dominant Grasses

In the experiment, forage from the 1st cut of meadow grasses mown at the heading stage of dominant grasses was ensiled. The control silages were made from fresh forage (dry matter 223.5 g?kg-1) and wilted forage (dry matter 351.9 g?kg-1). The experimental silages were made from fresh forages supplemented with a 5% water solution of lactic acid (0.5 and 0.7 l?100 kg-1 of forage) and 8% water solution of lactic acid (0.4 and 0.6 l?100 kg-1 of forage). The highest contents of crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and energy were found in silages supplemented with 5% lactic acid applied at 0.7 l?100 kg-1 of forage and in silages supplemented with 8% lactic acid applied at 0.6 l?100 kg-1 of forage. The above silage variants were also characterized by the lowest content of NH3-N in total-N, butyric acid and acetic acid, as well as the highest contents of lactic acid and the best indicators of fermentation quality. No important differences were found between silages made from wilted forage and silages made with lactic acid supplement.

scholarly journals Selection of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Alfalfa Silage and Its Effects as Inoculant on Silage Fermentation

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Vanessa P. Silva ◽  
Odilon G. Pereira ◽  
Eliana S. Leandro ◽  
Rosinea A. Paula ◽  
Mariele C. N. Agarussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Lactobacillus Pentosus ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

The first part of the study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify wild lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from alfalfa silage produced in a tropical area. LAB strains were isolated from alfalfa silage ensiled for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days (d) and were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The second part aimed to investigate the effects of wild LAB strains on the nutritive and fermentative characteristics of alfalfa silage. This trial was conducted according to a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme [four inoculants (I) × two harvests (H)], (n = 4). The inoculants were: (1) no inoculant (CTRL), (2) Lactobacillus pentosus (AV 14.17); (3) L. pentosus + Lactobacillus brevis + Pediococcus acidilactici (Combo); and (4) commercial inoculant (CI). Alfalfa forage (7 kg) was ensiled in 10 L buckets and opened after 90 d. Seventy-seven strains were isolated. Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Weissella represented 52.0, 24.7, and 20.8% of the isolates, respectively. For the first harvest, Combo, CI, and all inoculated silages showed lower acid detergent fiber ADF, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), respectively. Silage fermented with AV14.17 presented greater residual water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in the second harvest and showed the lowest pH in both harvests. AV14.17 strain has potential as an inoculant for alfalfa silage production.

Herbage yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content, and silage composition and utilization in sheep of first- and second-cut Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Narasimhalu ◽  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Italian ryegrasses, cultivars Barmultra and Lemtal, and Westerwolds ryegrasses, cultivars Barspectra, Merwester and Promenade, (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first- and second-cut herbages and compared for yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content during the 2-yr study. These herbages were conserved as silages and compared for chemical composition and for intake, digestibility, and total-N retention in sheep. First-cut ryegrass yielded more dry matter than second-cut ryegrass (3.3 vs. 2.6 t ha−1). First-cut ryegrass silages contained less dry matter and NDF, and sheep consumed less, but digested better and retained less total-N in comparison with second-cut ryegrass silage. Italian ryegrasses yielded less dry matter, were more leafy, contained less ADF, and were better digested compared with the Westerwolds ryegrasses. The herbage content of water-soluble-N, and the ratio of ammonium-N to total-N in silage were not different between the ryegrasses. Italian Barmultra was more leafy than Lemtal cultivar but no other significant differences were measured between these cultivars. Westerwolds Merwester yielded more dry matter, was less leafy, contained more NDF and ADF, and had lower voluntary intake, digestibility, and its total-N was less retained in sheep as compared with the Barspectra or Promenade Westerwolds ryegrass. Italian ryegrasses were superior in composition, voluntary intake, and digestibility to Westerwolds, but the latter were superior on the basis of yielding ability and efficiency of total-N utilization in sheep.Key words: Silage, ryegrass, intake, digestion, composition, Nitrogen retention

scholarly journals Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Ya Tao ◽  
Dongze Niu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Sasa Zuo ◽  
Qizhong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Oxytropis glabra (OG) is a leguminous forage that is potentially valuable for solving the shortage of feed for livestock production, while, in large quantities, it may be toxic because of its swainsonine (SW) content. In this study, OG was ensiled with whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) at 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 0:10 ratios on a fresh matter basis, and, after 60 d of ensiling, the chemical composition, fermentation characteristic, SW removal rate, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, and their capabilities for SW removal were analyzed. As the proportion of corn in the silage increased, the pH, as well as the propionic acid, ammonia-N, dry matter, crude protein, and SW contents, decreased linearly, while the lactic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents increased linearly. Lactobacillus plantarum was the most common microorganism present in all mixture silages. Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillusbrevis were prevalent at lower ratios of corn to OG. Meanwhile, the LAB strains belong to L. amylovorus and L. plantarum had a higher SW removal rate. Our results suggested that ensiling OG with whole-plant corn improves fermentation and decreases SW content, and that 5:5 is the optimal ratio, so this type of mixed silage could make OG useable for ruminant production.

Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Oram ◽  
K. F. Lowe ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

INFLUENCE OF WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE AND CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT ON IN VITRO DIGESTION OF DRY MATTER IN HIGHLY DIGESTIBLE FORAGES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
D. M. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Freeze-dried samples from six series of harvests of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and two series of grass–legume mixtures were generally highly digestible with high levels of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC). When WSC content was held constant, the influence of crude protein (CP) content on dry matter digested in vitro was statistically significant in 6 of the 19 cuts of orchardgrass and 1 of the 15 cuts of grass–legume mixtures. When CP was held constant, the influence of WSC content on dry matter digested in vitro was significant in seven cuts of orchardgrass and seven cuts of grass–legume. CP content had a greater effect than WSC content on dry matter digested in vitro in 10 cuts of orchardgrass and six cuts of grass–legume mixtures. Cumulative effect of CP and WSC content on in vitro dry matter digestion varied between cuts. The potential of CP and WSC content alone or together as predictors of digestibility of the highly digestible forages sampled in this study varied between cuts.

scholarly journals Comparison of herbage yield, nutritive value and ensilability traits of three ryegrass species evaluated for the Irish Recommended List

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Burns ◽  
P. O’Kiely ◽  
D. Grogan ◽  
S. Watson ◽  
T. J. Gilliland
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Abstract This study examined 169 of the newest varieties of three ryegrass species, perennial (Lolium perenne L.), Italian (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and hybrid (Lolium boucheanum Kunth), from Recommended List trials in Ireland. The traits examined were yield, dry matter concentration, three nutritive value traits (in vitro dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrate on a dry matter basis and crude protein concentration) and two ensilability traits (buffering capacity and water soluble carbohydrate concentration on an aqueous phase basis). Varietal monocultures of each species underwent a six cut combined simulated grazing and silage management in each of two years following sowing. Perennial ryegrass yielded less than both other species in one-year-old swards, but less than only Italian ryegrass in two-year-old swards, but generally had the higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein values. Italian ryegrass displayed the most favourable ensilability characteristics of the three species with perennial ryegrass less favourable and hybrid ryegrass intermediate. Overall, despite the high yields and favourable nutritive value and ensilability traits recorded, the general differences between the three ryegrass species studied were in line with industry expectations. These findings justify assessing the nutritive value and ensilability of ryegrass species, in addition to yield, to allow farmers select species that match farming enterprise requirements.

Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offeredLolium perennecontaining different levels of water-soluble carbohydrate

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. F. Lee ◽  
L. J. Harris ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
M. O. Humphreys ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
And Control ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

AbstractEight Hereford ✕ Friesian steers were used to investigate the effect of feeding Lolium perenne (L) forage containing elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on rumen metabolism and nitrogen (N) absorption from the small intestine. The steers were offered ad libitum access to one of two varieties with matched heading dates (Ba11353, high WSC, HS; AberElan, intermediate WSC, control) cut at different times of the day to accentuate WSC differentials, zero-grazed for 21 days. This was followed by a 14-day period where the animals were on grass silage to provide a covariate intake. Although the total N concentration was similar for the two grasses, all other measured values were significantly different. The dry matter (DM) concentration of HS was greater than that of the control (202 v. 167 g DM per kg; P 0·01). WSC and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were 243 and 161 g/kg DM, and 0·61 and 0·56 for HS and control, respectively. In contrast, acid- and neutral-detergent fibre were 251 and 296 g/kg DM and 480 and 563 g/kg DM for HS compared with control, respectively. DM intake was increased (9·3 v. 6·7 kg/day; P 0·001) for HS animals and this contributed significantly towards higher flows of non-ammonia N to the duodenum as well as increased absorption of amino acids from the small intestine. This DM intake response was partly due to the elevation in DM concentration of HS. However fresh weight intake was increased proportionately by ca. 0·15 (P 0·05) in animals on HS compared with control. Rumen ammonia levels were lower (14·0 and 26·4 mg N per l; P 0·001) and concentrations of rumen propionate higher (P 0·01) and acetate lower (P 0·01; increasing the glucogenic: lipogenic volatile fatty acid ratio) in animals on HS compared with control. However, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (15·9 and 17·8 g microbial nitrogen per kg organic matter apparently digested) and flow of N to the duodenum per unit N intake (0·84 and 0·93) for HS and control, respectively, were similar across both diets.

The effect of crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate intake on blood metabolite concentrations and fertility in beef heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
D.A. Kenny ◽  
M.P. Boland ◽  
M.G. Diskin ◽  
J.M. Sreenan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

AbstractHigh intakes of crude protein (CP), in particular rumen degradable protein (RDP), have been associated with reduced fertility in cattle. This reduction in fertility has been attributed to putative toxic effects of elevated systemic concentrations of ammonia and, or urea, the by-products of protein metabolism, on gametes and embryos. The objective of the studies reported here was to examine the effect of CP and fermentable carbohydrate intake on various blood metabolites and on fertility, in beef heifers. In the first experiment, 40 heifers were randomly assigned to either low (no urea) or high (240 g urea) RDP, grass silage based diets, supplemented with 1.5 or 3.0 kg dry matter (DM) of either rolled barley (BAR) or molassed sugar beet pulp (MSBP) or no carbohydrate (control). The high RDP diet increased plasma ammonia and urea concentrations. MSBP at 3 kg DM/day was more effective than BAR in reducing ammonia (P<0.05) and urea (P<0.001). In animals fed no urea, MSBP at 3 kg DM/day was also more effective than BAR in reducing systemic ammonia (P<0.001) and urea (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, 83 beef cross-bred heifers were randomly assigned over two replicates to one of 4 treatment groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Animals consuming high (85 kg N/ha; HN) or low (0 kg N/ha; LN) nitrogen fertilised pastures were supplemented with either 0 or 3 kg dry matter (DM) MSBP daily as follows: 1) HN only (n=21); 2) HN + 3kg MSBP, (n=22); 3) LN only (n=21); 4) LN + 3kg MSBP (n=19). The HN pastures had higher (P<0.001) CP and lower (P<0.001) water soluble carbohydrate concentrations than LN pastures. Systemic ammonia (P<0.05) and urea (P<0.001) were higher in heifers on the HN pasture. Embryo survival rate was high overall (80%) and was not affected by systemic ammonia or urea concentrations or by supplementation with MSBP. Systemic progesterone, insulin and glucose were not affected by treatment. High CP intake coupled with low fermentable carbohydrate, lead to elevated systemic ammonia and urea concentrations in heifers. However, no adverse effect on fertility was observed.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

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